Extract Microcrystalline Cellulose Research Articles

RETRACTED: Green and efficient synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from Hamelia patens leftover via hydrolysis of microwave assisted-ionic liquid (MWAIL) pretreated microcrystalline cellulose

The efficient bioconversion of the lignocellulosic agro-waste has immense importance in biorefinery processing in extracting the cellulose and saccharide fractions. To achieve this, a series of chemical pretreatments is employed, thus concerning environmental threats limit its use. Therefore, an ionic liquid is employed for pretreatment before sustainable extractions owing to its safe manipulation, recycling, and reusability. Specifically, microwave-assisted ionic liquid (MWAIL) pretreatment has significant importance in extracting high cellulose yield at less thermal power consumption. In this study, the leftover stalks of Hamelia patens were subjected to MWAIL pretreatment at 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Subsequently, the MCC was fabricated into cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) through hydrolytic treatment using acidic and ionic liquids and denoted as CNC-AH and CNC-ILH. Thus obtained CNC was characterized by FTIR, FESEM, XRD, and TGA to investigate the influence of solvent on its morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of CNC. The results support that the CNC-ILH has comparatively more thermal and dispersal stability with a reduced crystallinity index than CNC-AH. The surprising results of CNC-ILH signify its utilization in diverse applications in the food and industrial sectors.

Comprehensive characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from lemon grass (Cymbopogan citratus) oil extraction agro-industrial waste for cementitious composites applications

Presently, the construction industry demands components that are exceptionally strong and long-lasting. The initial important construction material is concrete, which contains between 1 % and 2 % of air voids. The structural damage caused by water that enters through the air spaces are improved with filler material. Chemical filler materials are environmentally harmful; therefore, eco-friendly materials are selected for this study. The environmentally benign character of agro-waste byproduct usage is a driving factor in the field of research. Numerous uses can be found for waste materials, especially after they have been repurposed. We used a byproduct of an essential oil extraction company, an extract made from the leaves of lemon grass (Cymbopogan citrus), in our research. Alkalization, slow pyrolysis, acid hydrolysis, and bleaching are only some of the chemical treatments that could be used to easily extract microcrystalline cellulose from the discarded waste material. In our study the chemicals used are mild harmful to the environment and a surface reactant (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) is utilised to bleach and purify the microcrystalline cellulose. Thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform spectroscopy were all used to learn more about the cellulose that had been extracted. The extracted cellulose powder comprises a high crystallinity index (68.14 %) and low crystallite size (5.13 nm) found using X-ray diffraction analysis. The smooth and porous surface is observable in scanning electron microscope analysis. The Differential scanning calorimeter curve shows the highest degradation temperature at 218.16 °C. The micro sized particles mostly range between 100 and 120 μm and are found using ImageJ. The surface roughness and permissible skewness of cellulose particles were examined using atomic force microscopy. The density of extracted cellulose is 1.092 g/cm3. The microcrystalline cellulose yield % was notably maximum (40.45 %). This cellulose was introduced in a M30 grade cement concrete as fillers up to 5 % by the weight of cement. The fresh and mechanical properties of the concrete was found to get improved with the addition of cellulose up to 3 %. As a result, the characteristics of cellulose boost its utility within the construction sector.

Comparative Study of Polymer Composites with Cellulose Microfibers from Different Plant Resources

Wheat stalk (W), Fosro (F), Nigalo with waxy layer (NW), and Nigalo without waxy layer (NWo) were used to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), the xMCC (where x represents origin such as W, F, NW, and NWo) by thermochemical and mechanical treatments. About 10 wt% of xMCC and commercial MCC (C-MCC) were solution casted with ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin (EO-EPI) to prepare microcomposites. The xMCC and cryo-fractured composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the mechanical properties of the composites were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis to observe the effect of fillers on viscoelastic properties. The results concluded that the xMCCs are homogeneously dispersed in the EO-EPI polymer matrix, which reinforced the viscoelastic and mechanical properties in EO-EPI composites, and reinforcement is dramatically high with NWoMCC compared to NWMCC, WMCC, FMCC, and C-MCC.

Isolation and characterization of novel agrowaste‐based cellulosic micro fillers from Borassus flabellifer flower for polymer composite reinforcement

AbstractNowadays, interest in new natural cellulosic materials is increasing due to their higher properties and the motivation for researchers to advance high‐performance bio‐based composites. This study aimed at understanding the physicochemical and morphological properties, crystallinity, and thermal behavior of Borassus flabellifer flower micro‐sized cellulosic fillers. Cellulose has some unique properties, such as good mechanical properties, low density, biocompatibility, thermal stability, and biodegradability. The acid hydrolysis method was used to extract cellulose from the dried B. flabellifer flower. The crystallinity index value and crystalline size were calculated through X‐ray diffraction for the extracted microcrystalline cellulose and found to be 69.81% and 70.73 nm, respectively. The morphology of the extracted cellulosic filler was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and ImageJ software. The average size of the micro filler was found to be 26 μm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the extracted cellulose fillers being free from lignin, hemicelluloses, and other non‐cellulosic materials. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the surface roughness of the cellulose was less than 66 nm. The results showed that an agricultural residue can be converted into a valuable micro‐sized cellulosic filler material for polymeric composite applications that can withstand processing temperature up to 200°C. Here, the naturally occurring source of B. flabellifer flower could be used as a valuable substitute for more traditional sources like wood and cotton for the production of nanocellulose, nano‐additives, or nano‐reinforcing agents for water‐soluble biopolymers.

Extraction and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Date Palm Fibers using Successive Chemical Treatments

The aim of present study is to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from fruit bunch branches fibers of Algerian date palm trees (phoenix dactylifera L) as biofiber for reinforcing green composite and thus replace synthetic fibers in various applications. The extraction of MCC from date palm fibers passed via serial chemical treatments, including alkali, bleaching and acid hydrolysis process. Subsequently, several analyses were implemented to determine the characteristics of each sample prepared at different stages of treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the effectiveness in removing substantial amorphous components of lignin and hemicellulose from date palm fibers. Altered and irregular shaped morphology of microfibrils with slightly rougher surface was observed for microcrystalline date palm fibers (MCC-DP) through scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) presents the increasing of the crystallinity from 55% in raw date palm (R-DP) to 76.26% in MCC-DP. Also, the results of TGA and DSC indicate the MCC-DP has greater thermal stability than that of R-DP, A-DP and B-DP fibers. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using date palm waste (fruit bunch branches fibers) to extract a good reinforcing material (MCC) with high properties and low cost, which qualifies its use in composite materials. Also, it can be transformed into nano-scale for isolating nanocrystalline cellulose with the aim of using it, in the future to produce ecofriendly bionanocomposites in different fields of applications, biomedical, pharmaceutical and packaging.

Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from banana fiber in poly(lactic acid) biocomposite produced from solvent casting technique

The purpose of this project is to extract Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Banana fiber to produce Poly(Lactic Acid)/Microcrystalline Cellulose, (PLA/MCC) biocomposite film using a solvent casting technique. The initial phase is the production of MCC from Banana fiber by involving three steps; alkaline treatment, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. MCC produced from the different concentration of Nitric acid in the acid hydrolysis process, were used to analyze the morphological and crystalline properties using SEM and XRD respectively. MCC produced from the higher concentration of Nitric acid shows good morphological properties and higher % crystallinity. Then, MCC compounded into PLA with different filler loading to produce PLA/MCC biocomposite film using a different solvent which is Chloroform and Dichloromethane. Results show that lower MCC loading, induces good filler matrix interaction and this evidences by the improvement of the Tensile strength and Young’s Modulus, as well as shows improvement in loss factor and storage modulus which studied from DMA. Moreover, the addition of MCC slightly improved the thermal stability of PLA. From using a different solvent to produce PLA/MCC biocomposite film, Dichloromethane solvent improves the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of biocomposite film, while Chloroform reduces the tensile properties of biocomposite film.

Microcrystalline Cellulose Extracted from Native Plants as an Excipient for Solid Dosage Formulations in Drug Delivery.

Excipients represent the complement of the active principle in any pharmaceutical form. Their function is to provide stability, protection, and to ensure absorption of the drug and acceptability in patients. Cellulose is a conventional excipient in many pharmaceutical solid dosage products. Most of the sources used to extract microcrystalline cellulose come from cotton or wood, which are expensive and in high demand from other industries. As plants are considered the main source of excipient production, we have taken advantage of the biodiversity of Ecuador to evaluate microcrystalline cellulose extracted from borojó (Alibertia patinoi), a native plant, as an excipient for solid dosage formulations. The method of choice for tablet manufacturing was direct compression since it is a conventional fabrication method in the pharmaceutical industry. First, we performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to compare the structure and characteristics of the extracted cellulose with two reference commercial cellulose materials. Second, we performed quality tests to evaluate the use of the isolate as an excipient including fluidity, hardness, friability, and disintegration. Compared with commercial and microcrystalline cellulose, the extracted cellulose from the native plant showed comparable characteristics and is consequently a potential excipient that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Last, we performed a dissolution test in which we concluded that all tablets have a short release time of active principle.

Extraction and Analysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Delignified Serte Leaf Fiber Wastes

Dracaena Steudneri Egler (Serte) is a leaf fiber, as reported by us in our previous work. During the extraction of the fiber, different chemicals are used to facilitate gum decomposition to get more exceptional and impurity-free fibers. The separated long fibers can be used for different applications based on their properties, whereas short and dust materials will be avoided as a waste. In the current study, we have used the fiber waste for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose, which will act as a new source for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose and simultaneously help in waste utilization. The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from serte fiber waste by using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis had been investigated. Basic chemical pretreatments, scouring, and bleaching was given to the serte fiber waste before extraction to removed natural colorants and hydrophobic impurities like oils, waxes, minerals, fats. Characterization of this extracted microcrystalline cellulose was done using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, thermogravimetric analyzer, and a particle size analyzer. Finally, a comparison of micro-crystalline cellulose obtained from serte fiber waste with commercial micro-crystalline was also made. The particle size of the serte fiber microcrystalline cellulose was about 30–60 μm having a crystallinity of 73.5% and better thermal stability than commercial microcrystalline cellulose.

Extraction and Analysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Delignified Serte Leaf Fiber Wastes

ABSTRACT Dracaena Steudneri Egler (Serte) is a leaf fiber, as reported by us in our previous work. During the extraction of the fiber, different chemicals are used to facilitate gum decomposition to get more exceptional and impurity-free fibers. The separated long fibers can be used for different applications based on their properties, whereas short and dust materials will be avoided as a waste. In the current study, we have used the fiber waste for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose, which will act as a new source for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose and simultaneously help in waste utilization. The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from serte fiber waste by using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis had been investigated. Basic chemical pretreatments, scouring, and bleaching was given to the serte fiber waste before extraction to removed natural colorants and hydrophobic impurities like oils, waxes, minerals, fats. Characterization of this extracted microcrystalline cellulose was done using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, thermogravimetric analyzer, and a particle size analyzer. Finally, a comparison of micro-crystalline cellulose obtained from serte fiber waste with commercial micro-crystalline was also made. The particle size of the serte fiber microcrystalline cellulose was about 30–60 μm having a crystallinity of 73.5% and better thermal stability than commercial microcrystalline cellulose.

Synthesis of Quinazolines Catalyzed by Immobilized Spirulina on Cellulose/Dendritic Fibrous Nanosilica (DFNS)

In this study, eco-friendly Spirulina (DFNS/Cellulose/Spirulina NPs) having heterogeneous recoverability, reusability, high efficiency, renewability, and high thermal stability were fabricated on natural cellulose and their chemical structures were illuminated by FT-IR, BET, SEM, TEM, and TGA analysis. Extracted microcrystalline cellulose from Carthamus tinctorius plant. It was found that average size of the DFNS/Cellulose/Spirulina NPs changed in the range of 300–400 nm and Cellulose/Spirulina homogeneously dispersed on the DFNS. Then, catalytic performance of DFNS/Cellulose/Spirulina NPs was investigated for synthesis of various quinazolines under solvent-free media at room temperature. The catalytic tests showed that DFNS/Cellulose/Spirulina NPs are excellent catalyst for synthesis of quinazolines by giving high reaction yields in 20 min. More importantly, DFNS/Cellulose/Spirulina NPs displayed excellent reproducibility in the synthesis of quinazolines due to their heterogeneous separable nature. As a consequence, this study revealed that DFNS/Cellulose/Spirulina NPs accelerating the fabrication of quinazolines had excellent activity.

Study of the Tableting Properties of MCR, a Newly Coprocessed Cellulose-based Direct Compression Excipient.

In this work, the aim was to coprocess and evaluate a new cellulose-based direct compression tableting excipient (MCR) of improved functionalities by granulation and slugging from locally extracted microcrystalline cellulose and regenerated cellulose (CRC). Model tablet formulations of metronidazole (MZ) as a model of nonfreely flowing and directly incompressible active pharmaceutical ingredient were designed to study the tableting properties of MCR. The results showed that the optimum concentration of CRC needed to produce excipient of accepted flow properties and high compression characteristics was 20% w/w. MCR performed better than the parent components either singly or in a simple binary mixture. MZ tablets of enhanced mechanical properties and fast disintegrating and dissolving rates were compressed from MCR. The crushing strength (H) and the disintegration rate constant (kd) increased from 3.76 to 11.08 kg and from 0.92 to 13.1×10-3 s-1 for the tablets made with 50% w/w MCR, respectively. Both the H and kd values of a given MZ tablet batch were found to be functions of the total number of bonding sites (α) available in the excipient in the given batch. MCR was unfortunately sensitive to magnesium stearate. The obtained result revealed that MCR is a successful complementary direct compression excipient.

Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from waste cotton fabrics via hydrothermal method

A large amount of accumulated waste cotton fabrics (WCFs) have caused environmental problem and depletion of resources. The extraction of microcrystalline cellulose as value-added products is one of the effective ways to the recycling of WCFs. This study aimed to extract microcrystalline cellulose from WCFs by the hydrothermal method and compare the extracted microcrystalline cellulose (EMC) with Avicel PH101 microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The EMC was extracted under hydrothermal conditions (solid–liquid ratio 1:30, HCl concentration 0.6 mol/L, 150 °C, 100 min), with a yield and the degree of polymerization of 85.54% and 228, respectively. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis and contact angle testing. The detailed analyses showed that the properties of EMC prepared from WCFs are similar to those of commercial MCC. The results indicated that WCFs is a critical and potential low-cost raw material to prepare MCC.

An innovative synthesis of MoO3/Ag nanocomposite and catalytic application of immobilized molybdenum complex on cellulose extracting from Carthamus tinctorius

Extracted microcrystalline cellulose from Carthamus tinctorius plant was oxidized by sodium metaperiodate and a novel molybdenum schiff base complex was supported on this natural cellulose (MoSMC@MC). Then, micro biopolymer silver/ immobilized molybenum complex on natural cellulose (Ag/MoSMC@MC) was synthesized at the presence of Sesbania sesba plant and charaterized by SEM, FT-IR, TGA, and EDAX. The catalytic efficiency of Ag/MoSMC@MC was exploited as a heterogenous bio-catalyst in the selective oxidation of alcohols. The reactions were conducted using catalytic amounts of Ag/MoSMC@MC and t-BuOOH under solvent free conidtion to obtain desired aldehydes and ketones in high yields and excellent selectivity. Long-term stability and reproducibility in consecutive runs were feature of this microcomposite. At second part of this work, a novel strategy was reported to obtain green nanocomposites. Herein, addition of silver nitrate to plant solution led to the decomposition of the organic to inorganic polymer. As results, MoO3/Ag nanocomposite was prepared and its characteristics were investigated using TEM, and XRD to confirm the shape and structure.

Processing of Soju Industrial Bioresidue to Extract Microcrystalline Cellulose and Characterization

AbstractSoju industrial biomass residue (SIBR) is a lignocellulosic agro-industrial biowaste available in large quantities in soju producing countries. In this study, an attempt was made to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a biopolymer from SIBR by controlled acid hydrolysis. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of cellulose I structure with two peaks around 2θ = 15 and 22.5° and increase in crystallinity after acid hydrolysis treatment. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed no significant chemical affect of the cellulose fragment. Thermo-gravimetric analysis reveals that the extracted MCC have a good thermal stability (319°C). Dynamic light scattering studies confirmed the presence of MCC in micro range (126.4 nm) which was supported by transmission electron microscopy. The results of this work are useful for extracting valuable and widely applicable cellulose, and help solve management of SIBR in terms of disposal and pollution problems.

Study of the Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose Particles from Different Renewable Resources by XRD, FTIR, Nanoindentation, TGA and SEM

The main objective of this work was to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) particles from different cellulosic resources like cotton, jute, newsprint, filter paper and investigate their suitability as green reinforcing material in biocomposites. The MCC particles were extracted by acid hydrolysis with 64% sulphuric acid. The processing parameters like acid concentration, temperature, time and mechanical force were kept constant. The MCC particles were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The viscoelastic properties of the MCC particles were investigated with the help of nanoindentation technique for the first time. The acid hydrolysis changed the %crystallinity and crystallite sizes of the MCC particles compared to their source materials. The modulus and hardness of the MCC particles varied significantly depending on their precursors. The presence of non-cellulosic constituents controlled the deformation behaviour of the MCC particles. The thermal stability of the MCC particles was correlated with the tangling effect of the flexible cellulose chains.

Effect of water activity on the stability of bixin in an annatto extract-microcrystalline cellulose model system

The influence of water activity on the stability of bixin in an annatto extract-micro-crystalline cellulose model system during storage at 21 ± 1 °C in the presence or absence of light and/or air was investigated. The water adsorption characteristic of the model system was determined. The samples were stored in desiccators containing saturated salt solutions for water activities of 0.33 to 0.97 and after equilibrium was reached, the samples were stored in the presence or absence of air and/or light. The degradation of bixin in every condition tested followed a first-order reaction. By comparing half-lives, bixin was observed to be more stable at intermediate/higher water activities.