Extraction Agent Research Articles

Isolation of Pectin from Clementine Peel: A New Approach Based on Green Extracting Agents of Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solutions

A new approach to extract pectin from clementine peel using citric acid/sodium citrate solutions (CSS) at different pHs as green extracting agents was proposed. In this study, the effects of extraction temperature (65–85 °C), CSS pH (2–8), and extraction time (1–3 h) on the extraction yield, uronic acid content, and degree of methyl esterification (DE) of the clementine peel pectin (CMP) were systematically evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM). Compared with traditional methods, the CMP extracted by this new approach was of higher pectin yield (19.90–34.94%) and uronic acid content (44.96–65.11%), as well as a wide DE value (11.05–84.71%). These functional properties of CMP were mainly determined by the CSS pH and extraction temperature. In comparison with commercial citrus pectin (CP), the extracted CMPs showed lower protein contents and larger molecular weights. The analysis of monosaccharide compositions showed that the high- and low-methyl-esterified CMPs were dominated by homogalacturonans and rhamnogalacturonan-I, respectively. The structural differences between high- and low-methyl-esterified CMPs were identified by their FTIR spectra. Especially, an excellent gel-forming capacity was found in low-methyl-esterified CMP solutions since their rheological behaviors were highly sensitive to low pH and the presence of Ca2+.

Study on the 4-ethyl-2(α-methyl benzyl) phenol Extraction-Separation Between Rubidium and Potassium

More than 92% of rubidium resources on the earth exist in salt lake brine and underground brine. Rubidium in brine coexists with a large amount of potassium with very similar physical and chemical properties, making the extraction technology of rubidium extremely difficult, and a large amount of rubidium resources in brine have not been rationally utilized. Therefore, the development of a new type of high-selectivity rubidium-potassium separation extractant is of great significance to the establishment of efficient separation and extraction technology of rubidium. By modifying the structure of 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol, the traditional rubidium extractant, the steric hindrance effect of tert-butyl is reduced and the reaction efficiency of rubidium and extractant is improved. A new extractant 4-ethyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol was obtained. The thesis carried out the research on the extraction and separation performance of potassium rubidium 4-ethyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol. The results show that the new extraction agent 4-ethyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol and potassium rubidium brine are extracted and separated with a ratio of 10:1. The minimum separation coefficient of rubidium potassium can reach 15 or more, showing excellent separation performance ; When the organic phase is composed of 0.8mol/L extractant and D60 solvent oil, the alkalinity of the aqueous phase is 0.5mol/L sodium hydroxide, and the extraction time is 3 minutes, the single-stage extraction rate of rubidium can reach more than 76.0%, rubidium potassium The separation coefficient can reach more than 26. After repeated use, the extraction rate of rubidium can be maintained above 73% and the separation coefficient of rubidium potassium can reach 23, without a significant drop. It provides a new way and idea for the extraction and separation technology of rubidium in high potassium brine.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Syngonium podophyllum leaf extract and its antibacterial activity

Aqueous leaf extracts play a vital role in the development of nanoparticles through the environmentally friendly route in nanotechnology. An aqueous solution of dry leaves of Syngonium podophyllum (Nephthytis, arrowhead) is mixed with the silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which serves as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. The change in color from golden yellowish to dark brownish signified the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), all confirmed the reduction of the silver nanoparticles. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles was investigated by the Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The extracted solution produces the maximum absorbance peak at 420 nm. HR-TEM suggested the biosynthesized nanoparticles are spherical in shape, of particle size ranges from 2 to 47 nm. The EDX analysis of silver nanoparticles confirmed the elemental synthesis of silver at 3 keV. The compounds existing in the Syngonium podophyllum extracts were analyzed using the FT-IR to recognize the nature of the capping agents in these leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles has been demonstrated in this study. The well diffusion method was used to analyze antibacterial activity, and the 96 well plate method was used to test minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus).

Lack of evidence in reducing risk of MRONJ after teeth extractions with systemic antibiotics.

A systematic review was carried out to identify if periprocedural administration of systemic antibiotics could decrease risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) in patients under antiresorptive and/or biologic agents for teeth extraction. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were systematically searched for case-series with more than 10 patients, retrospective/prospective studies, and trials concerning this issue. Manual searching of references from previous reviews was also carried out. Of 1,512 results, 17 studies were included, focusing on antibiotics for extraction in patients under intravenous bisphosphonates (8 studies), oral bisphosphonates (2 studies), oral and intravenous bisphosphonates (6 studies), and denosumab (1 study), of which 12 performed dental extraction with surgical flap. With no trials found, "quality in prognosis studies" (QUIPS) tool was used to evaluate risk of bias. First-line treatment was 2-3 grams of oral amoxicillin in 76.4% of studies; 300-600 mg of clindamycin was the alternative treatment in 23.5% of studies. Treatment ranged from 3 to 20 days, consisting of 6-7 days in 47% of studies. No microbiologic insight was provided. A significantly higher risk of MRONJ for patients unexposed to antibiotics was provided in one retrospective study. QUIPS tool revealed moderate-high risk of bias. With empirical data from bias-carrying, heterogeneous observational studies, the validity of antibiotics is yet to be established.

Effects of exogenous addition of cadmium on cadmium speciation in hyperaccumulator of Sedum alfredii Hance

Continuous chemical extraction is considered to be one of the most common methods for the extraction of heavy metals speciations in plants. However, the basis for the extraction order of this method is not explained and has been rarely studied. In this paper, we analyzed the speciations of cadmium in plants by a four-step continuous extraction method. The extraction sequence of ethanol and water was studied to study the effect of extraction sequence on the extraction rate of extraction agent. The results showed that cadmium exists mostly in NaCl extraction state and the extraction rate of the two kinds of extraction agents decreased when the order of ethanol and water was changed.

Tris 2-aminoethyl amine (TREN) agent to quantify interaction and extraction capacity of VO2+ ions for oriented membrane processes

In recent years, the development of functionalized synthetic or natural polymer membranes with good mechanical stability has increased considerably for applications in different extraction and separation membrane processes. The technique of oriented processes through affinity polymer membranes is often adopted for the extraction of rare and value-added metal ions. Different types of affinity polymer membranes have been developed by insertion or grafting of extractive agents such as TREN, to extract and recover VO2+ ions from acid solutions of industrial leaching in order to remedy the massive consumption of the metal vanadium. This research was carried out according to the facilitated transport of VO2+ ions from an acid medium through a polymer membrane functionalized with TREN. The impact and influence of the TREN agent, as well as its concentration on the morphology, porosity, composition, and performance of the developed PSU/PVP/TREN membrane were studied. Different techniques including FITR-ATR Spectroscopy, SEM and EDX Spectroscopy were employed to characterize the membrane. In the present work, the membrane developed and used has good stability and a long lifetime for carrying out the processes studied under hard conditions of acidity and temperature. The performance of the membrane was evaluated by calculating the macroscopic parameters, permeability P and initial flux J0. The apparent diffusion of VO2+ ions through the organic phase according to the formation and dissociation reactions of unstable entities (VO2+ -TREN) was determined by the evolution of microscopic parameters, apparent diffusion coefficient D* and association constant Kass. To justify the results obtained for the process studied, activation and thermodynamic parameters (energy Ea, enthalpy ΔH≠, entropy ΔS≠, and enthalpy ΔHth) were assessed. The evolution analysis of obtained values allows us to elucidate the kinetic or energetic aspects which control the mechanics of the studied processes and the performance of the adopted membrane.

High-efficiency method for recycling lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode

Abstract The extraction of Li from the spent LiFePO4 cathode is enhanced by the selective removal using interactions between HCl and NaClO to dissolve the Li+ ion while Fe and P are retained in the structure. Several parameters, including the effects of dosage and drop acceleration of HCl and NaClO, reaction time, reaction temperature, and solid–liquid ratio on lithium leaching, were tested. The Total yields of lithium can achieve 97% after extraction process that lithium is extracted from the precipitated mother liquor, using an appropriate extraction agent that is a mixture of P507 and TBP and NF. The method also significantly reduced the use of acid and alkali, and the economic benefit of recycling is improved. Changes in composition, morphology, and structure of the material in the dissolution process are characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution instrument, and moisture analysis.

A Green and Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Gold from Low-Grade Sources Using Biogenic Cyanide Generated by Bacillus megaterium: A Comprehensive Study

The decreasing grade of gold deposits and environmental regulations concerning the use of cyanide, a conventional extraction agent used in gold recovery, has highlighted the challenge in the field ...

Uranium adsorption and oil emulsification by extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of a halophilic unicellular marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus BDU130911

An integrated approach on uranium adsorption and emulsification of oils was evaluated using extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of a marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus BDU130911. EPS gel of S. elongatus BDU130911 was able to adsorb uranium at the rate of 75% per gram dry weight. Uranium follows a monolayer adsorption onto EPS gel surface as revealed by Langmuir isotherm. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis and powder X-ray diffraction analysis further confirms the uranium adsorption to the EPS gel of S. elongatus BDU130911. The culture filtrate of S. elongatus BDU130911 exhibited biosurfactant property and formed a stable emulsion with petrol (EI24 51.2%) due to the presence of uronic acid and rhamnose sugar. These findings suggest that the EPS of S. elongatus BDU130911 biomass has the potential to be used as a green adsorbing agent for the effective extraction of radionucleotide and petroleum hydrocarbons.

Self-Supervised Attention Mechanism for Pediatric Bone Age Assessment With Efficient Weak Annotation.

Pediatric bone age assessment (BAA) is a common clinical practice to investigate endocrinology, genetic and growth disorders of children. Different specific bone parts are extracted as anatomical Regions of Interest (RoIs) during this task, since their morphological characters have important biological identification in skeletal maturity. Following this clinical prior knowledge, recently developed deep learning methods address BAA with an RoI-based attention mechanism, which segments or detects the discriminative RoIs for meticulous analysis. Great strides have been made, however, these methods strictly require large and precise RoIs annotations, which limits the real-world clinical value. To overcome the severe requirements on RoIs annotations, in this paper, we propose a novel self-supervised learning mechanism to effectively discover the informative RoIs without the need of extra knowledge and precise annotation-only image-level weak annotation is all we take. Our model, termed PEAR-Net for Part Extracting and Age Recognition Network, consists of one Part Extracting (PE) agent for discriminative RoIs discovering and one Age Recognition (AR) agent for age assessment. Without precise supervision, the PE agent is designed to discover and extract RoIs fully automatically. Then the proposed RoIs are fed into AR agent for feature learning and age recognition. Furthermore, we utilize the self-consistency of RoIs to optimize PE agent to understand the part relation and select the most useful RoIs. With this self-supervised design, the PE agent and AR agent can reinforce each other mutually. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first end-to-end bone age assessment method which can discover RoIs automatically with only image-level annotation. We conduct extensive experiments on the public RSNA 2017 dataset and achieve state-of-the-art performance with MAE 3.99 months. Project is available at http://imcc.ustc.edu.cn/project/ssambaa/.

Extraction of Zinc Metal ions from Aqueous Solution Using Ionic Liquids

<p>This work analyzes the extraction behavior of transition heavy metal Zinc and other metal ions such as Copper, and Cadmium from hydrochloride aqueous solution in the absence of chelating agents by using a novel class of hydrophobic ionic liquids. Ionic liquid for this study was synthesized based on 1-(n-alkyl)-3-methylimidazolium cations and hexafluorophosphate anions followed by the metathesis route at room temperature were evaluated. The advantages of using these ionic liquids include their simple synthesis and sustainability. Which makes them “Greener and Simpler” compared to other solvents used for metal extraction. The experimental results show that ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMPSM][PF6] entirely removed of Zinc (extraction percentage 94.4%) and other Copper and Cadmium heavy metals from the aqueous solutions. Based on the results, the use of ionic liquids for selected heavy metal ions as a substitute to the traditional extraction agents in liquid/liquid extraction of heavy metal ions shows considerable potential and is quite promising and promoting for further extraction.</p>

Intensified DES mediated ultrasound extraction of tannic acid from onion peel

Ultrasound–assisted extraction using deep eutectic solvent (DES) was performed to extract tannic acid from onion peel. Notably, DES is an excellent extraction agent, which yielded 641.16 ± 0.01 μg/g of tannic acid compared to the extraction using a conventional solvent (368.99 ± 0.02 μg/g). Subsequently, the research was conducted based on several exploited parameters and achieved the highest extraction yield (1705.79 ± 0.01 μg/g) at the DES ratio of 1:1 (mass ratio of choline chloride to urea), solid to solvent ratio of 1:10 and duty cycle of 10%. The onion sample exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than standard ascorbic acid, which was expressed in the lower values of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 7.70 ± 1.12 and 10.14 ± 0.11 mg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the Fick's model successfully forecasted that diffusivity is the controlling factor in the extraction of tannic acid via the DES mediated ultrasound–assisted extraction method.

Vernoa Hildebranditii, Acacia stuhlmannii and Moringa Oleifera Leaf and Root-bark Extracts Exhibit Antimicrobial Effects on Selected Diarrheagenic Microorganisms

Infectious diseases are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is increasing concern of indiscriminate use of antibiotics and incidences of multiple antibiotic resistances in human pathogens. The potential of higher plants as source of new drug leads has been demonstrated but is still under explored. In Africa and most developing countries, traditional medicine still forms the backbone of rural medicinal practice. Although a number of American and Asian countries medicinal herbs have been evaluated scientifically and their medicinal properties demonstrated. In Africa, attempts to evaluate medicinal plants in relation to their biological activities and medicinal usefulness are limited. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to increased use of herbal medicine as an alternative to combat various ailments. This study aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity of Vernoa hildebrandtii, Acacia stuhlmannii and Moringa oleifera leafy and root bark extracts using disc diffusion technique. Crude extracts were obtained from dried powder by single solvent maceration with ethanol and water. Bioassays were used to evaluate the bioactivity of the extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureas. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the zones of growth inhibition in mm. Moringa aleifera root water extract was the most potent fraction with bioactivity arrange of between 6-32 mm followed by Acacia stuhlmannii root bark water extracts with bioactivity range between 12-31 mm and Moringa oleifera root bark with bioactivity range of between 6-29 mm. Vernoa hildebrandtii leave alcohol and Acacia stuhlmannii Taub root bark- alcohol extract had bioactivity range of between 9-28 and 5-28, respectively. However, Acacia stuhlmannii leaf extracts did not show any antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial effects of the plant extracts were dose dependent. These findings validate what have been known about Moringa oleifera. They also demonstrate potential biochemical agents in Vernoa hildebrandtii and Acacia stuhlmannii extracts in the management of diarrheagenic microorganisms

Identification of environmental aspects of citrus waste valorization into D-limonene from a biorefinery approach

Citrus waste (CW) consists mainly of peels and pressed pulp (seeds and segment membranes), which represent approximately 50% of the fruit weight. In the framework of bioeconomy, this type of waste could serve as a valuable raw material for the manufacture of biofuels and other commodities. Specifically, CW comprises high levels of pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and soluble sugars, and to lesser extent essential oils. d-limonene is a terpenic compound and main component of essential oils in CW. In the present study, alternative and low environmental impact technologies for the valorization of CW are evaluated in the framework of a biorefinery strategy. Although d-limonene is the target product, a “closing the loop” strategy has been incorporated obtaining biogas and digestate as co-products from the residual side-streams. Plant-wide simulations are performed according to four different scenarios (Scenario I to Scenario IV) comprising four sections: pre-treatment, extraction, purification and anaerobic digestion. The main differences between the scenarios correspond to the extraction (hydrodistillation, cold pressing and solvent extraction) and purification stages. Scenarios III and IV use ethanol and hexane, respectively, as extractive agents. The results show that Scenario I has the worst environmental profile, while Scenario II has the best profile of all the scenarios analysed. In addition, purification stage is the main responsible for the highest environmental burdens in scenarios I, II and IV due to the energy required. In Scenario II, pre-treatment and extraction steps are identified as hotspots, due to the high electricity requirements. There is therefore still room for improvement, and future research should focus on optimising the purification stages to reduce the impacts of those scenarios with poorer environmental profiles.

Oriented Membrane Processes For Extraction Of Methylene Blue And Blue P3R Dyes Across Polymer Inclusion Membranes Containing Chitin As New Extractive Agent

In the present work, according to the phase inversion technique, we have developed polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) based on polymer supports polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), with chitin as extractive agent (EA). These PIMs have been used to study the facilitated extraction and recovery of the Methylene Blue (MB) and Blue P3R dyes from simulated aqueous textile solutions. FT-IR spectra and SEM micrographs of these membranes were recorded to explore composition, structure and morphology of the elaborated PIMs. The adoption of the kinetic and thermodynamic models based on the Fick's laws, and the saturation law of the EA by the substrate (dyes) were tested to explain the performance of each membrane and the mechanism of the studied process for the recovery of dyes from water. The overall data indicate that the used extractive agent is effective for this oriented process, and the adopted membranes can remove about 87% of dyes from wastewater, without applying any external pressure on the polluted aqueous medium.

Selective Recovery of Molybdenum over Rhenium from Molybdenite Flue Dust Leaching Solution Using PC88A Extractant

Selective solvent extraction of molybdenum over rhenium from molybdenite (MoS2) flue dust leaching solution was studied. In the present work, thermodynamic calculations of the chemical equilibria in aqueous solution were first performed, and the potential–pH diagram for the Mo–Re–SO42−–H2O system was constructed. With the gained insight on the system, 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-ester (PC88A) diluted in kerosene was used as the extractant agent. Keeping constant the reaction temperature and aqueous-to-organic phase ratio (1:1), organic phase concentration and pH were the studied experimental variables. It was observed that by increasing the acidity of the solution and extractant concentration, selectivity towards Mo extraction increased, while the opposite was true for Re extraction. Selective Mo removal (+95%) from leach solution containing ca. 9 g/L Mo and 0.5 g/L Re was achieved when using an organic phase of 5% PC88A at pH = 0. No rhenium was coextracted during 10 min of extraction time at room temperature. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed in order to study the interactions of organic extractants with Mo and Re ions, permitting a direct comparison of calculation results with the experimental data to estimate selectivity factors in Mo–Re separation. For this aim, PC88A and D2EHPA (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid) were simulated. The interaction energies of D2EHPA were shown to be higher than those of PC88A, which could be due to its stronger capability for complex formation. Besides, it was found that the interaction energies of both extractants follow this trend considering Mo species: MoO22+ > MoO42−. It was also demonstrated through DFT calculations that the interaction energies of D2EHPA and PC88A with species are based on these trends, respectively: MoO22+ > MoO42− > ReO4− and MoO22+ > ReO4− > MoO42−, in qualitative agreement with the experimental findings.

Development of industrially viable geopolymers from treated petroleum fly ash

This paper investigates the development of stable geopolymers using petroleum fly ash with high compressive strength and water absorption to promote cleaner production, sustainability, and recycling of waste. The paper provided detailed characterizations of the petroleum fly ash, which involved the determination of the particle size diameter, density, surface area, pore-volume, mineralogical identification of recording X-ray diffraction pattern, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope. Moreover, metals leachability from the petroleum fly ash using different extracting agents, namely H2SO4, H3PO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and NH4O2CCO2H was also considered. Five geopolymers were prepared using different amounts of petroleum fly ash to assess the influence of petroleum fly ash on the final performance of the prepared geopolymers. The results revealed that the petroleum fly ash was carbonaceous in nature and rich in vanadium oxide and nickel oxide with low in SiO2 and Al2O3. Furthermore, it was found that petroleum fly ash has a low calcium level. The maximum extraction values were 15.6% for V and 55.6% for Ni using H2SO4. All the prepared geopolymers displayed high compressive strength for longer curing times, and the water absorption properties of all geopolymers were improved by incorporating more petroleum fly ash. Increasing the petroleum fly ash from 0 vol% to 61 vol% increased the water absorption value from 6.6 to 13.3 wt% for the samples collected after 28 days of curing. It was concluded that the petroleum fly ash did tend to form successful stable geopolymers with high compressive strength and water absorption.

Highly Efficient Extraction Procedures Based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents or Ionic Liquids for Determination of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Spinach.

A novel, efficient extraction procedure based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and ionic liquids (ILs) for determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) in spinach has been developed. NADES, the first green extraction agent, with different hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are screened in order to determine extraction efficiencies. NADES consisting of lactic acid and levulinic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1 exhibits the highest yields. ILs, the second green extraction agent, with various cations and anions are also investigated, where [TEA] [OAc]·AcOH, χAcOH = 0.75 displays the highest recovery. Moreover, NADES-SLE and IL-SLE (SLE, solid-liquid extraction) parameters are investigated. Using the obtained optimized method, the recoveries of the target compound in spinach are above 93% and 88% for NADES-SLE and IL-SLE procedure, respectively. The methods display good linearity within the range of 0.5–30 μg/g and LODs of 0.17 µg/g. The proposed NADES-SLE-UHPLC-UV and IL-SLE-UHPLC-UV procedures can be applied to the analysis of 20-E in real spinach samples, making it a potentially promising technique for food matrix. The main advantage of this study is the superior efficiency of the new, green extraction solvents, which results in a significant reduction of extraction time and solvents as compared to those in the literature.

Simultaneous dearomatization, desulfurization, and denitrogenation of diesel fuels using acidic deep eutectic solvents as extractive agents: A parametric study

Based on the literature, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been proven to be promising candidates for the separation of aromatics or heteroaromatics (“sulfur-/nitrogen- containing aromatics”) from fuels. However, most studies investigated the separation of a single fuel impurity (aromatics or heteroaromatics) from n-alkanes. Thus, to realistically represent a process that simulates the treatment of both types of aromatics, this work investigated the application of DESs in simultaneous dearomatization, desulfurization, and denitrogenation of fuels, particularly “diesel” using an arbitrary fuel model consisting of {5 wt% toluene + 5 wt% thiophene + 5 wt% pyridine + 5 wt% pyrrole + 80 wt% n-decane}. The selected DES was comprised of tetrapropylammonium bromide and acetic acid at a 1:4 M ratio. The DES performance was evaluated based on single-stage liquid–liquid extraction, the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) data of each impurity, multi-stage, and multi-cycle extraction of the diesel model. Furthermore, the influence of initial concentration and mixing effects of impurities were also studied. The results showed that complete removal of pyrrole and pyridine (“≈100%”) can be achieved in 2 stages only, while extraction efficiencies of 68% and 89% for toluene and thiophene, respectively, were achieved after the 5th stage. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that acidic DESs could be considered as potential solvents for the simultaneous dearomatization, desulfurization, and denitrogenation of diesel fuels.

Green technologies for the extraction of proteins from jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam).

The application of emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves and high hydrostatic pressure, allows the extraction of compounds in a sustainable manner from a vegetable matrix with a high value such as jackfruit leaf proteins (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam). Currently, the main method of protein extraction is based on the precipitation with the use of an aggressive solvent, therefore it is necessary to optimize extraction methods with a minimum waste production. In the protein extraction of jackfruit leaves, we obtained a content of 84.1mg/g using solvents. On the other hand, emergent extractions such as ultrasound, microwaves, and high hydrostatic pressure showed concentrations of 96.3, 95.6 and 147.3mg/g, respectively. In addition, we found that the best extraction agent was 0.5M NaCl, offering a range of possibilities that support green technologies as an imperative change in the food industry.