Extract Of Phyllanthus Amarus Research Articles

Evaluation of Median Lethal Dose and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus amarus

Aims: To determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of crude ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus and evaluate its sub-chronic oral toxicity in experimental mice (BALB/C strain).
 Study Design: One-factor, one-control, one-test group experimental design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, between December, 2014 and November, 2015.
 Methodology: Crude ethanolic leaf extract of P. amarus was prepared as previously described and twenty (20) Swiss albino mice (BALB/C strain) were randomly and equally divided into two (2) groups and administered 2000 mg/kg body weight (Group A) and 5000 mg/kg body weight (Group B) of the prepared extract as single oral dose in line with the limit dose method of determining LD50. For the sub-chronic oral toxicity study, ten (10) mice were assigned into control (n=5) and experimental (n=5). The control animals were given placebo-normal saline, but the experimental mice were administered with nocebo – 300 mg/kg body weight of P. amarus crude ethanolic extract for twenty one (21) days. Thereafter, the animals in each group were sacrificed and then, serum and liver homogenate were obtained for the assay of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative damage (Malondialdehyde-MDA) Using documented methods. Liver tissue was also processed for histopathological examination using H&E stain.
 Results: Data showed LD50 of the extract to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Assessment of the herb’s sub-chronic oral toxicity indicates that the leaf extract significantly (P=.03) enhanced total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in both serum (Control: TAC = 0.10±0.03 mM, Experimental: TAC = 0.33±0.05 mM) and liver (Control: TAC = 0.12±0.09 mM, Experimental: TAC = 0.34±0.06 mM) but reduced (P = .01) the biomarker for liver tissue damage (Control: MDA = 41.89±3.36 µM, Experimental: MDA = 4.67±4.04 µM). In addition, hepatic cells were invigorated by P. amarus treatment as suggested by the histopathological features.
 Conclusion: Collectively, P. amarus crude ethanolic leaf extract possesses high degree of tolerance and hepatic tonic potential with no identifiable toxic or side effects.

Suppressive Effects of the Standardized Extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Type II Collagen-induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Standardized extract of Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on cellular and humoral immune responses in Wistar-Kyoto rats and Balb/c mice. In the present study, the standardized extract of P. amarus was investigated for its suppressive effects on type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (TCIA) in Sprague Dawley rats. The major components of the extracts, lignans and phenolic compounds were analysed by using a validated reversed phase HPLC and LC-MS/MS. A rheumatoid arthritis rat model was induced by administering a bovine type II collagen emulsion subcutaneously at the base of tail, on day 0 and 7 of the experiment. Effects of the extract on severity assessment, changes in the hind paw volume, bone mineral density, body weight and body temperature were measured. Concentrations of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6) released, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3 MMP-9) and their inhibitor (TIMP-1), haematological and biochemical changes were also measured. ELISA was used to measure the cytokines and proteinases in the rat serum and synovial fluid according to manufacturer's instructions. The extract dose-dependently modulated the progression in physical parameters (i.e. decrease in body weight, increase in body temperature, reduced hind paw volume, reduced the severity of arthritis), bone mineral density, haematological and biochemical perturbations, serum cytokines production and levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor in the synovial fluid. Histopathological examination of the knee joint also revealed that the extract effectively reduced synovitis, pannus formation, bone resorption and cartilage destruction. The results suggest that the oral administration of a standardized extract of P. amarus was able to suppress the humoral and cellular immune responses to type II collagen, resulting in the reduction of the development of TCIA in the rats.

Recent Advances in Pharmacological and Phytochemistry Studies on Phyllanthus amarus

The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases has been increased due to minimum side effect compared to synthetic drug. Further the herbal products are considered as safe drugs. Phyllanthus amarus claimed tribal people for remedy of different diseases namely diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy, jaundice, intermittent fevers, kidney problems, urinary bladder disturbances, pain, gonorrhea, diabetes, urogenital disorders, chronic dysentery, skin ulcers, sores, swelling, itchiness, tubercular ulcers, ringworm, scabies and wounds. Phyllanthus amarus contains isobubbialine, epibubbialine, securinine, nor-securinine, dihydrosecurinine, geraniin, corilagin, 1,6-digalloylglucopyranoside rutin , quercetin3-O-glucopyranoside, amarulone, niranthin, nirtetralin, phyltetralin, hypophyllanthin, phyllanthin, hypo-phyllanthin, demethylenedioxy-niranthin, kaempferol, astragalin, etc chemical constituents in its different parts. The extract of Phyllanthus amarus retains multiple pharmacological activities such as Anticarcinogenic, Antiproliferative, Gastroprotective, Cardioprotective, Antileptospiral, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antiviral, Antivenom, Antiinflammatory etc. We planned to illustrate the recent studies appeared in Phytochemisty and Pharmacological activities of Phyllanthus amarus in order to highlight its multi-activity properties.

In-vitro and In-silico approach to study Phyllanthus amarus extract against Obesity

WHO defines obesity as excessive fat accumulation which results in various other metabolic Disorders. The basic cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Of many mechanisms to reduce obesity inhibiting pancreatic lipase, a lipolytic enzyme is one of the approaches which inhibit fat absorption by body from dietary foods. Lipases present in pancreas are responsible for absorption of fats. They hydrolyze ester linkages of triglycerides, making fatty acids free for absorption. In present study the lipase inhibitory action of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus was studied. Extracts were subjected to fractionation to determine active fraction amongst all. 54μg/mL Ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract showed 50% of enzyme inhibition. Greater activity in the ethyl acetate fraction may imply that majority of phytoconstituents possessing anti lipase activity are extracted in it. To determine phytoconstituents responsible for enzyme inhibition in-silico docking analysis were performed using Schrodinger software. Visualization and analysis of the interacting amino acid residue of receptor and ligand were studied using Maestro software. Analysis showed maximum interaction and minimum dock score for Isoquercetrin, Quercetin and Rutin. In vivo experimentation of the finding can help in identification of lead molecule to treat global problem of obesity.

Cytotoxic activity of extracts and fractions from Paramignya trimera root and Phyllanthus amarus against pancreatic cancer cell lines.

The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxic activity of extracts and fractions from the Paramignya trimera root (PTR) and Phyllanthus amarus (PA) against two pancreatic cancer cell lines (primary: BxPc3 and secondary: CFPAC1). The root of PT and whole plant of PA were used in this study. The extracts and fractions from the PTR and PA were prepared using microwave-assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was assessed using the Dojindo Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The findings showed impressive cytotoxic capacity of the PTR extract against both pancreatic cancer cells of BxPc3 and CFPAC1 in a range of concentrations from 50 to 200 μg/mL, which was higher than those of ostruthin (67 μM), gemcitabine (50 nM), and four its fractions (50 μg/mL), and to be comparable to a saponin-enriched extract from Quillaja bark at 200 μg/mL. In contrast, the cytotoxic capacity of the PA extract and nine its fractions against these pancreatic cancer cell lines was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of gemcitabine (50 nM) and Quillaja bark extract (200 μg/mL) and being comparable to phyllanthin (4.8 μM). The IC50 values of the PTR extract against BxPc3 and CFPAC1 cancer cells were 32.12 and 36.65 μg/mL, respectively, which was much lower than that of the PA extract against CFPAC1 cancer cells (128.81 μg/mL). The outcomes obtained from this study reveal that the PTR extract is a lead source for the potential development of novel antipancreatic cancer drugs and/or functional foods.

Reproductive indices in malaria infested mice treated with antimalarials, Phyllanthus amarus combined with vitamins

Malaria disease is caused by the plasmodium organism transmitted into humans by the female anopheles mosquito. The effect of chloroquine, artesunate or Phyllantus amarus alone or combined with vitamins A, B, C or K on male fertility indices has received no attention. Hence this study was designed to investigate the effect of chloroquine, artesunate or seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus with or without vitamins A, B, C or E on testosterone levels, sperm motility, morphology, viability and count in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Four days following inoculation of adult male mice with Plasmodium berghei, the mice were treated with artesunate, chloroquine or Phyllanthus amarus seed extract alone or in combination with vitamins A, B, C or E once daily. Thereafter the mice were sacrificed and semen was collected for the determination of sperm count, motility, morphology and viability and blood sample collected for the determination of serum testosterone level by standardized methods. Treatment with chloroquine, artesunate or Phyllanthus amarus seed extract with or without vitamins A, B, C or E caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum and semen testosterone levels in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Treatment with chloroquine, artesunate or Phyllanthus amarus seed extract also caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm count, motility and viability as well as significant (p < 0.05) restoration of sperm morphology in Plasmodium berghei infected mice compared to untreated Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results from our study suggest that vitamin supplement with antimalarial could enhance reproductive indices.

The Effects of The Leaf Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina, Ocimum Gratissimum and Phyllanthus Amarus on Blood Glucose Level of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Guinea Pigs

The Effects of The Leaf Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina, Ocimum Gratissimum and Phyllanthus Amarus on Blood Glucose Level of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Guinea Pigs

Dendritic cells pulsed with generated tumor cell lysate from Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. induces anti-tumor immune response

BackgroundDendritic cells (DCs) are unique antigen presenting cells (APC) which play a pivotal role in immunotherapy and induction of an effective immune response against tumors. In the present study, 80% ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus was used to generate tumor lysate (TLY) derived from HCT 116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines via induction of apoptosis. Monocyte-derived DCs were generated ex vivo from the adherent population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The generated TLY were used to impulse DCs to investigate its effect on their cellular immune functions including antigen presentation capacity, phagocytic activity, chemotaxis capacity, T-cell proliferation and cytokines release.MethodsThe effect of P. amarus-generated TLY on DCs maturation was evaluated by determination of MHC class I, II and CD 11c expression as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD 83 and 86 by using flow cytometry. The phagocytic capacity of TLY-pulsed DCs was investigated through FITC-dextran uptake by using flow cytometry. The effect on the cytokines release including IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 was elucidated by using ELISA. The migration capacity and T cell proliferation activity of pulsed DCs were measured. The relative gene expression levels of cytokines were determined by using qRT-PCR. The major constituents of P. amarus extract were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by using validated reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods.ResultsP. amarus-generated TLY significantly up-regulated the expression levels of MHC class I, CD 11 c, CD 83 and 86 in pulsed DCs. The release of interleukin IL-12 and IL-6 was enhanced by TLY-DCs at a ratio of 1 DC: 3 tumor apoptotic bodies (APO), however, the release of IL-10 was suppressed. The migration ability as well as allogeneic T-cell proliferation activities of loaded DCs were significantly enhanced, but their phagocytic capacity was highly attenuated. The gene expression profiles for IL-12 and IL-6 of DCs showed increase in their mRNA gene expression in TLY pulsed DCs versus unloaded and LPS-treated only DCs.ConclusionThe effect of P. amarus-generated TLY on the immune effector mechanisms of DCs verified its potential to induce an in vitro anti-tumor immune response against the recognized tumor antigen.

Biosynthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial Activities

An environmental friendly approach is employed to synthesize copper oxide nano particles. In the present study copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extract of Phyllanthus amarus (kelanelli). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FT-IR and SEM to understand the structural and morphological characteristics of the copper oxide nanoparticles. The XRD results show that the average crystalline particle size was found to be 26.8 nm and from SEM studies it was found that these nanoparticles exist in cubic structure. CuO nanoparticles have much potential against the pathogens like Pseudomonus sp ., E. coli and Trichoderma sp ., etc.

Antimalarial Activity of Crude Extract and Fractions of Phyllanthus amarus in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Antimalarial Activity of Crude Extract and Fractions of Phyllanthus amarus in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

A comparative study on larvicidal potential of selected medicinal plants over green synthesized silver nano particles

Larvicidal activity was assessed for alcoholic extracts of Phyllanthus amarus, Annona squamosa, Coccinia grandis and Eclipta prostrata extracted using solvents of various polarity. Third instar stage larvae of Dengue-vector, Aedes aegypti and Japanese encephalitis (JE) causing mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus were subjected to larvicidal bioassay at various concentrations (1000, 500, 250 ppm). The results explored that the phytoconstituents and secondary metabolites present in all the plants elucidated potent larvicidal activity. Among the tested extract ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and hexane extract expressed significant larvicidal activity. Similarly, these plants were subjected to green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, characterized and subjected for its larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi causing malaria. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–VIS spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy respectively. The FTIR analysis strongly supported the capping behaviour of bio-reduced synthesized silver nanoparticles which in turn imparted the high stability of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The average size of synthesized nanoparticles was less than 1 µm, most spherical in shape with SEM analysis. The findings revealed that Eclipta prostrata and Annona squamosa has effective larvicidal activity, whereas all the synthesised nanoparticles demonstrated dose dependent activity even at very low concentration and the findings reveals that these extracts and nanoparticles can be a better remedy against these mosquitoes.

Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on Ethanol Extract of Phyllanthus amarus (EEPA) as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminum in 1 M HCl

Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on Ethanol Extract of Phyllanthus amarus (EEPA) as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminum in 1 M HCl

A natural small molecule inhibitor corilagin blocks HCV replication and modulates oxidative stress to reduce liver damage

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes chronic liver disease, which often leads to hepatocellular carcinoma. Earlier, we have demonstrated anti-HCV property of the methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus, an age-old folk-medicine against viral hepatitis. Here, we report identification of a principal bioactive component ‘corilagin’, which showed significant inhibition of the HCV key enzymes, NS3 protease and NS5B RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase. This pure compound could effectively inhibit viral replication in the infectious cell culture system, displayed strong antioxidant activity by blocking HCV induced generation of reactive oxygen species and suppressed up-regulation of NOX4 and TGF-β mRNA levels. Oral administration of corilagin in BALB/c mice demonstrated its better tolerability and systemic bioavailability. More importantly, corilagin could restrict serum HCV RNA levels, decrease collagen deposition and hepatic cell denaturation in HCV infected chimeric mice harbouring human hepatocytes. Taken together, results provide a basis towards developing a pure natural drug as an alternate therapeutic strategy for restricting viral replication and prevent liver damage towards better management of HCV induced pathogenesis.

Gastroprotective potentials of aqueous leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus on ibuprofen-induced ulcer in Wistar rats.

Gastroprotective potentials of aqueous leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus on ibuprofen-induced ulcer in Wistar rats.

Chemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of &lt;i&gt;Phyllanthus amarus&lt;/i&gt; (Schum &amp; Thonn)

The chemical composition of the leave extracts of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn) of the family Euphorbiaceae from Nigeria was analyzed by GC-MS. The extracts were also examined for their potential to inhibit the growth of clinical isolates following standard procedure. The major compounds identified in the hexane extract are a flavonoid, flavone 4’,5,7-triethoxy-3,3’,6- trimethoxy (20.23%) and a triterpenoid 17-(1,5-Dimethylhexyl)-6-hydroxy-5-methylestr-9-en-3-yl acetate (19.02%) while bufalin (18.71%) and tetratetracontane (12.91%) were the major compounds detected in the methanol extract. Steroidal triterpenoids are the major compounds present in the extracts as it accounted for 47% of the total detectable content in the hexane extract and 52% in the methanol extract. The steroidal triterpenoids which exist primarily as acetate in the hexane extract include cycloeucalenyl acetate, ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol acetate, macdougallin, 17-(1,5-Dimethylhexyl)-6-hydroxy-5-methylestr-9-en-3-yl acetate, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol while the methanol extract contains 6,7-epoxypregn-4-ene-9,11,18-triol-3,20-dione, 11,18-diacetate, bufalin, olean-13(18)-ene, methyl ursolate, barringenol R1 and 7,8- epoxylanostan-11-ol,3-acetoxy. Hexane extract of the plant exhibited antifungal activity on Candida albicans while methanol extract revealed significant antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at all concentrations of the extract between 12.5 and 100 mg/mL, the activity being comparable to the standard antibacterial drug, Oxacillin. The leaves of Phyllanthus amarus is a potential source of steroidal triterpenoids which could serve as biomarker for the plant species. The extracts of the plant may also serve as a natural source of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of some microbial infections.Keywords: Phyllathus amarus, antimicrobial, phytochemicals, leaf extracts

Cardioprotective effect of Phyllanthus amarus against high fructose diet induced myocardial and aortic stress in rat model

Increased number of population with heart stroke/attack is attributed to sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high-sugar diets, especially fructose. The objective of this study is to investigate the cardio-protective activity of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (PAAE) against high-fructose (HF) diet induced cardiac damage in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups of six animals each: Control (C), Control treated with PAAE (C+PAAE), High fructose diet fed (F), High fructose diet fed treated with PAAE (F+PAAE) and High fructose diet fed treated with Pioglitazone (F+Pio). PAAE was orally administered at a dosage of 200mg/kg body weight/day to C+PAAE and F+PAAE group rats for 60days. Pioglitazone (10mg/kg body weight/day) was used to compare the efficacy of PAAE. After 60days, heart and aorta samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. Co-administration of PAAE along with HF-diet for 60days prevented the increase in levels of cardiac and aortic lipids i.e., total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acids and decreased phospholipids. Further, enhanced activities of cardiac aldose reductase (15.3%) and sorbital dehydrogenase (6.9%) and decreased activity of creatine kinase (35.6%) in group-F were also prevented by PAAE treatment with the recovery of 126% for AR, 122% for SDH and 118% for CK. PAAE treatment showed protection from HF-diet induced increase in stress markers (LPO and PO), decreased non-enzymatic (GSH and Vit-C) and enzymatic (GR, GPx, GST, SOD, and CAT) antioxidants in the heart and aorta. Histopathological examination of the heart and aorta indicated that PAAE/Pio treatment reduced fat deposition and necrosis. The present study clearly indicates the cardio protection efficacy of PAAE against HF-diet induced oxidative stress in rats.

O10 Beneficial effect of Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae) on DOCA-salt-induced left ventricle cardiac hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction in rats

Introduction Phyllanthus amarus is used in African traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension. This study has evaluated the effect of an aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (AEPA) on blood pressure, cardiac and endothelial function in the deoxycorticosterone acetate and high salt diet (DOCA-salt)-induced hypertensive rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups including control, AEPA (100 mg/kg), DOCA-salt (50 mg/kg), and DOCA-salt + AEPA(100 or 300 mg/kg). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was determined by tail-cuff plethysmography, left ventricle cardiac structure and function by echocardiography, vascular reactivity of main mesenteric artery rings using organ chambers, the vascular level of oxidative stress using dihydroethidine staining, and the level of proteins by immunofluorescence methods. Results After 5 weeks, the AEPA treatments (100 or 300 mg/kg/day) significantly lowered SBP in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats by about 24 and 21 mmHg, respectively. Echocardiography indicated that AEPA affected slightly cardiac function and reduced significantly the increased posterior and septum diastolic wall thickness and the left ventricle mass in hypertensive rats. AEPA improved the DOCA-salt-induced endothelial dysfunction, and the blunted nitric oxide- and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-mediated relaxations in mesenteric artery rings. AEPA treatments reduced the level of vascular oxidative stress and the expression level of target proteins (eNOS, COX-2, p22 phox ) in DOCA-salt rats. Conclusion The Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract induced an antihypertensive effect associated with an improved cardiac structure and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Such a beneficial effect might involve the normalization of the level of vascular oxidative stress.

English

Newcastle disease virus is a paramyxovirus which causes Newcastle disease in birds. Investigation was done on the effect of leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using an in-ovo assay. Nine to eleven day-old viable embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) were used for the assay, these were divided into six groups of six eggs each. Methanol, aqueous and n-hexane extracts of the plant leaves were administered to the various groups at concentrations varying from 50 to 5 mg/ml. Embryonated eggs were incubated and embryo survival was monitored daily. Negative control and diluents control groups received phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and dimethly suphoxide (DMSO), respectively. The other group was uninoculated while a virus control group received 100 EID50/0.1 ml NDV alone. Bacteria free allantoic fluid from the embryonated eggs in different treatment groups were harvested and collected for spot hemagglutination (HA) test and HA assay to detect the presence of NDV viral particles and the viral titre, respectively. Leaf extracts were assayed for presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant potentials. It was observed from the results that the extract was toxic to the embryo at a concentration above 50 mg/ml and further results showed that the HA viral titre reduction was directly proportional to increasing extract concentration. The phytochemical assays of leaf extract revealed the presence of phytochemicals including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides. The current findings have demonstrated that leaf extract from P. amarus has potentials of medicinal value as well as antiviral activity against NDV in-ovo. Further experimental assays using live animal models are recommended to validate the use of P. amarus plant extract in therapeutic measure in chickens. Key words: Antiviral, Phyllanthus amarus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), embryonated chicken eggs (ECE).

Beneficial Effects of Phyllanthus amarus Against High Fructose Diet Induced Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Male Wistar Rats.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a characteristic feature of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that the high-fructose consumption is a potential and important factor responsible for the rising incidence of IR. The present study investigates the beneficial effects of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (PAAE) on IR and oxidative stress in high-fructose (HF) fed male Wistar rats. HF diet (66% of fructose) and PAAE (200mg/kg body weight/day) were given concurrently to the rats for a period of 60days. Fructose-fed rats showed weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia (P<0.05) after 60days. Co-administration of PAAE along with HF diet significantly ameliorated all these alterations. Regarding hepatic antioxidant status, higher lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, lower reduced glutathione levels and lower activities of enzymatic antioxidants, and the histopathological changes like mild to severe distortion of the normal architecture as well as the prominence and widening of the liver sinusoids observed in the HF diet-fed rats were significantly prevented by PAAE treatment. These findings indicate that PAAE is beneficial in improving insulin sensitivity and attenuating metabolic syndrome and hepatic oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats.

Comparative effects of aqueuos extract of Phyllanthus amarus and its fractions on urinary excretion in rat

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of Phyllanthus amarus extracts and its fractions on urinary excretion. Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus was prepared by decoction of the whole plant and lyophilized. Ethanolic fraction and chloroformic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus were obtained from aqueous extract. Animal were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats and placed individually in metabolic cages. The control group received normal water. A positive control group received furosemide (5 mg/kg, i.p.), used as a reference loop diuretic drug. Three other groups were treated with aqueous extract or ethanolic fraction or chloroformic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus by intraperitoneal injection at the same dose of 40 mg/kg. Urine volumes were collected each 2 h during 8 h period. The diuretic action was obtained by a ratio of urinary excretion of treated group and that of control group. Phyllanthus amarus extracts increased urinary excretion. This effect was time dependant and significant, compared to control group (p &lt; 0.001). During all experiments, ethanolic fraction increased urinary excretion, more than other extracts. After 8h period, it had eliminated about 2.44 ± 0.27 mL, however this value remained less than that of furosemide (3.01 ± 0.17 mL). The urinary excretion induced by furosemide was significantly high (p &lt; 0.05), compared to ethanolic fraction, but the ratio was similar. This study showed that, like furosemide, ethanolic fraction seemed to be the most potent extract for diuresis. Further studies might be carried out to identify the actives molecules and its mechanisms.