Grass Extract Research Articles

Synergistic actions of phytonutrient capped nanosilver as a novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent: unveiling the antibacterial effectiveness and bactericidal mechanism

Bactericidal action of cogon grass extract mediated AgNPs and LDI-MS analysis revealed the putative phytochemicals capped on the AgNP surface.

Daya Hambat Antibakteri Ekstrak Akar Rumput Bambu (Lophatherum gracile) terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus sp Secara In Vitro

This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial activity of the root extract of the Suku Anak Dalam bamboo grass (Lophatherum gracile) against cough-causing bacteria (Streptococcus sp). The method used is laboratory-based experimental research with analytical descriptive type to test the root extract of bamboo grassroots on Streptococcus sp. Data analysis was carried out descriptively qualitatively by subtracting the diameter of the inhibition zone formed from the diameter of the disc that had been soaked with Lophatherum gracile extract. The treatments used consisted of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% and positive control using amoxicillin. The results showed that at a concentration of 20%, the average inhibition zone formed was 2.03 mm, 40% concentration was 2.27 mm, 60% concentration was 2.61 mm, 80% concentration was 2.72 mm, 100% by 3.1 mm and positive control by 12 mm. In conclusion, bamboo grass root has a weak antibacterial ability and needs to be combined with other ingredients if you want to use it as cough medicine.
 Keywords: Antibacterial, Bamboo Grassroot, Cough, Anak Dalam Tribe, Streptococcus

ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF NATURAL COMPOUND FROM LEMON GRASS LEAVES EXTRACT ON LUNG CARCINOMA CELL LINE A549: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Lemon grass is a widely cultivated plant, whose extracts are known to possess anti-cancer properties. However, studies related to the effect of different solvent extracts of lemon grass on lung cancer cell lines are scarce. This study was conducted to study the effect of various extracts on the viability of the A549 lung carcinoma cell line. Four solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol) were used for extraction of lemon grass. The effect of these solvent extracts on A549 cell line was studied. Cell viability was studied by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) method. The effect of apoptosis on exposure to aforementioned extracts was observed with help of nuclear staining assays and western blotting techniques. Apoptosis was confirmed by nuclear staining using acridine orange ethidium bromide (Ao/EtBr), while pro- and anti-apoptotic cells expressions analysis was conducted using western blotting. All extracts showed cytotoxicity on lung carcinoma cell line, wherein, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts showed up to 48.6±3.8% and 51.7±1.7% viability at 250µg/mL concentration. Up regulation of pro-apoptotic gene expressions like Caspase-3 and inhibition of anti-apoptotic gene expression like Bcl-2 was observed after 24h. An inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 220.01 µg/mL was obtained for the ethyl acetate extract. When observed under fluorescence microscope, stained cells showed an orange red color in the nuclei, indicating the ethyl acetate extract had induced apoptosis potentially for 24 h exposure cells expression, when compared with control cells. The results show that the ethyl acetate extracts were efficient in inhibiting the A549 cell line under in vitro condition, suggesting this extract can be further used as a potential chemotherapy drug.

Identifying Chemical Composition, Safety and Bioactivity of Thai Rice Grass Extract Drink in Cells and Animals

Rice grass has been reported to contain bioactive compounds that possess antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. We aimed to assess rice grass extract (RGE) drink by determining catechin content, free-radical scavenging and iron-binding properties, as well as toxicity in cells and animals. Young rice grass (Sukhothai-1 strain) was dried, extracted with hot water and lyophilized in a vacuum chamber. The resulting extract was reconstituted with deionized water (260 mg/40 mL) and served as Sukhothai-1 rice grass extract drink (ST1-RGE). HPLC results revealed at least eight phenolic compounds, for which the major catechins were catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (2.71–3.57, 0.98–1.85 and 25.47–27.55 mg/40 mL serving, respectively). Elements (As, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn) and aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) contents did not exceed the relevant limits when compared with WHO guideline values. Importantly, ST1-RGE drink exerted radical-scavenging, iron-chelating and anti-lipid peroxidation properties in aqueous and biological environments in a concentration-dependent manner. The drink was not toxic to cells and animals. Thus, Sukhothai-1 rice grass product is an edible drink that is rich in catechins, particularly EGCG, and exhibited antioxidant, free radical scavenging and iron-binding/chelating properties. The product represents a functional drink that is capable of alleviating conditions of oxidative stress and iron overload.

Assessment of biochemical compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity in barley and wheatgrass under water-deficit condition.

Wheatgrass and barley grass are freshly sprouted leaves of wheat and barley seeds and are rich sources of phytochemicals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on the biochemical compounds and antioxidant activities of barley grass and wheatgrass extracts. The grass was cultivated in an organic soil growing medium with different levels of drought stress (a control with 100% water holding capacity (WHC), mild drought stress with 75% WHC, moderate drought stress with 50% WHC, and severe drought stress with 25% WHC) in a growth chamber by controlling temperature (20/15 °C, day/night), light (12/12 h, light/dark; intensity 150 μmol m-2 s-1 with quantum dot light-emitting diodes), and relative humidity (60%) for 7 days. The drought stress showed increased levels of biochemical compounds, especially phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C, in both barley grass and wheatgrass extracts. The wheatgrass extracts showed 1.38-1.67 times higher phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C contents than the barley grass extracts did. The antioxidant (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, and nitrite-scavenging activity) and antioxidant enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) were the highest under severe drought stress in both barley grass and wheatgrass extracts; and the wheatgrass extracts showed 1.20-5.70 times higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the barley grass extracts did. Proper drought-stress treatment of barley grass and wheatgrass may be a convenient and efficient method to increase biochemical compounds and antioxidants in our diet to exploit the related health benefits. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Allelopathy Weed management and yield improvement in mungbean through allelopathic action of sunflower and bermuda grass (a weed) extract in conjunction with irrigation frequencies

Allelopathy is the effect of one plant species by reducing the germination and growth of the neighbouring plants of another species through releasing chemical compounds. It has been reported by many researchers that weeds are major hazard in reducing crop yield but it can be managed effectively through phytotoxic properties of plants. A field study was conducted at Students Experimental Farm, Agronomy Department, Crop Production Faculty, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan during spring 2019 and repeated during 2020 to validate the previous results. The research conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of sunflower and Bermuda grass extracts under various irrigation levels on weeds density and yield of mungbean cultivar ‘AEM-96’. Split plot design having four replications was managed. The experiment consisted of weed control practices: Weedy check, various levels of sunflower and bermuda grass extracts as sole and in combination with each other, different levels of herbicides as alone and in integration with allelopathic plant extracts as well as hand weeding under three irrigation frequencies (2, 3 and 4 watering applications). The analysis variance of results showed that various levels of sunflower and bermuda grass extracts as sole and in combination with each other, different levels of herbicides as alone and in integration with allelopathic plant extracts as well as hand weeding caused significant suppression of weeds and increased in seed yield as compared to weedy check. The combined treatment Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 + Sunflower extract: 15 L ha-1 resulted in less weed density (51.6 m-2) and produced maximum seed yield of 2404.4 kgs ha-1. Bermuda grass extract: 15 Ltr ha-1 integration with low dose of herbicides Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1+ Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 showed weed density of 61.3 m-2 resulted seed yield of 2282.1 kgs ha-1. The application of herbicides treatment Atlantis: 0.2 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.312 Ltr ha-1 suppressed weed density of 70.9 m-2 and produced seed yield of 2162.5 kgs ha-1. It is noted that Hand weeding: 30 days after sowing showed weed density of 76.1 m-2 and seed yield 2042.5 kgs ha-1. The combined allelopathic plant applications of Sunflower +Bermuda grass extract each: 15 Ltr ha-1 reduced weed density 80.7 m-2 and obtained seed yield of 1923.2 kgs ha-1. Sole application of sunflower extract: 30 Ltr ha-1 resulted weed density 91.0 m-2 and recorded seed yield of 1804.2 kgs ha-1. Alone allelopathy application of Bermuda grass extract: 30 Ltr ha-1 noticed weed density 103.3 m-2 and produced seed yield of 1684.8 kgs ha-1. The highest weed density 140.9 m-2 and lowest seed yield 1343.1 kgs ha-1 noticed in weedy check treatment where no any application applied for weed reduction. According to irrigation frequencies the 4 watering applications resulted less weed density 82.2 m-2 and obtained maximum seed yield 1996.3 kgs ha-1 followed by 3 watering applications noted weed density 84.5 m-2 and achieved seed yield 1955.5 kgs ha-1. The maximum weed density 86.7 m-2 and lowest seed yield recorded in 2 watering application. The analysis of variance of pooled data revealed that Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 + Sunflower extract: 15 Ltr ha-1 integrated treatment under 4 watering applications (15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS) caused significant impact on weed inhabitation and yield enrichment

Application of Raw and Defatted by Supercritical CO2 Hemp Seed Press-Cake and Sweet Grass Antioxidant Extract in Pork Burger Patties.

There is an increasing tendency toward the application of plant origin ingredients in meat products. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of pork burger patties produced with the addition of dried raw and defatted by supercritical CO2 extraction hemp seed press-cake as protein-rich ingredients (1.5–2.0%) and sweet grass ethanolic extract (0.5%) as a strong natural antioxidant. The main aim of using such a combination was to assess the possibility of mitigating the negative effects of hemp seed press-cake, containing approx. 10% of highly unsaturated oil, on the oxidation of meat products. The patties were compared with the control sample (without additives) during storage on days 0, 4, 8, 15, and 21 at 4 °C in modified atmosphere conditions. Plant ingredients reduced the lightness of pork patties, while their effects on other physicochemical characteristics were insignificant. The patties with fully defatted hemp seed flour showed the lowest grilling losses. Based on the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, raw hemp seed press-cake increased the oxidative rate of pork patties; however, remarkably, the addition of sweet grass extract completely inhibited oxidation during the whole period of storage. The sensory characteristics of the products were acceptable; however, the patties with sweet grass extract received lower evaluation scores.

Short-Term Subcutaneous Allergy Immunotherapy and Dupilumab are Well Tolerated in Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Trial.

BackgroundSubcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) has been proven as an effective therapy against some allergens for seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) patients unresponsive to intranasal corticosteroids and/or antihistamines but carries risk of systemic allergic reactions. Dupilumab blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation in multiple diseases.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of SCIT+dupilumab vs SCIT alone.MethodsThis phase 2a, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study conducted in 103 adults with grass pollen-induced SAR (NCT03558997) randomized patients 1:1:1:1 to SCIT, dupilumab (300 mg every 2 weeks), SCIT+dupilumab, or placebo. SCIT was administered using an 8-week cluster protocol followed by 8 weeks of maintenance injections. Primary endpoint was change from pre-treatment baseline in area under the curve (AUC) in total nasal symptom score (TNSS) 0–1 h following nasal allergen challenge (NAC) with timothy grass extract at Week 17.ResultsAlthough 16 weeks of treatment with SCIT+dupilumab did not significantly improve TNSS AUC (0–1 h) following NAC at Week 17 vs SCIT (least squares mean −56.76% vs −52.03%), a higher proportion of SCIT+dupilumab-treated patients (61.5%) achieved SCIT maintenance dose vs SCIT (46.2%). A lower proportion of SCIT+dupilumab-treated patients (7.7%) required epinephrine rescue treatment vs SCIT (19.2%). There were significantly fewer withdrawals in the SCIT+dupilumab group than in the SCIT group (n = 2 [7.7%] vs n = 8 [30.8%]; P = 0.0216); the majority of SCIT group withdrawals were due to SCIT-related intolerability, compared with no discontinuations from the SCIT+dupilumab group.ConclusionIn SAR patients, 16 weeks of SCIT+dupilumab may improve SCIT tolerability but did not incrementally reduce post-allergen challenge nasal symptoms compared with SCIT alone.Clinical Study NumberNCT03558997.

Antiseptic gel formulated from ethanol extract of Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) using CMC-Na, arabic gums, and gelatin as gelling agents


 Introduction: The ethanol extract from citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) has been found to contain saponins, phenolics (flavonoids), and polyphenols which have antibacterial activity. As a result, researchers developed an antiseptic gel that contains this ethanol extract. 
 Aims: This study aims to find the optimum concentration of gelling agent required to make the gel and to use physical evaluations in order to understand whether combining gelling agents may increase the quality of the gel. 
 Methods: The gel was made using a melting method, which mixed the base of gel with citronella ethanol extract at a temperature of 40oC to form a homogeneous phase. The gel evaluation was conducted using an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, dispersion test, pH test, and adhesion test. 
 Results: The tests were carried out on 15 formulations respectively (R1, R2, and R3), and resulted in the production of clear, translucent yellow gel with a distinctive citronella grass odor. The homogeneity test showed that all formulations were homogeneous and contained no agglomerated particles. The gel dosage forms made with CMC-Na, gum arabic, and gelatin as gelling agents resulted in having a pH of 7 whilst gels made with a combination of gelling agents resulted in having a pH of 8. The combination of gum arabic and CMC-Na gelling agents showed an increase in spreadability of gel formulas at the same concentration of composition, of which the combinations were 1.25% gum arabic and 1.25% CMC-Na. The gel adhesion time was 0.2-2 minutes for all formula. 
 Conclusion: Based on this test data, it can be concluded that the 15 gel formulations that resulted from this research are good and further testing can be performed to determine the most optimum and stable formula.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Chrysopogonzizanioides grass extract, its applications in photodegradation and antimicrobial activity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized using zinc nitrate hexahydrate as an oxidizer and Chrysopogonzizanioides (Vetiver) grass as a novel fuel using a green approach. The plausible mechanism of synthesis of ZnONPs is explained in detail. The X-ray diffraction pattern as well as the Rietveld refinement showed a single-phase wurtzite structure. The average crystallite size and the lattice strain were estimated using Williamson–Hall plot. The stability of the crystal lattice was confirmed from the extremely small value of lattice strain. The presence of various functional groups in the plant extract and the zinc–oxygen bonding in the ZnONPs were confirmed by FTIR. The surface morphology was investigated using SEM, and it showed a nanorod-like nanostructure. The elemental mapping was carried out using EDS. The EDS spectrum suggests the formation of ZnO nanorods along with the high proportion of carbon and low proportion of Si as well as K. These might have resulted from the rich organic profile of Chrysopogonzizanioides grass extract. Within the UV–visible spectrum at 300 nm, the highly blue-shifted strong absorption band was observed due to the strong quantum confinement effect with the band gap of 3.628 eV. The photodegradation of RB2 dye was studied over ZnONPs catalyst, and it showed excellent photocatalytic activity. The catalyst was active for up to five cycles without losing much of its efficiency. The detailed degradation mechanism of RB2 dye was explained using LCMS technique. Further antimicrobial activity was tested against a broad range of microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and much prevalent human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each micro-organism was determined using broth micro-dilution assay, and the values were found to be for E. coli (1.0 mg/mL IC100), S. aureus (0.5 mg/mL IC 70) and the fungal strain in planktonic growth state (0.5 mg mL-1 IC 100).

Effect of Spraying Nano-Chitosan, Basil Oil and Lemon Grass Extract on Yield and Fruit Quality of Barhy Date Palms Grown Under Minia Region Conditions

Effect of Spraying Nano-Chitosan, Basil Oil and Lemon Grass Extract on Yield and Fruit Quality of Barhy Date Palms Grown Under Minia Region Conditions

Antibacterial Efficacies of Extracts of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) on Some Clinical Microbial Isolates

The spread of new infections and the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of microorganisms necessitate the search for new antimicrobials with focus on plant extracts. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) of lemon grass known usually for bioactive essential oil (Cymbopogon citratus) was investigated in-vitro, against selected clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans). Antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts was assessed using the agar-well diffusion and broth-dilution techniques. The aqueous extract of C. citratus was more efficacious as it showed higher antimicrobial activity against all the test isolates at all tested concentrations. In contrast, only two of the test isolates; P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were susceptible to the ethanolic extract with minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentrations of 2 mg/ml (against S. aureus) and 12.5 mg/ml (against P. aeruginosa). The MIC of the aqueous extract were (mg/ml): 2, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 against S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and C. albicans respectively. Meanwhile, both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. citratus exerted only a bacteriostatic effect against the five test isolates at all concentrations. Quantitative phytochemical screening of the two extracts revealed the presence of more concentration of active compounds in the aqueous extract than the ethanolic extract which plausibly accounts for its greater antimicrobial activity. This study has shown that, in difference to the use of its conventional essential oil, solvent extraction of Cymbopogon citratus is also a potent source of efficacious antimicrobials. Further works to determine the respective mechanisms of action(s) of the extracts’ active principle is being projected. Keywords: Lemon grass, clinical isolates, antimicrobial efficacies, bioactive compounds

Kebar Grass Extract (Biophitum Petersianum) Increases Diameter Of The Seminiferous Tubules Of Diabetic Mice

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that can affect the male reproductive system. The condition of hyperglycemia will increase the production of ROS, causing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes microangiopathy, triggers cell apoptosis, interferes with spermatogenesis, thereby affecting the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. Kebar grass contains of flavonoid and vitamin E which can be used to reduce ROS reactions and inhibit oxidative stress. This research was to prove that kebar grass extract can increase diameter of the seminiferous tubules of diabetic mice. Total of 30 samples were divided into 5 groups: negative control group (K-) was given CMC-Na, positive control group (K+) was given metformin 2mg/kg, groups P1, P2 and P3 received 2mg/kg metformin and kebar grass extract with different dosages (67.5mg/kg, 135mg/kg and 270mg/kg). The treatment lasted for 35 days. On the 36th day the mice were sacrificed and the testes were taken, then histological observations were made with HE staining to measure the diameter of tubules. The result showed that there was a significant difference in the diameter of seminiferous tubules with p value=0,000. Kebar grass extract can increase the diameter of seminiferous tubules of diabetic mice.

Effect of Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum Linn) Extracts as Source of Antioxidants on some biochemical parameters and Markers of Aging

Aging is defined of the process of getting older, or an artificial process to make someone or something look older and loss of function. There has been a global trend toward using of natural phytochemicals present in natural sources as antioxidants and functional foods. Wheatgrass has been proved to contain essential amino acids, active enzymes, flavonoids, chlorophyll, minerals, proteins and vitamins This study was aimed to see the effect of ethanolic and water extracts of wheat grass as natural sources of antioxidants on markers of aging in rats. 36 Sprague-Dawley female rats were obtained. six rats weighing 112 to 125 g considered as control young and therefore the rest of rats weighing 256 to 267 g considered as aged rats their age ranges between 18 month and to 24 month. The rats were divided into 5 groups, the primary and second groups consumed basal diet and thought of as control young and control aged rats, respectively, while the opposite four groups administered ethanolic and water extracts of Wheatgrass powder at doses of 10 and 20 mg for every rat once daily. Blood samples were taken from rats and examined for markers of aging as, the activity of SOD and lipid peroxidation (MDA), total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides levels and liver functions. Aging resulted during a significant deterioration altogether tested markers of aging including, SOD and MDA, total protein, globulin, albumin HDL-cholesterol. Also, a big increase in, ALT, AST triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL levels was observed during aging. Administering aged rats with Wheatgrass ethanolic and water extracts caused a big improvement within the above markers and returned the abnormal markers back to the traditional levels Approximately as found on top of things young rats especially at 20 mg from wheatgrass. So, it might be recommended that wheatgrass ethanolic extracts (70) might be wont to improve the abnormal changes in health state of aging human and return them to just about the traditional state found in younger human by employing a natural source of antioxidants like Wheatgrass.

Soil Water Variation Due to Grass Water Uptake

Shallow landslide is the phenomenon of slope collapse frequently occurring in tropical rainforest regions such as Malaysia based on geotechnical problem. This paper aims to determine the effects of grass on the shallow slope’s stability in terms of the variability of soil moisture, and to establish 1D suction of soil moisture due to grass water uptake. Moisture variations were used to compare the moisture content with time using GID and Fotran code tools. Based on the literature review findings, numerical simulation modelling was applied to achieve the most suitable condition for replicating grass water uptake within the soil slope. Six types of grasses were used in this research. The correlation between numerical simulation results is appropriate for these six types of grasses, but only Indropogon Gayanus grass with field monitoring results was achieved for validation. This paper assessed slope stability due to the influence of six types of grasses induced suction. The long grassroots are special between both kinds of grass, ranging from 0.3048 m to 4.000 m. This work gives a clear belief that Axonopus Compressus grass extracts water much faster than other grasses and is useful in preserving unsaturated soil stability.

Development of technology of biogenic stimulator from grass and marc of Sedum maximum

One of the areas of rational use of raw materials, increasing the efficiency of medicinal plant raw materials and reducing the cost of medicines is the technology of its complex processing, which allows to obtain several pharmacologically active substances from one plant, also through the use of plant waste.
 Information about the potent biological activity of Sedum maximum and its insufficient study prompted us to conduct experimental studies to obtain substances based on it.
 The aim of the work is to study the production of an extract from marc of Sedum maximum grass on the basis of its complex processing and to study its quality indicators.
 Materials and methods of the research – biblio semantic, pharmacotherapeutic, physicochemical and statistical research methods were used during the research.
 Taking into account a number of technological factors, the parameters of obtaining extract from marc of Sedum maximum grass were determined, the quality of juice and Sedum maximum grass extract was studied: description, pH, dry residue, identification, quantitative content of tannins in terms of pyrogalol. Taking into acount the physicochemical and pharmacotechnological properties of the ingredients, technological schemes for obtaining fresh juice from Sedum maximum grass and extract from its marc have been developed and control parameters of the process of their production have been established.
 Taking into account a number of technological factors, the parameters of obtaining the extract from marc of Sedum maximum grass were determined: raw material:extractant ratio – 1:2, extraction temperature – 96–98 °С, extraction duration – 15 min. As a stabilizer used sodium chloride in the amount of 0.7%. The study of the following quality indicators of juice and extract of Sedum maximum grass were done and following results obtained: description, pH – 5.72 ± 0.08 and 4.87 ± 0.04, respectively, dry residue – 2.73 ± 0.07 and 2.54 ± 0,10%, respectively, identification, quantification of the amount of tannins in terms of pyrogalol – 0.094 ± 0.002 and 0.095 ± 0.002%, respectively. The technology was developed and technological schemes of complex processing of Sedum maximum grass were drawn up, according to which juice and aqueous extract from marc were obtained after squeezing the juice.

The inhibitory effect of some plant extracts in the laboratory growth characteristics of tomato seedlings

"An Laboratory experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening - Faculty of Agriculture - Diyala University for the spring season 2017 in order to study the inhibitory effects of some plant extracts on the laboratory growth characteristics of the Tomato seeds, using Petri dishes designed in Completely Randomized Design ( CRD) in three replicates to study the effect of three different concentrations (zero , 50% and 100%) of water extracts of onion, Blady grass, Nut grass and Johnson grass in the percentage of seed germination of Tomato seeds and the growth rate and some other growth characteristics of theTomato seeds. The experimental results can be summarized as follows, Plant extracts affected For each of the onion, Blady grass, Nut grass and Johnson grass and the concentrations used, and interferences between them, have a significant effect in all studied traits of Tomato seeds the treatment resulted in the plant extract of Nut grass and Johnson grass On the occurrence of high and clear inhibitions in all the studied traits of the tomato seeds, while the other plant extracts varied with the degree of inhibition.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities of MEOH Extract of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

Cymbopogon citratus, universally known as Lemongrass is a small herbaceous plant of Poaceae family. It is used as traditional medicine for treatment of numerous diseases such as fever, sore throats, cough, laryngitis, bronchitis, oral candiasis, body ache, head ache, digestive problems etc. This study deals with the antioxidant activities such as DPPH and FRAP of mehanol extract of lemon grass leaves followed by quantitative analysis of total phenolics (TPCs) and flavonoids (TFCs) content. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was also been tested to highlight the medicinal values. The methanol extract showed significant antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP (26.03±1.60 μM; 922.43 μM trolox/100 g dry weight, respectively) compare to the standard Trolox.C. citratus extract has phenolic and flavonoid content as 130.33±1.23; 193.63±4.63, respectively. The results showed that extract of C. citratus exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (35mm) against Bacillus subtilis. at the highest concentration 150mg/ml methanol extract.

Profiles of vitamin B and E in wheat grass and grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum ssp. dicoccum Schrank.), durum (Triticum durum Desf.), and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis

Wheat is a basic, valuable, economic, and industrial crop for human and animal nutrition in all of the world. This study aims to evaluate and compare of vitamin B [thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and folic acid (B9)] and vitamin E [alpha-tocopherol (α-TP), beta-tocopherol (β-TP), alpha-tocotrienol (α-TT), and beta-tocotrienol (β-TT)] contents in wheat grass and grain of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum; AA; 2n = 14) cultivar (IZA), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum ssp. dicoccum Schrank.; AABB; 2n = 28) population, durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. (AABB; 2n = 28) cultivar (Kunduru-1149), and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD; 2n = 42) cultivar (Kıraç-66). The amount of vitamin B and E in 14 days old wheat grass and grain of four different wheat species were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The highest amount of vitamin B1 was obtained from wheat grass (1.108 μg/g dw) and grain (1.118 μg/g dw) of einkorn. The highest amount of B2 was determined in wheat grasses of einkorn (4.442 μg/g dw) and emmer (4.478 μg/g dw). The highest amount of B5 was found in wheat grass of einkorn (4.178 μg/g dw) and grain of bread wheat (10.294 μg/g dw). When we compared wheat grass extracts as vitamin E content, the highest amount of α-TP, β-TP, α-TT, and β-TT were found in einkorn (0.728 μg/g dw), emmer (0.009 μg/g dw), einkorn (0.006 μg/g dw), and emmer (0.009 μg/g dw), respectively. Morever, when we compared grains the highest amount of α-TP (16.460 μg/g dw), β-TP (1.018 μg/g dw), and β-TT (63.800 μg/g dw) were found in bread wheat, the highest amount of α-TT (12.670 μg/g dw) was found in einkorn. In conclusion, wheat grass of eirkorn contains higher amounts of B1, B2, and B5 than modern wheat species such as durum and bread wheat. At the same time, wheat grass of einkorn contains higher amount of total vitamin E content than emmer, durum, and bread wheat grass. Among the wheat species, the E vitamin isomers were higher in bread wheat grains, except for the α-TT (in einkorn). Wheat grass of einkorn (IZA), an ancestral cultivar type of wheat is richer and more valuable than durum and bread wheat grass in human health and nutrition.

The Potential of Ethanol Extract Kebar Grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) in Repairing Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Liver That Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) is a plant that contains antioxidants, vitamins, and flavonoids which are thought to be able to improve rat liver due to exposure to cigarette smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of giving ethanol extract of Kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) in repairing liver damage in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. This study used an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and each of which was repeated three times. The negative group mice were fed normally, the positive control group was the rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 28 days, the first dose the rats that had been exposed to cigarette smoke for 28 days were given ethanol extract of Kebar grass dose of 0.067 mg / head / day for 28 days and at a dose The two rats that had been exposed to cigarette smoke for 28 days were given ethanol extract of grass kebar dose of 0.135 mg / head / day for 28 days. Observation of rat liver was observed under a microscope using Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining and histological photomicrographs of the rat liver were analyzed descriptively by displaying histological images. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) was able to repair rat liver damage (Rattus norvegicus) including inflammatory cells, hydropic degeneration, fat degeneration, and necrosis due to exposure to cigarette smoke.