Green Tea Extract Research Articles

Biosensor Based on the Immobilization of Laccase on β-Cyclodextrin Membrane for the Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity in Real Samples.

The optimization of a new amperometric biosensor for evaluating antioxidant capacity in real samples is reported. The biosensor is based on the immobilization of Laccase from Trametes versicolor on an electropolymerized β-cyclodextrin polymeric membrane on a glassy carbon electrode. The process of electropolymerization, which was successful even in the presence of the enzyme, was a key step in biosensor synthesis. Variables such as pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration were optimized using a factorial design with two levels for each factor. Different electrodes were constructed and tested using caffeic acid as a standard. The best biosensor is synthesized at pH 3.0 with 6 mg/mL of enzyme and 30 °C. The biosensor presented a response time of ≤30 seconds and good stability in its amperometric response. The biosensor was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of real samples. Infusions of green, black, red, and white tea were assessed. The biosensor showed excellent stability and good performance regarding response time, stability, and easy fabrication. The proposed biosensor is a good option for evaluating antioxidant capacity in real samples without sample pretreatment. It combines a simple fabrication methodology and a minimal extraction process for rapid and reliable phenolic content determination in real samples.

Hepatocellular Changes on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Long Evans Male Rats upon Green Tea Administration

Background: The liver is a vital organ that serves a number of purposes in our body. It may be harmed by pollutants, substances with toxic effects, and long-term, unchecked drug use. Green tea is a well-liked beverage that has gained popularity recently and may have hepatoprotective properties. Objective: To observe the effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on paracetamol induced liver damage in Long Evans male rats. Methods: From July 1st, 2018, to June 30th, 2019, this study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka. For the purpose of the study, thirty (30) male Long Evans rats, weighing between 150 and 200 grams and 90 to 120 days old, appeared to be in good health. They were split into two groups after 14 days of acclimatization: Group A, which served as the control group, and Group B, which served as the experimental group (green tea pretreatment and paracetamol treated). Group A1 (baseline control group) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group) comprised the subdivided control group. There were ten rats in each of these groups. For 28 days, the rats were all fed a baseline diet. The baseline control group was given normal saline (20 ml/kg/day) orally every day for 28 days in addition to their basal diet. For the final three days of the study—the 26th and 28th—the paracetamol-treated control group was given oral paracetamol at a dose of 1.5 g/kg/day. During the final three days of the study period (the 26th and 28th days), the experimental group was given oral paracetamol (1.5g/kg/day) and an ethanolic extract of green tea (500 mg/kg/day) for a total of 28 days. On day 29, every rat was sacrificed. Following the sacrifice, liver samples were taken. Hepatic contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by using standard laboratory method. Histopathology of liver was also done by using standard laboratory procedure in the department of pathology, SSMC. Version 22 of the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) for Windows was used to do the statistical analysis. The data were displayed as mean±SD. To compare the results, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni, and Chi-square tests were used, where appropriate. A p value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. Result: When compared to the baseline control group, the mean malondialdehyde concentration in the liver was significantly (p) greater in the green tea pretreatment, paracetamol treated, and control groups who received paracetamol treatment. Once more, the groups treated with green tea and paracetamol had mean malondialdehyde concentrations in their livers that were significantly (p) lower than those of the paracetamol group. Additionally, 0% of the rats in the baseline control group, 100% of the rats in the paracetamol-treated group, and 30% of the rats in the green tea-pretreated and paracetamol-treated group had abnormal histological findings of the liver. Conclusion: This study revealed that green tea has hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced liver damage in Long Evans male rats. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2024; 12 (2): 145-152

Green and sustainable recovery of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and pigments from green tea leaves: Comparative analysis of Soxhlet, accelerated solvent, and supercritical fluid extraction techniques

The growing interest in green tea extracts for their applications in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries underscores the need for environmentally sustainable extraction methods. This study presents optimized strategies for the green recovery of bioactive compounds from Gun powder green tea leaves using Soxhlet extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction techniques. By varying extraction solvents (supercritical CO2, ethanol, water, and their combinations) and temperatures (from 35 to 140 °C), high yields of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and pigments were achieved. Key bioactive compounds extracted in significant quantities included caffeine (23.8 mass%), chlorophyll A (8.1 mg/g), chlorophyll B (0.7 mg/g), carotenoids (0.4 mg/g), epicatechin (7.7 mass%), catechin gallate (4.6 mass%), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (30.2 mass%). The extract obtained in optimized processes demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (IC50 up to 88 μg/mL), strong antimicrobial activity (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus- MRSA) with MIC up to 0.06 mg/mL, and selective anticancer activity against colon cancer cells. The presented findings provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for enhancing the sustainable concentration of natural bioactive compounds, promoting their use in various industrial applications.

Combination of Green Tea, Green Coffee, and Turmeric Extract Improve the THOC5 and AIF1, but not ACTA2 and CNN1 Gene Expression in the Aortic Tissue of Metabolic Syndrome Model

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of risk factors in the form of central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, increasing oxidative stress. This pathological event leads to the development of cardiovascular disease, for instance, atherosclerosis. Besides modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors such as genetic factors also play a role in the formation of atherosclerosis in MetS conditions such as THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2. Recently, natural compound derivatives, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and turmeric, have shown beneficial effects in MetS improvement. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract on the expression of THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2 genes that contributed to atherosclerotic vasculopathy development in the MetS rat model. Twenty-five MetS rat models were grouped into 4 groups (n = 5): Standard control (SC), MetS (MetS), a combination of green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract with treatment doses: 300/100/150 mg/BW(C1) and 400/200/250 mg/BW(C2) group. The THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2 expression were measured at the end of treatment periods. This study found that administering green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract can lower the expression of THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2. The correlation test showed that there is a strong correlation between THOC5 and AIF1 gene expression, with positive value. In summary, the combined effects of green tea, green coffee, and curcumin extract show significant promise as a potential anti-atherosclerosis treatment by improve the THOC5 and AIF1, but not ACTA2 and CNN1 gene expression in the aortic tissue of metabolic syndrome model. HIGHLIGHTS Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors consist of central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Individuals with MetS have an increased risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Besides modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors such as genetic factors also play a role in the formation of atherosclerosis in MetS conditions such as THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract on the expression of THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2 genes that contributed to atherosclerotic vasculopathy development in the MetS rat model. Administering green tea, green coffee, and turmeric extract can lower the expression of THOC5, AIF1, CNN1, and ACTA2. The correlation test showed that there is a strong correlation between THOC5 and AIF1 gene expression, with positive value. In summary, the combined effects of green tea, green coffee, and curcumin extract show significant promise as a potential anti-atherosclerosis treatment by improve the THOC5 and AIF1, but not ACTA2 and CNN1 gene expression in the aortic tissue of metabolic syndrome model. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract inhibits the activity of β-lactamases

The most emerging resistance mechanism against β-lactam antibiotics present in bacteria is the production of β-lactamases. The aim of this study was to explore the phytocompounds of Camellia sinensis (green tea) that can inhibit the activity of β-lactamases. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of its extract with a combination of antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains was also appraised. In silico docking was carried out against the resistance causing enzymes such as AmpC and SHV-1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against bacterial strains, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, was performed. Then, for exploring the synergistic effects, both antibiotics and green tea extract were applied in combination. The docking studies revealed that the inhibitors like epigallocatechin gallate with AmpC, and myricetin with SHV-1 enzyme displayed high binding affinities of -8.2 kJ/mol, and -7.5 kJ/mol, respectively. The in vitro combination of C. sinensis extract with ampicillin and penicillin also potentiated the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics. Thus, the study elucidated that the phytochemicals of C. sinensis could inhibit β-lactamases produced by the pathogens. Also, it has enhanced antimicrobial effects when combined with antibiotics.

Comparative evaluation of accuracy of three different electronic apex locators in the presence of various endodonticirrigants: An in vitro study

AIM AND OBJECTIVES. To evaluate and compare the accuracy of Root ZX, Raypex6, and I Root and electronic apex locators in the presence of NaOCl (3%), Citric acid (10%), MTAD and Green tea extract as endodontic irrigants.MATERIAL AND METHOD. Sixty single rooted human permanent teeth were used for the study. Access cavities were prepared and the teeth were decoronated. Teeth were divided as follows: Group I-Root ZX apex locator (n=20), IA – NaOCl 3% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IB – Citric Acid 10% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IC – MTAD endodontic irrigant (n=5), ID- Green Tea extract endodontic irrigant (n=5). Group II: Raypex 6 apex locator (n=20). IIA – NaOCl 3% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IIB – Citric acid 10% endodontic irrigant (n=5). IIC – MTAD endodontic irrigant (n = 5), IID – Green tea extract endodontic irrigant (n=5). Group III-i-ROOT apex locator (n=20). IIIA – NaOCl 3% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IIIB – Citric Acid 10% endodontic irrigant (n=5), IIIC – MTAD endodonticirrigant (n=5), IIID – Green tea extract endodontic irrigant (n=5). The actual working length was determined using a 15 K file and the working model was prepared using Alginate in a rectangular box. The teeth were embedded into the working model and the electronic measurements were made with each electronic apex locator. The data was collected, analyzed and subjected to statistical analysis.RESULTS. No significant difference was found when Raypex 6 apex locator was used along with all the endodontic irrigants except green tea extract. Root ZXshowed statistically significant difference with green tea extract and MTAD. I-root showed statistically significant difference with all the irrigants except green tea extract.CONCLUSION. Citric acid 10% was consistently accurate when assessed with all the three apex locators, whereas Green tea extract demonstrated the least accurate readings with all apex locators.

Effect of green tea or black tea extract on lipid and protein oxidation in Cantonese sausage.

Natural polyphenols offer a safer alternative to synthetic antioxidants in meat products. This study investigated the efficacy of green tea and black tea extracts as natural antioxidants in Cantonese sausages to inhibit lipid and protein oxidation. Sausages were prepared with the addition of different concentrations - 100, 300, and 600 mg kg-1 total polyphenols (TP) - of green tea or black tea extract. Oxidation of the sausages was assessed through thiobarbituric acid reactants, carbonyl content, and thiol content, whereas consumer acceptability was evaluated based on texture, color, and sensory analysis. The tea extracts inhibited malondialdehyde production and reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value from 23.72 mmol MDA g-1 to less than 1.94 mmol MDA g-1. However, the addition of tea extracts decreased the thiol content and caused the loss of myosin heavy chain and actin bonds in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although the addition of tea extracts increased the redness and hardness of the sausage, no significant difference in consumer acceptance between the control and treatment groups was observed in the sensory analysis. The tea extract inhibited the oxidation of lipids in Cantonese sausage. There was no negative effect on the sensory characteristics of sausages. The use of tea extracts as natural antioxidants in Cantonese sausage is therefore feasible. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The investigation prospect application of alcohol-water extract of lingonberry as antimicrobial, anti-fungi and antioxidant pharmaceutical

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. Every year 13.7 million people die from bacterial infections in the world. Thus, the search of new compounds with antimicrobial and anti-fungi activity is topical for today. The object of the study was lingonberry leaf 60% extract. The content of phenylpropanoids derivatives was evaluated by spectrophotometric method of analysis, whereas organic acids by alkalimetric method; antioxidant power was found by potentiometric method; antibacterial and antifungal activity was assessed by the method of “wells”. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the lingonberry leaf extract is inferior to the green tea leaf extract in terms of the content of phenolic compounds, catechins, hydroxycinnamic and organic acids, but flavonoids dominate in the lingonberry extract. The study found that lingonberry leaf extract has a high level of antioxidant activity. When comparing the levels of antioxidant action of lingonberry extract with green tea extract and the «gold standard» – аepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in one concentration of 0.03 mol/L, it was found that lingonberry extract had the best result. Escherichia coli bacteria was the most sensitive to the extract whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant. This work shows that 60% ethanolic lingonberry leaf extract has potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal effects. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that 60% V. vitis-idaea leaf extract is promising for the development of new antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant pharmaceutical.

Exploring the protective role of green tea extract against cardiovascular alterations induced by chronic REM sleep deprivation via modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress

BackgroundChronic Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation has been associated with various cardiovascular alterations, including disruptions in antioxidant defense mechanisms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of green tea extract (GTE) in mitigating these adverse effects.MethodsA total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were used in this study and divided into the control group (n = 8), Chronic-REM Sleep Deprivation (CRSD) Group (n = 8) and Chronic-REM SD + Green Tea 200 (CRSD + GTE200) Group (n = 8). After 21 days, a comprehensive analysis of paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARE), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx), proinflammatory cytokines, and lipid profiles in aortic tissue, heart tissue, and serum was conducted in a sleep-deprived rat model.ResultsChronic REM sleep deprivation led to a significant reduction in PON1 and ARE levels in aortic (p = 0.046, p = 0.035 respectively) and heart tissues (p = 0.020, p = 0.019 respectively), indicative of compromised antioxidant defenses. MDA levels increased, and NOx levels decreased, suggesting oxidative stress and impaired vascular function. Lipid profile alterations, including increased triglycerides and total cholesterol, were observed in serum. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) further indicated an inflammatory response (p = 0.007, p = 0.018 respectively). GTE administration demonstrated a protective role, restoring antioxidant enzyme levels, suppressing lipid peroxidation, and improving NOx levels.ConclusionThese findings suggest the therapeutic potential of GTE in alleviating the cardiovascular impairments of chronic REM sleep deprivation, emphasizing its candidacy for further clinical exploration as a natural intervention in sleep-related disorders and associated cardiovascular risks.

Preparation and Characterization of Waste Fish Bone-Derived Gelatin/Chitosan Plastic Film Incorporated with Green Tea Extract

Fish-derived gelatin has recently been spotlighted as an alternative source following the negative issues of mammalian gelatin, but unfortunately it has poor mechanical properties that limit its application. Herein, an environmental-friendly film was prepared from milkfish (Chanos chanos) bone waste-derived gelatin and modified by adding chitosan, glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers as well as green tea extract to improve its mechanical properties. Gelatin was processed from milkfish bone waste using various concentrations of H2SO4 solution (2%, 3%, and 5%) (v/v) and soaking times of 18 h and 36 h for each of the solutions. The measurement test of pH, ash content, and moisture content were conducted on the gelatin product, and the characteristic functional groups were investigated using Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of green tea addition was also evaluated on the thickness, tensile strength, and elongation of the resulting films. The results showed that treatment using H2SO4 concentration of 3% with 36 hours of immersion time produced the best gelatin quality with a pH value of 5.9. Water content and ash content were 14.286% and 3.09%, respectively. The plastic film from this study has mechanical properties similar to polypropylene plastic so that it is expected to be a potential material for food packaging applications.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICRO-INDUSTRY PRODUCING KOMBUCHA FLAVORED WITH PASSION FRUIT FROM THE CAATINGA.

Kombucha is a fermented beverage of Chinese origin produced from the infusion of black or green tea from the Camelia sinensis plant, sugar and a symbiotic culture known as SCOBY. After fermentation, the drink becomes rich in natural nutrients with functions that are beneficial to health such as organic acids, amino acids, vitamin C, polyphenols and antibiotic substances. The present work aims at carrying out a study of the economic feasibility of opening a micro-industry for the production of a black tea kombucha flavored with passion fruit from the caatinga. The caatinga passion fruit is a species native to the dry areas of northeastern Brazil. This fruit is rich in flavonoids, vitamin C and carotenoids, which have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. For the development of the study, specifications of processes, equipment and analysis of financial and economic indicators were carried out. The evaluation of the investments was carried out using the internal rate of return (IRR), minimum attractiveness rate (TAM), net present value (NPV), simple payback and discounted payback methods. The initial investment for the production of 2,000 L of kombucha flavored with passion fruit from the caatinga was R$ 187,199.78. The economic indicators obtained resulted in NPV of R$ 253,154.68, IRR of 22%, TAM of 13.34% p.a. and simple payback of 3.9 years considering a useful life of 10 years. The positive IRR reflects that the enterprise is economically viable and profitable, making it possible to invest and generate income for cooperatives and family farmers.

Effect of edible coating of gelatin-sodium alginate with the addition of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on the characteristics of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) during storage.

Star fruit has a good nutritional value but was very easy to damage. Edible coating can be used to extend the shelf life of star fruit. Green tea had been added to improve the mechanical properties and functional value of edible coating. This study aimed to evaluate the application of edible coating gelatin-sodium alginate with the addition of green tea to the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of star fruit. This research was conducted by making edible coating solutions from gelatin, sodium alginate, glycerol, and green tea of various concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The coating solution was applied to star fruit and stored for 1, 6, and 13 days to determine the effect of coating on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of star fruit. The results showed that adding green tea was not significantly different from the color change of the coating solution. However, there was a change in viscosity and pH along with the concentration of green tea extract (p < 0.05). FTIR analyses indicated that an interaction existed between gelatin-sodium alginate and green tea extract. The addition of green tea to star fruit with an edible coating of gelatin and sodium alginate could prevent weight loss (25.84%), reduce respiration rate (11.035mg CO2/kg/h), maintain fruit anatomy, protect against color change, inhibit pH changes (4.22), total titrated acid (0.22%), increase vitamin C (244.55mg/g), and even reduce damage for up to 13 days of storage. This study indicates that edible coating with the addition of green tea might be effective to retain the quality and extend the storage life star fruit.

Use of Dialysis Membranes for the Purification of Fe/Ni and Fe/Cu Nanoparticles Synthesized from Green Tea Extract

AbstractTo ensure the quality and effectiveness of nanoparticle material for specific applications, it is essential to eliminate contaminants or unreacted substances produced during the green synthesis process using leaf extract. In this study, dialysis membranes with a molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) of approximately 12,000–14,000 Dalton (Da) were employed to remove metal ions, chlorides, and polyphenols from the zerovalent bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) suspension, instead of using centrifugation or filtration, which causes solvent loss to the environment. Our research results showed that the efficiency of removing impurities and residual components achieved by the dialysis membrane was relatively high. Furthermore, alterations in specific characteristics of BNPs following dialysis were also observed and discussed.

Implementation of multiobjective decision-making algorithms and image analysis in HPTLC-guided extraction optimization of natural products

A new, efficient, and low-cost approach for monitoring extraction optimization was proposed based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis. Since HPTLC produces rich chromatographic signals corresponding to various analytes which may be differently affected by extraction conditions, four multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were compared for their ability to aggregate multiple chromatographic responses: Derringer's desirability approach, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE-2), and the Sum of ranking differences (SRD). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of green tea leaves with ethanol-water mixtures was used as a model system. The amount of ethanol and extraction time were varied according to the central composite design. Ranking eleven extracts by Derringer's desirability approach, TOPSIS, and PROMETHEE-2 showed the same results. SRD analysis yielded slightly different results from previous methods. Response surface models based on the previous three MCDM approaches demonstrated that extraction conditions with moderate amounts of ethanol (73%) and extraction times (46 min) lead to optimal chromatographic profiles. Optimization performed on individual peaks tentatively corresponding to rutin, chlorophyll, and gallic acid may lead to different results. Aside from natural products, the proposed approach has the potential to be implemented in various extraction optimizations.

Quantitative analysis of antibacterial efficacy of herbal irrigants against endodontic microflora – A clinical study

Abstract Aims: The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of green tea and neem extract compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against various root canal microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with pulpal necrosis were selected, providing 60 samples before and after irrigation. Groups were assigned as follows: Group A: 3% NaOCl (control), Group B: green tea, and Group C: neem extract. Samples were collected before and after irrigation in two phases. Samples were collected maintaining a strict sterile condition and stored in buffer solution at −80°C for bacterial-load measurement through real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis included within-group comparisons using Wilcoxon’s test and the paired t-test and inter-group comparisons using the Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s test and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (P ≤ 0.05). Results: While no irrigant achieved complete bacterial eradication, all solutions exhibited significant antimicrobial activity postirrigation. NaOCl yielded the most effective results, with green tea nearly comparable, and neem extract demonstrating the lowest efficacy. Conclusions: Herbal irrigants, particularly green tea, can serve as effective alternatives to chemical solutions. However, neem extract proved less effective than both green tea and NaOCl, indicating its inferiority in root canal disinfection.

Evaluation of the effects of green tea extract as a dietary supplement in sheep on gas production, volatile fatty acids, and digestibility

Evaluation of the effects of green tea extract as a dietary supplement in sheep on gas production, volatile fatty acids, and digestibility

S4675 Drug-Induced Liver Injury Due to Green Tea Extract

S4675 Drug-Induced Liver Injury Due to Green Tea Extract

Functional Properties and Sensory Quality of Kombucha Analogs Based on Herbal Infusions.

Traditionally, kombucha is produced by the fermentation of black or green tea infusions with the use of SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeasts). However, SCOBY exhibits the ability to ferment other substrates as well, which can be used to create novel products with new sensory and health-promoting properties. This paper investigates the antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and sensory properties of mint, nettle, and blackcurrant leaf-based kombucha analogs. It has been demonstrated that the fermentation process with SCOBY significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) sugar, organic acids, and mineral contents, with the increase in iron, magnesium, and calcium amounts in all tested herbal kombucha. The study shows that the type of herb infusion has a significant influence on the parameters associated with antioxidant potential. The fermentation with SCOBY resulted in an increase in antioxidant activity as measured by the superoxide anion radical (O2•-) inhibition of all three tested herbal infusions, with the greatest changes observed in nettle kombucha. Herbal kombucha was characterized by significantly increased total phenolic content as determined by Folin's reagent and a changed phenolic compound profile by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) in comparison to nonfermented infusions. Very high sensory scores were achieved for fermented mint and blackcurrant-based kombucha.

Testing Green Tea Extract and Ammonium Salts as Stimulants of Physical Performance in a Forced Swimming Rat Experimental Model.

The study of drugs of natural origin that increase endurance and/or accelerate recovery is an integral part of sports medicine and physiology. In this paper, decaffeinated green tea extract (GTE) and two ammonium salts-chloride (ACL) and carbonate (ACR)-were tested individually and in combination with GTE as stimulants of physical performance in a forced swimming rat experimental model. The determined parameters can be divided into seven blocks: functional (swimming duration); biochemistry of blood plasma; biochemistry of erythrocytes; hematology; immunology; gene expression of slow- and fast-twitch muscles (m. soleus, SOL, and m. extensor digitorum longus, EDL, respectively); and morphometric indicators of slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Regarding the negative control (intact animals), the maximum number of changes in all blocks of indicators was recorded in the GTE + ACR group, whose animals showed the maximum functional result and minimum lactate values on the last day of the experiment. Next, in terms of the number of changes, were the groups ACR, ACL, GTE + ACL, GTE and NaCl (positive control). In general, the number of identified adaptive changes was proportional to the functional state of the animals of the corresponding groups, in terms of the duration of the swimming load in the last four days of the experiment. However, not only the total number but also the qualitative composition of the identified changes is of interest. The results of a comparative analysis suggest that, in the model of forced swimming we developed, GTE promotes restoration of the body and moderate mobilization of the immune system, while small doses of ammonium salts, especially ammonium carbonate, contribute to an increase in physical performance, which is associated with satisfactory restoration of skeletal muscles and the entire body. The combined use of GTE with ammonium salts does not give a clearly positive effect.

Enhancing the Shelf Life of Fresh Walnut Kernels Using Plant-Based Nano Pickering Emulsion Coatings Enriched with Peppermint Essential Oil and Green Tea Extract

Enhancing the Shelf Life of Fresh Walnut Kernels Using Plant-Based Nano Pickering Emulsion Coatings Enriched with Peppermint Essential Oil and Green Tea Extract