Peel Extract Research Articles

Effect of water extract of Mangosteen peel (Gracinia Mangostana L.) fermented by probiotics on meat chemistry, abdominal fat and blood lipid profile of broilers

This study aims to determine the effect of administering fermented Mangosteen peel water extract (FMWE) in drinking water on meat chemistry, abdominal fat and blood lipid profile of broilers. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 4 treatments with 5 replications and each replication using 40 day-old-chick (DOC) broilers with homogeneous body weight, so that a total of 160 DOC broilers were used. The treatments were: drinking water without FMWEas control (P0); drinking water+1.5% FMWE (P1); drinking water+3% FMWE (P2); and drinking water+4.5% FMWE (P3).The results of the study showed that giving 4.5% FMWE in broiler drinking water from 0-4 weeks of age had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reducing meat water content and meat ash content. On the other hand, it significantly (P<0.05) increased the fat content of broiler meat. The inclusion of 1.5-4.5% FMWE in broiler drinking water from 0-4 weeks of age did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and abdominal fat levels. However, it significantly (P<0.05) increased the content of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in broiler blood serum. It can be concluded that the administration of 4.5% water extract of fermented Mangosteen peel in broiler drinking water significantly reduces the water content and ash content of meat. On the contrary, it significantly increased the meat fat content and blood serum HDL levels of broilers.

Formulation and evaluation of sunscreen spray gel with lime peel extract (Citrus aurantifolia)

Background: Prolonged exposure to sunlight poses detrimental effects on the skin. Lime peel extract, containing over 60% flavonoids, demonstrates significant potential as a sunscreen agent due to the presence of conjugated aromatic benzene rings capable of absorbing UV-A and UV-B radiation. To mitigate sun-induced skin damage, lime peel extract has been formulated into a spray gel, offering rapid drying properties that enhance user convenience and comfort during application. Objective: To evaluate the impact of varying concentrations of lime peel extract in sunscreen spray gel formulations on their physical properties and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) values. Methods: Lime peel crude extract was obtained using 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent. The extract was incorporated into sunscreen spray gel formulations at concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). These formulations were assessed for their physical properties, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, and adhesion, alongside their in vitro SPF values. Results: The concentration of lime peel extract significantly influenced both the physical properties and SPF values of the spray gel formulations. All formulations (F1, F2, and F3) exhibited satisfactory physical stability and met the quality criteria for spray gel preparations. The SPF values for F1, F2, and F3 were determined to be 15, 20, and 30, respectively, indicating a progressive increase in photoprotective efficacy with higher extract concentrations. Conclusion: The sunscreen spray gel formulations containing lime peel extract at concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) demonstrated physical stability and provided moderate to high SPF protection. Among the formulations, F3 (15%) exhibited the highest SPF value of 30, suggesting its superior efficacy as a sunscreen agent.

Naringin vs. Citrus x paradisi L. Peel Extract: An In Vivo Journey into Oxidative Stress Modulation

Naringin vs. Citrus x paradisi L. Peel Extract: An In Vivo Journey into Oxidative Stress Modulation

Bio-synthesised nanoparticles employment for eliminating metals from wastewater via implementation of a three level Box-Behnken technique

The objective of the present study is to optimise the removal of metals such as aluminium, zinc, and copper from industrial wastewater using green-synthesised nanoadsorbents. To achieve this, the Box–Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology will be employed. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to analyse the metals present in the wastewater. A three-factor, three-stage Box–Behnken design was used to maximise the removal of these metals from aqueous solution. This involved response surface modelling and quadratic programming based on 17 different experimental data from a batch study. The study focused on three independent variables: pH, contact time, and adsorbent amount. The nanoadsorbents were prepared using a combination of Citrus X sinensis peel and Musa Cavendish peel extract, which served as the reducing agents, to produce a combined peel extract-silver nanoparticle product. Field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging and UV–visible spectroscopic analysis unequivocally demonstrated the presence of nanoparticles, with a surface plasmon resonance at 438 nm. The optimal values of the selected variables were determined by solving the quadratic regression model and analysing the contour plots of the reaction surface. At the experimental conditions of pH = 5, contact time = 92.5 min, and adsorbent dosage = 0.1 g/L, the recovery efficiency of Al, Cu, and Zn was significantly reduced. The optimised parameters were successfully applied to wastewater collected, and the degradation of detected metal ions was tested. The experiment demonstrated an effective reduction in these metals.

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Hyperglycemic, and Anti-Aging Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Fractions Obtained from Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché Fruit Pulp and Peel Extracts

The Cucurbita genus comprises various species that are globally consumed and that are commonly used for their nutritional value but also for medicinal applications. Within the Cucurbita genus can be found Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, a species that is understudied regarding its potential value for the food industry, as a functional food, and for the pharmaceutical industry, as a source of nutraceuticals. Therefore, in this study we investigated the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of aqueous (AF) and methanolic (MF) fractions of C. ficifolia pulp and peel hydroethanolic (HE) extracts. HPLC-DAD-MSn and HPAEC-PAD analyses of extracts’ fractions revealed a low content of polyphenols and a significant content of sugars. Through in vitro inhibition assays of the enzymes alpha-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and elastase, all fractions showed, respectively, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-aging activities. The safety profile and anti-tumoral activities were evaluated in various cell models (Caco-2, HaCaT, HepG2, and RAW 264.7), and results showed that the fractions obtained from pulp extract induce no/low cytotoxicity, while the methanolic fraction of peel induced cytotoxicity in all cell lines. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, aqueous and methanolic fractions of both extracts significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, revealing anti-inflammatory activity. Flow cytometry analysis showed that both aqueous fractions increased basal levels of glutathione (GSH) in Caco-2 cells, while not inducing oxidative stress, revealing potential as antioxidant dietary agents. However, the MF of peel HE extract induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells, as it increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. AF fraction of peel extract induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, while the other fractions induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase. In conclusion, Cucurbita ficifolia fruit presents potential as a functional food but also as a potential source of nutraceuticals, and peel waste products can be valorized by pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules.

Qualitative and Comparative Study of APORT Apple Peel Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS Technology and Fruit Peel Comparison of Different Provenances.

This study aimed to qualitatively study the main chemical components of apple peel in APORT, Kazakhstan, by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and to compare the components of apple peels with different provenances. An ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column was used with 0.1% formic acid water (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase and gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and a column temperature of 40°C. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed using the ESI positive and negative ion modes to acquire the data. With the Mass Lynx 4.2 workstation, online database, retention time of chromatographic peaks of each compound, and secondary fragmentation law, 14 compounds were identified from APORT apple peel extraction samples for the first time, and the main component categories included flavonols, organic acids, dihydrochalcones, terpenes, flavanols, etc., and caffeic acid, crataegolic acid, quinine acid, and quercitrin were found to be unique in APORT apple peel.

Macroporous Resin Recovery of Antioxidant Polyphenol Compounds from Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peel

In this study, polyphenols in the crude extract (CE) from red onion peel were recovered by macroporous resin, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. Among the four resins screened (SP850, XAD2, XAD7HP, and XAD16N), XAD7HP showed the highest desorption and recovery ratios, and it was used to optimize polyphenol recovery through single-factor experiments. The optimal conditions were established as 1 g resin, pH 4, 25 °C, 7 h for adsorption, followed by desorption with 70% ethanol for 1 h at 25 °C. These conditions achieved 85.00% adsorption ratio, 87.10% desorption ratio, and 20.9% yield of the macroporous resin-recovered extract (MRE) from the CE. HPLC analysis revealed that rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and myricetin were major compounds in the MRE, with the content of these compounds higher (about 7-fold) compared to the CE, confirming enhanced recovery of polyphenols by macroporous resin. Moreover, FT-IR and ¹H-NMR analysis confirmed the successful recovery of these polyphenol compounds in the MRE. Furthermore, the MRE displayed significantly improved antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) and anti-inflammatory activities (inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and reactive oxygen species production) compared to the CE. In summary, our findings suggest that macroporous resin can effectively recover polyphenol compounds from red onion peel extract and enhance their biological activities.

Encapsulation of walnut husk and pomegranate peel extracts by alginate and chitosan-coated nanoemulsions.

Walnut husk extract (WHE) and pomegranate peel extract (PPE) were produced through ultrasound-assisted extraction. Total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents (TPC, TFC and TTC), antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined. The best extracts were used for production of alginate (Alg) and chitosan (CS)-coated nanoemulsions containing WHE (NWHE) or PPE (NPPE). The encapsulation efficiency (EE%), loading capacity (LC%), particle size, zeta potential, and release trait were determined. The mixture of ethanol: water (80:20) resulted in the extraction yield of 10.97 and 11.87 % for WHE and PPE, respectively. PPE indicated higher TPC and antioxidant activity percentage than WHE. The main phenolic compound of WHE was luteolin (42.04 mg/kg). Higher antimicrobial activities achieved for PPE than WHE. Minimum inhibition concentrations for WHE were 700 and 500 μg/mL in terms of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The best NWHE3 and NPPE3 based on the Alg (1 %, w/w) and CS (3 %, w/w) exhibited EE of 87.75 and 89.07 % and LC of 9.85 and 9.74 %, respectively. The NWHE3 and NPPE3 had particle sizes of 182 and 218 nm and zeta potential values of +12.23 and + 10.67, respectively. Nanoemulsions provided a controlled release of WHE and PPE at the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids.

Soy Protein Isolate Edible Coating Incorporated with Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peel Extract: Effect on Quality of Fresh-Cut Pineapples

This study investigated the development of an edible coating using soy protein isolate (SPI) and pomegranate peel extract (PPE) to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple (FCP). Different dipping times (0, 2, 3, and 4 min) of the FCP in the coating solution were evaluated, and the samples were stored at 4 °C for 15 days, with analyses performed on days 0, 3, 8, 10, and 15. Results showed that the coated FCPs exhibited higher firmness and titratable acidity. Furthermore, the PPE-SPI coating also prevented weight loss as well as delayed the increase in pH and total soluble solids, suggesting slower senescence and enhanced preservation. Notably, a 4 min dipping time significantly (p < 0.05) reduced total plate count and yeast and mould count compared to control samples by 30% and 40%, respectively. The study suggests that longer dipping times enhance the effectiveness of the PPE-SPI coating in extending the shelf life of FCP, showcasing the potential of the PPE-SPI coating as an alternative to synthetic preservation methods for fresh-cut fruits.

Advanced NiCo2O4 /ZnO-CuO/NF composite for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor and efficient oxygen evolution reaction applications

It is imperative that composite systems with high performance, low-cost, enhanced simplicity, and scalability be developed in order to convert and store energy. This, however, has been a challenging endeavor throughout the years. In this study, we present a cost-effective, efficient, scale-up-friendly, and environmentally friendly method of producing in situ sandwich layers of ZnO-CuO composite between NiCo2O4 nanostructures and nickel foam using lemon peel extract (LPE) during hydrothermal processes. NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam was analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). According to XRD and HRTEM studies of NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam, NiCo2O4, ZnO, and CuO exhibit cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic phases, respectively. With NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam as the active anode electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor has been developed in an alkaline solution of 3 M KOH. At a low current density of 2 Ag−1, the asymmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high specific capacitance of 3614.8 F g−1, a power density of 1549.2 W kg−1, and an energy density of 75.3 Wh kg−1. Upon repeatable 40,000 galvanic charge–discharge cycles, the asymmetric device demonstrated a high specific capacitance retention percentage of approximately 100 to 95 and a columbic efficiency of 98%. Moreover, NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam composite had a low overpotential of 210 mV at 40 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 for OER in 1 M KOH. During continuous OER measurements over a period of 40 h, NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam composites demonstrated high durability and stability. NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam exhibits good electrochemical performance as a result of its synergetic effects, its high conductivity, its abundant exposed catalytic sites, its oxygen vacancies, and its high durability.Graphical The illustration for the synthesis of high-performance in situ NiCo2O4/ZnO-CuO/nickel foam composite for OER and supercapacitor application.

Chitosan-Based Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles Coating on Postharvest Quality of Papaya

The study aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan-based zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles coating on physicochemical properties of papaya and to optimize nanoparticles concentrations for extending its postharvest shelf life. The experiment was conducted in February, 2022 at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of different concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm) of either Zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles, along with a control. Zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles were synthesized from banana peel extract and the average crystalline sizes were found to be 22.30nm and 4.46nm, respectively. Fruits were dipped in 1.5% (w/v) chitosan with 50–200 ppm of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles and then stored at ambient temperature (14±1.6°C) and ~75% RH. The nanoparticles coatings slowed changes in total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity (TTA), delaying ripening. Treated fruits showed reduced physiological loss in weight and maintained firmness better than control, with firmness decreasing to 4.79 kg in untreated fruits compared to 7.35 kg in coated fruits on 18th day of storage. Coated fruits retained more ascorbic acid, and the storage life increased by 8 and 9 days with 150 and 200 ppm treatments, respectively. However, consumer preference declined for concentrations above 150 ppm. Thus, 100–150 ppm chitosan-based zinc oxide/silver nanoparticles are found to be effective for extending shelf-life and maintaining physiochemical characteristics of papaya. However, its residual and health-related dimensions need to be extensively studied before its commercial application. SAARC J. Agric., 22(2): 181-196 (2024)

Dry crude pomegranate peel extract as a bio-input for medicinal pharmaceutical gel with healing activity.

The sustainable use of pomegranate peel, a by-product of the food industry, is gaining importance in developing pharmaceutical bio-inputs, aligning with circular economy practices and waste reduction. This study explores the application of dry crude pomegranate peel extract (PPE) as a bio-input for medicinal gels with wound healing properties. PPE was extracted via percolation in ethanol and freeze-dried. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry identified key bioactive compounds: gallic acid, punicalagin, punicalin, ellagic acid, and citric acid, recognized for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and healing properties. In vitro assays revealed low hemolytic activity, non-cytotoxicity, significant fibroblast proliferation, and robust antioxidant activity (95.99% DPPH scavenging at 100 µg/mL). A carbomer gel containing 2.5% w/w of the extract effectively healed wounds in rats, with performance comparable to silver sulfadiazine ointment, while demonstrating no microbial contamination during the process. These findings position PPE as a promising, sustainable, and effective alternative for wound care pharmacotherapy, addressing both medical needs and environmental sustainability.

The Effects of Low Carbohydrate Diet and Salak Pondoh (Salacca edulis Reinw) Peel Extract on BodyWeight, Obesity Index, Visceral Fat Mass and Cholesterol Levels in Male Obese Rats and Dyslipidemia

Introduction: Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation, and its prevalence continues to rise each year. This condition is associated with changes in cholesterol levels. Obese patients often fail to reduce their body weight (BW) through diet management only. Salak Pondoh peel extract (EPP) contains bioactive compounds with potential anti-obesity effects and the ability to improve hypercholesterolemia.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and EPP on body weight, obesity index, cholesterol levels, and visceral fat massin male Wistar rats with obesity and dyslipidemia.Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were used in this study, which aged five weeks old and weighed 100-150 g. They were randomized and divided into six groups. Rats in negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatment groups (T1-3) were induced by feeding ahigh-fat high fructose (HFHFr) for 28 days, whilenormal(N) group received standard food throughout the study. During treatment periods, NC groupreceived an LCDanddistilledwaterwithouttreatment, PC group received an LCD and orlistat, T1-3 were given an LCD combined with 150, 300 and600mg/kgBW/day. The data were analyzed using repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), One-Way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests.Results: After 28 days of intervention, we observed that LCD+150 mg/kg BW/day of EPP significantly reduced obesity index (p<0.001) and has the lowest of visceral fat mass compared to other treatment groups, whereas LCD+ 300 mg/kg BW/ day of EPP significantly reduced body weight (p=0.019), and cholesterol levels (p=0.043). Conclusions: The combination of a low-carbohydrate diet and Salak Pondoh peel extract demonstrates significant potential as a natural alternative therapyfor obesity and dyslipidemia.

Remarkable Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activities of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized through Green Route Using Citrus maxima Peel Extract

Remarkable Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activities of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized through Green Route Using Citrus maxima Peel Extract

Therapeutic perspectives of Mangifera indica L. peel extract: phytochemical profile, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral efficacy

Therapeutic perspectives of Mangifera indica L. peel extract: phytochemical profile, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral efficacy

Evaluating Antioxidants Present in Grapefruit Peel Phytochemicals Using Blending Extraction Method

Grapefruit peels, often discarded as waste, have gained attention for their potential as a source of natural antioxidants, addressing the growing demand for sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to synthetic compounds. Oxidative stress-related disorders continue to pose significant health challenges, emphasizing the need for natural antioxidant sources. This study investigates the antioxidant properties of grapefruit peel phytochemicals using the blending extraction method. Fresh grapefruits were purchased from Minna main market, Niger State Nigeria and stored under controlled conditions at room temperature before further analysis. The extracted phytochemicals were analyzed for their antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition. The findings reveal a concentration-dependent increase in the extract's ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge DPPH free radicals, highlighting its strong antioxidant potential. Phytochemical analysis indicates a significant presence of phenolic compounds, while alkaloids and flavonoids were detected in lower quantities. Notably, saponins were found in higher concentrations among the analyzed phytochemicals. These results emphasize the potential of grapefruit peel extract as a rich source of natural antioxidants with promising applications in health, nutrition, and functional food development.

Anthocyanins from a new hybrid sweet potato peel cultivated in Northern Thailand mitigate LPS-induced inflammation and RANKL-induced osteoporosis by regulating ROS-mediated pathways.

Maejo 341 Sweet potato (MSP) is a new purple sweet potato variety cultivated in Northern Thailand, but its health benefits are unknown. This study aimed to investigate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoporotic activities, as well as its anthocyanin content. The peel and flesh of MSP were extracted with ethanol and water. Compared with the flesh extracts, the peel extracts presented greater antioxidant capacity and were rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, namely, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin, and peonidin. The peel extracts suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, as well as reducing nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion. The extracts inhibited the RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK pathways and downregulated osteoclastogenic marker expression. Under LPS and RANKL treatment, the peel extracts notably reduced reactive oxygen species production while increasing antioxidant gene expression. Furthermore, they increased osteoblast viability andslightly raisealkaline phosphatase activity. These findings suggest that MSP peel could be used as a functional food to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation-related osteoporosis.

The Synthesis of Functionalized W5O14 Nanorods for the Adsorption of Bismarck Brown R from Wastewater

In this research, a tungsten oxide was prepared via a green (biogenic) synthesis route where sodium tungstate dihydrate and Punica granatum peel extract were used as a precursor and a reducing/capping agent, respectively. The characterization of the prepared tungsten oxide was performed through various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The characterization results revealed the preparation of highly crystalline and nanorod-shaped (length = 123 nm and width = 31.3 nm) tungsten oxide with a probable chemical formula of W5O14. Various functional groups on the W5O14 surface were also reported. The prepared nanorods were further used for the removal of Bismarck Brown R (BBR) dye from water in a batch manner. By varying the dose of nanorods (0.5–3.0 g L−1), BBR solution pH (2−10), contact time (15–120 min), BBR concentration in solution (10–60 mg L−1), and temperature of BBR solution (30, 40, and 50 °C), the optimized condition for maximum adsorption efficiency was measured. The results revealed that 2.0 g L−1 amount of nanorods of tungsten oxide were used to remove ~98% of BBR dye from its 10 mg L−1 at 30 °C and 7.0 pH. The temperature-dependent adsorption data were fitted to different types of non-linear isotherm models (e.g., Langmuir and Freundlich) to assess the adsorption potential and adsorption mechanisms in relation to temperature impacts. The synthesized nano-adsorbent fits the Langmuir as well as the Freundlich isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 17.84 mg g−1. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models were used for the study of adsorption kinetics. BBR adsorption onto the W5O14 nanorods follows the pseudo-second-order rates. The present adsorption is governed by physico-chemical adsorption with predominant chemical interactions.

THE INCREASE IN BODY WEIGHT, SMALL INTESTINE LENGTH, AND FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR) OF BROILER CHICKENS GIVEN HEAT STRESS AND BANANA BLOSSOM PEEL EXTRACT (Musa paradisiaca)

This study aims to determine the increased of body weight, small intestine length, and food conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens given heat stress and banana blossom peel extract (Musa paradisiaca). This study was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments. The experimental animals used in this study were female broiler chickens of the Cobb strain, 2 weeks old and weighing between 350-400 g, totaling 25 chickens. Chickens in P0 were not exposed to heat stress and banana blossom peel extract, while the chicken in P1, P2, P3, and P4 were exposed to heat stress and administered with 0.0, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/L banana blossom peel extract, respectively. The temperature in the heated cage accumulated slowly starting at 10:00 WIB and was maintained stable at 33±1° C for five hours. Banana blossom peel extract was given by dissolving it in drinking water for two hours (at 10:00) before the temperature in the cage reached 33±1° C. The data obtained were processed using the Kruskal-Wallis and continued with the Mann-Whitney Test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments P1 and P4 on body weight gain and small intestine length (P0.05). Meanwhile, for the FCR value, only the P4 group met the standard, which was 1.57. Giving banana blossom peel extract at a dose of 1500 mg/L has been able to increase body weight, small intestine length, and decrease the FCR value in broiler chickens experiencing heat stress with a temperatu re of 33±1° C for 5 hours with a duration of 20 days.

Valorisation of Refosco grape pomace: exploring its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiadhesive properties

Abstract Agricultural by-products, including winery waste, represent both an environmental challenge and a valuable source of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiadhesive properties of grape seed and peel extracts derived from the red wine variety Refosco. Water and methanol extracts were prepared from dried, ground seeds and peels, both before and after supercritical extraction (SFE). The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of water- and lipid-soluble compounds was measured. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and antiadhesion effects of water extracts were then determined for Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial effects were further evaluated in pasta dough as a model food matrix. Our results showed that some methanol extracts exhibited significantly higher TAC values compared to water extracts. However, the TAC of water-soluble compounds was significantly higher than that of lipid-soluble compounds, regardless of the solvent used. Although the TAC of dried seed and peel samples (SDRY; PDRY) was higher than that of SFE residues, the difference was not statistically significant. The most potent antimicrobial effect was observed for SDRY extracts, with MICs as low as 0.625 mg/mL. Additionally, both SDRY and PDRY water extracts, at 1/8 of the MIC, exhibited antiadhesion activity. In conclusion, red grape pomace from the Refosco variety proves to be a cost-effective source of valuable water-soluble compounds with antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiadhesive properties. Importantly, results showed that the SFE residue retained some bioactive properties, further highlighting the potential of this by-product.