Extraction Of Heat Energy Research Articles

Thermodynamics in the present progressive mode and its role in the context of the origin of life

The origin and evolution of biological organizations proceeding on Earth are put in a nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework within a cosmological context. The dynamic process responsible for chemical evolution leading to the origin of biological being depends upon consumer-dominating thermodynamics, in which the heat sink is taken to be active in extracting heat energy from a body at a higher temperature. Consumer-dominating thermodynamics follows from the fact that when a small hot body contacts a cold heat sink, it decreases the temperature at the possible fastest rate. The fastest temperature drop, when applied to chemical products being synthesized through the energy supplied from an external heat source, is selective in keeping only those products that can decrease the temperature at the fastest rate among the available alternatives. Synthesis of small organic molecules in the small ice grains in interstellar diffuse clouds irradiated by ultraviolet radiation is a representative case of consumer-dominating thermodynamics, in which diffuse clouds serve as cold heat sinks in the cosmological context. Another case of consumer-dominating thermodynamics predominant on Earth especially in the perspective of the origin and evolution of life is with submarine hydrothermal vents, in which the surrounding cold seawater constantly serves as the cold heat sink.

Water loss through a prefractured plane intersecting an artificial geothermal crack.

The extraction of heat energy from hot dry rock masses in the earth's crust has received wide attention. In the geothermal energy extraction system of this type, heat energy is recovered by circulating water through artificial cracks created in the hot dry rock masses. The present paper is concerned with the theoretical evaluation of water loss through a prefractured plane intersecting an artificial crack. Firstly we derive the equation of continuity in terms of the water pressure in the prefractured plane and the aperture. By solving the equation by means of the difference method, the influences of the tectonic stress, water pressure in the artificial crack and topography of the fracture surfaces on the water loss from the artificial crack are evaluated for no heat extraction. Secondly we discuss the water loss during heat extraction. It is found that the influence of the heat extraction on the water loss is negligibly small.

The technical and economic aspects of using a new method of heat/cool energy extraction from the ground

The technical and economic aspects of using a new method of heat/cool extraction from the ground are presented. The method consists in passing an air stream—a heat energy extraction factor—through specially prepared gravel layers which form an accumulation medium with subsoil ground layers at a small depth.