Grass Extract Research Articles

The Effect of Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan), Wheat grass and Vitamin E Treatment on the Liver Structure of Iron overload of Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

This research was carried out to detect the effect of Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan), Wheat grass and Vitamin E Treatment on the liver structure of iron overload rat (Rattus norvegicus).The method of experimental used Completely Random Design (CRD in triple repetition. The treatment had been carried out orally. Iron dextran with total dose of 1.5 g kg-1 of body were given to rat on the first, fourth, seventh, ten and thirteenth day. Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan)200 mg kg-1 bw, 400 mg kg-1 bw, Wheat grass extract 100 mg kg-1 bw and Vitamin E 60 mg kg-1 bw were given to rat everyday for 15 days. At the seventeenth, rat were killed and their liver were taken. The observed parameters are morphological abnormality including the colour, the contour, ratio between liver weight and body weight as well as histological destruction. The result showed iron dextran treatment was proved the abnormality on morphological and histological desruction. Futhermore, Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan), Wheat grass and Vitamin E Treatment can decrease the morphological abnormality and the liver histological destructionon of iron overload rat. Keywords: Sappan Wood Extract, Wheat grass, Vitamin E, Iron, Morphological abnormality, Histological destruction

Isolation and characterization of chlorophylls and xanthophylls in grass by high-speed countercurrent chromatography

ABSTRACTTo isolate chlorophyll from grass extract by means of high-speed countercurrent chromatography, a solvent system composed of n-hexane–dichloromethane–ethanol–water 4:2:6:2 (v/v/v/v) was applied. The isolation of chlorophylls a, b, and pheophytins a, b was successfully performed from grass when dichloromethane was part of the solvent system. Comparatively, when chloroform is part of the stationary phase instead of dichloromethane, the xanthophyll separation showed better resolution compared to chlorophylls. Through the solvent system, we could demonstrate the meaningful difference of polarity between dichloromethane, a polar aprotic solvent, and chloroform, a non-polar solvent. Therefore, n-hexane–dichloromethane–ethanol–water 4:2:6:2 (v/v/v/v) is adequate for chlorophylls separation because it changes the system to yield more polarity. This hypothesis supports the fact that the elution mode length was 10 hr and the extrusion mode 2 hr, whereas with chloroform the elution mode length was 7 hr and the extrusion mode 4 hr. Online high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS) was suitable to identify xanthophylls and chlorophylls fractions by means of mass spectra in positive (+) mode. Structure elucidation of chlorophylls and pheophytins was done by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1D/2D-NMR experiments.

Constituents from Apium graveolens and their anti-inflammatory effects

A phthalide glycoside, (3R, 4R)-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-senkyunolide (1), and a megastigmane glycoside, (6S, 7R)-3-oxo-megastigma-4, 8-dien-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), along with two known aglycones (3–4), were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of fresh whole grass of Apium graveolens L. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. All of these compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in the RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among them, compounds 3 and 4 showed potent inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 24.0 ± 2.1 μM and 28.6 ± 2.4 μM, respectively.

Effect of Soil Covering and Spraying with Plant Extracts on Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill Tomato

نفذت تجربة حقلية في محطة تجارب حقول قسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق- كلية الزراعة – جامعة ديالى للموسم الربيعي 2016 لدراسة تأثير عاملين الاول تغطية التربة (بدون تغطية, التغطية بالبولي اثيلين الاسود, التغطية بالغطاء الابيض) والعامل الثاني الرش بالمستخلصات النباتية التي تضمنت خمس مستويات هي( رش بالماء المقطر، رش مستخلص الحلفا, رش مستخلص السعد, رش مستخلص البصل والرش بمستخلص السفرندة ) في صفات الحاصل وهي عدد الثمار , حاصل النبات الواحد , الحاصل الكلي/ هكتار , حموضة الثمار , وتقدير فيتامين C وTss الثمار .أظهرت النتائج أن معاملات تغطية التربة كان لها تأثير إيجابي في جميع الصفات الكمية والنوعية وتفوقت تغطية التربة بالبولي إثيلين الإسود معنوياً على التغطية بالون الأبيض و معاملة المقارنة بدون تغطية , وسبب الرش بالمستخلصات النباتية كل على حدة خفض معنوي في جميع الصفات المدروسة مقارنة مع الرش بالماء المقطر ، وحققت معاملة الرش بمستخلص السعد أعلى خفض في الصفات المدروسة تليها الرش بمستخلص السفرندة و مستخلص الحلفا وأخيراً مستخلص البصل .

Desert locusts Schistocerca gregaria (Acrididae: Orthoptera) do not lay eggs in old sand: Why?

Schistocerca gregaria sometimes refuse to lay eggs into the “old sand” that is kept in their cages for several days. We investigated why they rejected the old sand for oviposition. Locusts exclusively laid eggs into new sand when presented together with old sand, indicating that the old sand contained an oviposition-inhibiting (OI) factor. We examined whether this factor was derived from locust feces or fed grass (Bromus catharticus). Locusts laid all eggs into the sand with grass when presented together with sand containing feces. In contrast, few eggs were laid into the sand with grass when clean sand was offered at the same time, suggesting that the OI factor originated from the grass and was concentrated in the feces. The OI factor was efficiently extracted from feces with water compared with ethanol and acetone. OI activity was detected by extraction of feces with water for 1 min, although a longer extraction time yielded higher activity. The water extract of feces retained OI activity after boiling. None of the eggs which were buried in sand containing fecal extract hatched, whereas most of the eggs buried in clean sand or sand containing grass extract hatched, showing a correlation between OI activity and a lethal effect on eggs.

Microencapsulation of Thai rice grass (O. Sativa cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105) extract incorporated to form bioactive carboxymethyl cellulose edible film

Microencapsulation was investigated to enhance the stability of Thai rice grass extract. Microencapsulated powder (MP) was formed using total solid of extract solution and maltodextrin ratios of 1:4 (MP 1:4) and 1:9 (MP 1:9). The absence of an endothermic peak for both MPs confirmed all extract solutions were coated with maltodextrin. MP 1:9 had a lower total phenolic content (TPC) but was higher in antioxidant capacity than MP 1:4. Moreover, the TPC of the MPs slightly decreased (70.02–93.04%) during storage at 10, 30 and 70°C for 30d. Comparatively, the TPC of the extract solution significantly decreased from 100% down to 20.8%, 11.2% and 8.6% at 10, 30 and 70°C, respectively. Therefore, MP 1:9 incorporated with blended carboxymethyl cellulose film increased the water barrier and the TPC. This film can serve as a bioactive biodegradable packaging material to reduce plastic packaging in the food industry.

Microbial biofilm prevention on wound dressing by nanobiocoating using magnetosomes‐coupled lemon grass extract

In the present study, bacterial magnetosomes were used as a carrier molecule to couple with lemon grass extract (LGE) for the prevention of microbial biofilm in wound dressing material. Magnetosomes were extracted from Magnetospirillum sp. VITRJS-1 and characterised by microscopic and X-ray diffraction analysis. The phytochemical analyses of the extract showed the presence of bioactive compounds that are reported for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of antimicrobial citral and fernesal compounds. The extract was conjugated onto the magnetosomes and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The prepared magnetosome–lemon grass extract (MLGE) was evaluated for its antibiofilm property against the biofilm-forming pathogens Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus on wound dressing material by plate assay. The results indicated that the number of colonies formed was considerably reduced in MLGE coated wound dressing compared with that of LGE and control. Furthermore, SEM analysis displayed that the MLGE drastically reduced the spread of biofilm formation. Thus, MLGE coated wound dressings are effective in preventing the microbial biofilm formation, and further investigation on animal models will enable its use commercially.

UJI EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN CINCAU HIJAU (Cyclea barbata Miers) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI PADA TIKUS PUTIH YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGEN

Inflammatory medication which is commonly used is the treatment synthetically or traditionally from the natural ingredients, the green grass jelly leaves ( Cyclea barbata Miers). This research aimed to determine the effects and the most effective dose of the ethanol extract of green grass jelly leaves as an anti-inflammatory in white rats induced by carrageenan. This research used 15 mice divide into 5 group. Group I (negative control) was given Na.CMC; group II (positive control) was given Na.Diclofenac; group III, IV and V were given ethanol extract of green grass jelly leaves (EEDCH) at the dose of 1.875 mg/kgBW, 3.75 mg/kgBW, and 7.5 mg/kgBW. Pretreatment on animals induced by carrageenan 1% amounted to 0.1 mL in sub plantar on the soles of the mice. The measurements were made every 1 hour for 5 hour by using the pletismometer tool. The result showed that the ethanol extract of green grass jelly leaves has a potential as anti-inflammatory. Based on the result of statistical analysis of the one way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Test LSD showed that substance EEDCH at the dose of 7.5 mg/kgBW has anti-inflammatory effect were not significantly different from the positive control (Na.Diclofenac). Keywords : Green grass jelly leaves ( Cyclea barbata Miers), anti-inflammatory, Na.Diclofenac.

Potentials of two bio-pesticides in the control of some field insect pests of bambara groundnut in Ilorin

A field experiment was carried out to determine the predominate order of insects associated with Bambara groundnut and to compare the efficacy of aqueous leaf extracts of Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas ) and lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratu s), used as bio-pesticides in controlling some field insect pests of Bambara groundnut. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using four treatments with four replications. The following parameters were recorded and used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments; flower population, weight of pods (damaged and undamaged pods), number of pods (damaged and undamaged pods), number of holes on damaged pods and number of insects. The results of the experiment showed that insects of seven distinct Orders- Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera attack Bambara groundnut with each affecting the plant at different stages of the plant’s development. The bio-pesticides significantly (P <0.05) reduced the effects of attack by insects when compared to the control. Lemon grass was the most effective of the bio-pesticides evaluated and can be used by resource poor farmers in the management of Bambara groundnut on the field. Keywords: Bambara groundnut, bio-pesticide, Cymbopogon citratus , Jatropha curcas

Ekstrak Air Rumput Kebar (Biophytum petersianum Klotzch) sebagai Penghambat Perkembangan Telur Cacing Gastrointestinal Ruminansia Secara in Vitro

Gastrointestinal worm disease in cattle is scathing for the breeder’s as it lowers cattle’s productivity and inflict major economic loss. Furthermore, the interraction between cattle, man and the environment might bringout the risk of zoonotic diseases (diseases which can spread between man and animals). Kebar grass contains phytochemical elements such as alkaloid, saponin, tanin, glycoside and flavonoid. Those elements have the potentialas an alternate anthelmentic in the effort to utilize the endemic biodiversities of Papua. This research is performed at Faculty of Animal Husbandry Animal Health Laboratory and Faculty of Math and Natural Science MicrobiologyLaboratory of Universitas Papua, for 8 months. The leaves and the stems of the kebar grass were collected and stored at room temperature. The Kebar grass extract was divided into 3 parts, i.e. fresh extract, wind dried extractand sun dried extract. Fresh fecal samples were collected and examined with the native method. The samples where nematodes eggs are found is treated with kebar grass extract. As a comparison, positive control is made withoxfendazole and negative control is made nematodes larvae fertilization. Fecal cultures and grass extract mixture is left alone for 7 days in room temperature and examined under microscope with 400x fortification to see whetnerthere is any development of the nematodes’ eggs. The obstained data is analyzed by tabulation and descriptive method. The result is the samples mixed with kebar grass extract show no development of nematodes’ egg. As acomparison, the negative control which is observed with baerman method shows development of nematodes’ eggs. It can be concluded that the effect of kebar grass extract can deters nematodes’ egg development.

Anti-tumour Activity of Aqueous Wheat Grass Extracts against Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis

Anti-tumour Activity of Aqueous Wheat Grass Extracts against Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis

Barley grass extract causes apoptosis of cancer cells by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species production.

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, therefore food products are being investigated for potential prevention or treatment strategies. The ingredient, barley grass extract (Hordeum vulgare L.; Bex) is used to prevent or ameliorate various types of disease. In cancer, Bex has been revealed to inhibit tumor growth. However, its effect on cancer cells is yet to be clearly defined. In the present study, the effect of Bex on cancer cell growth was investigated. Bex inhibited the viabilities of breast and prostate cancer cells according to the results of MTT assays. Accordingly, Bex caused apoptosis, which was confirmed by Annexin V staining and western blot analysis for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspases. Furthermore, Bex increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and N-acetyl-L-cystein blocked Bex-induced apoptosis. Therefore, the study demonstrated that Bex causes apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells by increasing intracellular ROS levels.

Streptococcus caviae sp. nov., isolated from guinea pig faecal samples

A novel cellobiose-degrading and lactate-producing bacterium, strain Cavy grass 6T, was isolated from faecal samples of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Cells of the strain were ovalshaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, Gram-stain-positive and facultatively anaerobic. The strain gr at 25-40 °C (optimum 37 °C) and pH 4.5-9.5 (optimum 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Cavy grass 6T belongs to the genus Streptococcus with its closest relative being Streptococcus devriesei CCUG 47155T with only 96.5 % similarity. Comparing strain Cavy grass 6T and Streptococcus devriesei CCUG 47155T, average nucleotide identity and level of digital DNA-DNA hybridization dDDH were only 86.9 and 33.3 %, respectively. Housekeeping genes groEL and gyrA were different between strain Cavy grass 6T and other streptococci. The G+C content of strain Cavy grass 6T was 42.6±0.3 mol%. The major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids of strain Cavy grass 6T were C16:0, C20 : 1ω9c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). Strain Cavy grass 6T ferment a range of plant mono- and disaccharides as well as polymeric carbohydrates, including cellobiose, dulcitol, d-glucose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, l-sorbose, trehalose, inulin and dried grass extract, to lactate, formate, acetate and ethanol. Based on phylogenetic and physiological characteristics, Cavy grass 6T can be distinguished from other members of the genus Streptococcus. Therefore, a novel species of the genus Streptococcus, family Streptococcaceae, order Lactobacillales is proposed, Streptococcuscaviae sp. nov. (type strain Cavy grass 6T=TISTR 2371T=DSM 102819T).

ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF HEDYOTIS CORYMBOSA L. IMPROVES MONOSODIUM IODOACETATE-INDUCE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN RAT

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to explore the effects of the 70% ethanolic extract of pearl grass on the immune system of the osteoarthritismodel rat, characterized by the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes, and the histology of the joint. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative diseasecharacterized by chronic inflammation in the joints. Based on the daily practice of herbal medicine in some community in Indonesia, pearl grassusually used for anti-inflammation but not a lot of data to support it.Methods: We used 36 male rats Sprague-Dawley strain divided into 6 groups. Normal group was given 0.5% of CMC, the negative control group was given0.025 ml of sodium iodoacetate in 0.9% saline, the positive groups control group was given a suspension of glucosamine-chondroitin 135 mg/200 g bb,three were given pearls grass extract in various dose 5.625 mg, 11.25 mg, and 22.5 mg, respectively. 28 days after sodium iodoacetate induction, the extractswere given orally once daily for 21 days. Measurement of inflammation of knee joint and the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes were counted on day14th, 28th, and 49th after sodium iodoacetate induction. After treatment, all rats were sacrified and all knee joints were collected to subject for histology.Results: The results showed that the extract of pearl grass in all doses was able to decrease the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes significantlyand prevent proteoglycan degradation. The results showed that the extract of pearl grass with a given dose variations have antiinflammation effectand been able to protect proteoglycan significantly.Conclusion: Doses 3 (22.5 mg/200 g BW) is the best result. These results indicate that pearl grass can be further investigated as a treatment for osteoarthritis.Keyword: Osteoarthritis, Sodium iodoacetate, Pearl grass, Hedyotis corymbosa L. Lamk., Immune system.

Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Potential of Wheat Grass Juice Extract and Powder on Diabetics

The study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potential of wheat grass juice, extract and powder on diabetics. Two hundred male employees (35-50 y) of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) from Usilampatti, a town in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu were selected for the study. After screening, 60 employees whose fasting blood glucose level was ≥ 145mg/dl and not taking oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin were considered for the study. Fifty grams of fresh wheat grass, made into a fine paste using a stone grinder was mixed in 100ml of water. Two to three drops of lemon juice was added to enhance the flavour and palatability of the juice. Wheat grass extract obtained was then squeezed and the fiber separated. Fresh wheat grass was harvested and shade dried for 2-3 days. It was then made into fine powder with a stone grinder. Five grams of wheat grass powder was added in 100ml of water and mixed thoroughly. The selected diabetic employees (60) were divided into three experimental groups and one control group of 15 members each. Experimental group I was supplemented with 100ml of wheat grass juice, group II was supplemented with 100ml of wheat grass extract and group III was supplemented with 5g of wheat grass powder mixed in 100ml of water and for a period of four months. No supplementation was given to control group. Anthropometric parameters like height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist / hip ratio, skin fold thickness and biochemical parameters namely fasting blood glucose level, post prandial blood glucose level, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, HbA&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;C and blood pressure were measured before and after supplementation. Group II supplemented with wheat grass extract showed a slight difference in weight when compared to groups I and III. The mean skin fold thickness of all the three groups decreased after supplementation. The mean initial blood glucose level of the experimental groups (I, II and III) and control group were above the normal range . The mean decrease of fasting blood glucose level in experimental group I, II, III and control group were 37.4, 32.9, 27.6 and 1.4 mg /dl respectively. The mean decrease of post prandial blood glucose level in experimental groups I, II, III and control group were 63, 60.3, 39 and 1.8 mg/dl respectively. High fibre supplement lowered total cholesterol by about 19.2 % and reduced LDL cholesterol by 13.2 % with maximum reduction in groups II and III. HDL cholesterol level was highly increased in experimental group II. The decrease in HbA&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;C level was higher in experimental group I (2.5%) and blood pressure was highly decreased in experimental group I compared to other experimental groups and control group.

Flavonolignans from Elymus natans L. and Phytotoxic Activities.

Elymus natans, a perennial gramineous grass, plays an important role in animal husbandry and environmental sustenance in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau as a result of its high forage quality and good adaptability to the local environment. A bioassay showed that the extracts of green grasses of E. natans (GG) exhibited stronger phytotoxic activities than withered grasses (WG) against crops and grasses. In view of the secondary metabolites, which may be responsible for the resistance of the plant, the chemical components of GG were investigated. The flavone tricin, E1, and 10 flavonolignans, E2-E11, including three new flavonolignans, E2, E10, and E11, were isolated and identified. As far as we know, this is the first report on the chemical constitutions of the plant until now. The contents of compounds E1 and E4-E7 in GG were significantly higher than those in WG in high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, and they also showed observably phytotoxic activities against lettuce and Festuca arundinacea.

笹抽出成分の抗腫瘍作用に関する研究 (第 2 報)

笹抽出成分の抗腫瘍作用に関する研究 (第 2 報)

Wheatgrass: Green Blood can Help to Fight Cancer.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is one of the leading causes of death especially in developing countries like India. It is usually managed with the help of chemotherapeutic agents that are toxic not only to the tumor cells but also to normal cells in many ways. Whereas the traditional herbal medicines which are used from ancient days in India are generally known to be free of toxic effects and are effective. Wheatgrass is the young grass of the wheat plant 'Tritcumaestivum Linn', family Poaceae (Gramineae). It contains a number of vitamins, mineral, amino acids and vital enzymes, these play an important role in the anticancer approach of this herbal product. It is also called as 'green blood' because of its high content of chlorophyll, which bears a structural similarity to haemoglobin and this result in high oxygen supply to all the body tissues. To analyse the effect of the aqueous wheat grass extract on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cell line by MTT assay. 'KB cell line' (Mouth Epidermal Carcinoma Cells) was used for the present study. Aqueous extract of wheat grass was prepared in the institution. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the aqueous wheat grass extract on KB cell line(OSCC) by MTT assay. A 41.4% of OSCC cell inhibition was observed at 1000 µg/ml dilution of aqueous wheatgrass extract in 24 hours. The aqueous extract of wheatgrass has an inhibitory effect on the oral cancer cell line proliferation.

Антиоксидантная активность фенольных экстрактов травы дубровника белого

Антиоксидантная активность фенольных экстрактов травы дубровника белого

Lemon Grass (&lt;i&gt;Cymbopogon citratus&lt;/i&gt; Stapf) Methanol and Ethanol Extracts, a Repellant with Less Insecticidal Effect on Maize Weevils (&lt;i&gt;Sitophilus zeamais&lt;/i&gt; Motschulsky) Infesting Maize (&lt;i&gt;Zea mays&lt;/i&gt;) Grains

The insecticidal efficacy and repellant activity of lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) extracts were investigated within laboratory conditions of 28±2°C and 72±5% temperature and relative humidity respectively, against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais . The results showed that both methanol and ethanol extracts of C. citratus have no contact toxicity against adult S. zeamais . At the highest concentrations (25.00%) of the extracts used, none of the S. zeamais died after 7 days of post treatments. The percentage damages on the treated seeds of maize also revealed that the percentage damages done on the treated seeds decreases as the concentration of the extracts used increases. The highest and lowest percentage damages of 17.17% and 0.67% were observed in the untreated control grains and grains treated with 25.00% concentration of methanol extract. The same pattern was observed in the ethanol extract treated grains; only with slight increases in the percentage damages of the untreated control grains and grains treated with 25.00% concentration of ethanol extract. The repellant activity of the extracts showed that at 10% concentration and above, produced 100% repellant effect on S. zeamais in both methanol and ethanol extracts. C. citratus extracts is a good repellant with less contact toxicity on S. zeamais .