Ginger Extract Research Articles

Use of Selected Plant Extracts in Controlling and Neutralizing Toxins and Sporozoites Associated with Necrotic Enteritis and Coccidiosis

Due to increasing concerns about the contamination of animal food products with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their byproducts, phytogenic feed additives in animal diets have been explored as antibiotic alternatives. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginger root extract (GRE), green tea extract (GTEC caffeinated and GTED decaffeinated), and onion peel combined (OPEC) on the activity of C. perfringens toxin genes and Eimeria tenella sporozoites. To this end, two Clostridium perfringens strains, CP19 and CP240 (Rollins Diagnostic Lab, Raleigh, NC, USA), were cultured (three replicates per treatment) as follows: without additives (Control), with Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (BMD), with GRE, with GTEC, with GTED, and, finally, with OPEC for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h. RNA was extracted to determine the expression of tpeL, alpha toxin (α-toxin), and NetB and we measured the protein concentration of NetB-positive C. perfringens toxin. Also, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of green tea and ginger extracts on E. tenella sporozoites. Results show that phytogenic extracts, GRE, GTEC, and GTED, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the level of expression of α-toxin gene compared to control; however, BMD treatment showed much less effect. Furthermore, NetB and tpeL encoding gene expression was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by GRE and GTED, as well as BMD treatment, compared to the control. In contrast, GTEC treatment did not change the expression levels of these genes and was similar to control. With the CP240 strain, all the selected phytogenic extracts significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the expression of selected genes, except for OPEC, which was similar to control. GRE, GTEC, and GTED all reduced the viability of concentration of E. tenella sporozoites. Overall, our data show that these selected phytogenic extracts reduced the level of expression of toxin encoding genes associated with necrotic enteritis and decreased the viability of sporozoites which cause coccidiosis in broiler chicken.

Phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties of Thai edible plant extracts and their prebiotic-like effects

In this study, the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of Thai edible plants, green tea, red cotton tree flower, fingerroot and ginger were evaluated. The plant extracts were taken for evaluation of antimicrobial activities against Cutibacterium acnes DMST 14916, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 518, and Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 746. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of green tea, fingerroot, and ginger extracts against C. acnes DMST 14916 were 3.92, 0.49, and 7.85 mg cm-3, respectively and the minimum bacteriostatic concentrations (MBCs) were 3.92, 0.49, and 7.85 mg cm-3, respectively. The MICs and MBCs of fingerroot extract against S. epidermidis TISTR 518 were 0.12 and 0.49 mg cm-3, respectively, while those against S. aureus TISTR 746 were 0.12 and 0.98 mg cm-3, respectively. Red cotton tree flower extract showed no antimicrobial activity against the acne-causing bacteria. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation, the bacterial cells treated with the plant extracts revealed visible shrinkages compared to the smooth cell surfaces of the controls. The phytochemicals in the plant extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Well-known antimicrobial compounds like azelaic acid, embelin and kaempferol 3-rutinoside-4′-glucoside were identified in all extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts on human cell lines were further investigated. The green tea extract was slightly toxic to HaCaT cells found at the initial concentration of 62.5 mg cm-3, but not toxic to MRC-5 cells. The fingerroot and ginger extracts had no cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells, but promoted the MRC-5 cell proliferation. The combination effects of the plant extracts were prebiotic-like and indifferent effects. Regarding all results, the ethanolic extracts of green tea, fingerroot, and ginger could be used individually as natural anti-acne ingredients capable of further product development to improve human skin health.

Anti-inflammatory activity of combination of ethanol extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) in carrageenan-induced rats

Background: Inflammation is an essential innate immune response aimed at antigen elimination and preventing their spread. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) rhizomes have been empirically utilized as medicinal components due to their anti-inflammatory potential. However, the combined efficacy of these rhizomes has not been previously explored. Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a combination of ginger and bangle rhizome extracts. Method: Ginger and bangle rhizomes were individually subjected to extraction through maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by purification with n-hexane. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via motility tests on subjects administered orally with 1% CMC-Na (control), diclofenac sodium (4.5 mg/kg body weight), ginger ethanol extract (200 mg/kg body weight), bangle ethanol extract (400 mg/kg body weight), and a combination of both extracts (100:200 mg/kg body weight). Observations were made over 6 hours, with motility scores subsequently analyzed using ANOVA and the LSD test for statistical significance. Results: Treatments involving ginger extract, bangle extract, and their combination significantly improved motility scores compared to the negative control. Furthermore, these treatments displayed no significant difference in effectiveness compared to the diclofenac sodium group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The combined ethanol extracts of ginger and bangle rhizomes demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac sodium, as evidenced by motility score evaluations. This suggests their potential as alternative anti-inflammatory agents.

The influence of plant extracts on viability of ST3 and ST7 subtypes of Blastocystis sp.

Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently detected protozoa during stool specimen examination. In the last decade, the studies about the pathogenic potential of Blastocystis sp. have intensified. Additionally, treatment approaches against this parasite are still disputable. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of the substances of natural origin against two subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp.—ST3 and ST7. Garlic and turmeric extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect in relation to the ST3 viability. While horseradish and turmeric were found to be the most effective extracts to the ST7 viability. The study showed that ginger, garlic, horseradish, and turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 3.8 to 4.8 µg/ml and from 3.3 to 72.0 µg/ml, respectively, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Blastocystis infections. Additionally, this research confirmed that Blastocystis ST7 is more resistant to the selected plant extracts treatment than Blastocystis ST3 which in consequence may bring some difficulties in its eradication.

Impact of Air-Drying Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Physicochemical Properties, and Bioactive Profile of Ginger.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perishable commodity that requires proper processing to maintain its bioactivity. This study evaluated the effect of different air-drying temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C) on ginger's drying kinetics and quality attributes. For an enhanced understanding of the drying kinetics, we employed a detailed approach by combining an existing drying model (namely, Midilli) with the Arrhenius model. This combined model facilitates a thorough analysis of how temperature and time concurrently affect the moisture ratio, offering more profound insights into the drying mechanism. A higher drying rate was achieved at 70 °C, yet elevated drying temperatures could compromise the quality attributes of ginger slices. Ginger slices dried at 50 °C displayed improved physicochemical properties and less color browning. The evaluation of the bioactivity profile of resultant ginger extracts also revealed higher total phenolic contents (1875.87 ± 31.40 mg GAE/100 g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (18.2 ± 0.9 mg TE/kg) in 50 °C treated ginger samples. Meanwhile, the hydroethanolic mixture (70% ethanol) was also reorganized with better extraction efficiency than water and MWF (a ternary blend of methanol, water, and formic acid) solution. The promising outcomes of this study endorse the influence of drying temperature on the quality characteristics and bioactive profile of ginger and the selection of suitable extraction solvents to acquire phenolic-rich extract.

Effects of silver nanoparticle based on ginger extract on Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica parasites: in vitro.

Leishmaniais the primary cause of a significant public health problem known as leishmaniasis in Iran. Pentavalent antimonial chemicals are commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, these drugs exhibit a number of adverse effects, including drug resistance, lack of specificity, poor responsiveness, toxic effects, inconvenient injections, tissue damage, and high cost. The present study aimed to prepare and evaluate the efficacy of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) againstLeishmania infantumandLeishmania tropicain vitro. The 2, 5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess the toxicity of Ag-NPs derived from ginger extract on macrophage cells. The apoptotic potential of promastigotes caused by Ag-NPs was evaluated using the flow cytometry method. According to our findings, the proliferation ofL. infantumandL. tropica, promastigotes are significantly decreased by increasing doses of NPs. The most effective doses of nanoparticle were 80 and 40 ppm after 48 and 72 hours of incubation, respectively, while doses of 0.312 and 0.156 ppm after 24 and 48 hours of incubation had the least effect on the growth and activity ofL. infantumandL. tropicapromastigotes. For the promastigotes ofL. infantumandL. tropica, the flow cytometry test revealed that Ag-NPs-induced programmed cell death in promastigotes ofL. infantumandL. tropicademonstrated 67.1% and 41.9% of apoptosis, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration for NPs againstL. infantumandL. tropicawere 4.54 and 4.22 ppm, respectively, based on the MTT assay. The higher concentrations of NPs (e.g., 80 ppm) led to more lethality of promastigote. In conclusion, Ag-NPs exhibited goodin vitroanti-leishmanial activity againstL. infantumandL. tropicapromastigotes.

Enhancement of cryopreserved rooster semen and fertility potential after oral administration of Thai ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) extract in Thai native chickens.

Semen cryopreservation is an effective method of preserving genetic material, particularly in native chicken breeds facing a substantial decline. In this study, we evaluated the quality of frozen/thawed rooster semen treated with different concentrations of oral administrations of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora: KP) extract and determined its fertility. Thirty-two Thai native roosters (Pradu Hang Dum, 42 weeks old) were used in this study. The treatments were classified into four groups according to the concentration of KP extract administered to the roosters: 0, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body weight. The quality of fresh semen was analyzed before cryopreservation. Post-thaw sperm quality and fertility potential were determined. Also, lipid peroxidation was determined. The results showed that sperm concentration and movement increased in roosters treated with 200 mg/kg of KP extract (p<0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) in the roosters receiving 200 mg/kg KP extract was lower than that in the other but had an insignificant difference within the KP treatment groups (p>0.05). The highest MDA levels were observed in the control group (p<0.05). The percentage of motile sperm (total motility and progressive motility) after semen thawing was higher in roosters that received 150 and 200 mg/kg KP extract than in those that received 100 mg/kg KP extract and the control (p<0.05). MDA levels decreased significantly in roosters that received 150 and 200 mg/kg KP extract than in those that received 100 mg/kg KP extract and the control (p<0.05). Fertility and hatchability were greater in the KP150 and KP200 groups than in the KP100 and control groups (p<0.05). The optimal amount of KP extract influencing initial sperm quality was determined to be 200 mg/kg. However, 150 mg/kg was the optimal low dosage of KP extract administration that maintained sperm quality and fertility following semen cryopreservation.

Synthesis and characterization of self-assembly nanocomposite of ginger extract/cellulose of cotton supported by zinc oxide nanoparticle for destroying the Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts

The present study describes how increasing efficacy without affecting cell viability, using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) that consider a self-assemble compound with using the ginger extract (GE) for this purpose can increase the effectiveness of treating cryptosporidiosis (C. parvum). A nanocomposite (NCP) can be effectively synthesized using chemical precipitation techniques without the use of temperature, and it can also be successfully characterized using a variety of ways to show that the NCP was naturally formed. According to a UV-visible spectroscopic device’s calculation of the EG extract’s loading efficiency on the CMC surface, the loading efficiency is 58%. The liver cells of mice (BNL) are used to test the cytotoxicity of NCP at various concentrations using the rapid screening cytotoxicity technique (SRB). After 96 hours, the sporulation percentage with the maximum dose of 7 mg/mL was reported at 45.97% ± 0.65%, 43.97% ± 0.65, 31.3% ± 0.7 for GE, CNC@GE, and CNC@GE.ZnO NCP respectively. After 96 hours, the distortion percentage with the maximum dose of 7 mg/mL was reported at 53.97% ± 0.65, 55.97% ± 0.65, 68.63% ± 0.65 for GE, CNC@GE, and CNC@GE.ZnO NCP respectively. The findings support the use of modified NCP as a cryptosporidiosis treatment substitute, but further clinical testing is required.

A comparative study of antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of ginger and lemon peel extracts

A comparative study of antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of ginger and lemon peel extracts

Prophylactic effect of chitosan-coated ginger nanoparticles versus ginger extract on tongue wound healing in rats exposed to electronic cigarette smoke

Prophylactic effect of chitosan-coated ginger nanoparticles versus ginger extract on tongue wound healing in rats exposed to electronic cigarette smoke

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) AND CLOVE (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM) AGAINST INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY BY DIMETHOATE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Usage of pesticides is world wide spread have harmful effect on human health via environmental or occupational exposure, that pollute water, soil and food. This experimental study aims to investigate possible antioxidant and protective activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) aqueous extracts against induced injury of liver hepatocytes using the organophosphate Dimethoate (DM) in rabbits. Thirty adult male rabbits from local market were divided into five groups (6 animals in each). (1) control rabbits, (2) rabbits were given DM (20 mg/kg B. w daily dose 1/20 of half the lethal dose), (3) rabbits were given ginger extract (400 mg/kg B.W) daily dose and then DM, (4) rabbits were given clove extract (100 mg/kg B.W) daily dose and then DM, (5) rabbits were given ginger with clove extracts and then DM as previous dose for 30 days. At the end of the experiment animals were anesthetized and then sacrificed. The blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis. Dimethoate resulted in significant increase in the activity of aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared with control. Significantly increased level of both total and direct bilirubin were observed. However, the total protein and albumin were decreased. The ginger and clove extracts either separately or combined in groups 3,4 and 5 showed significantly improvement and decrease activity of liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP. On the other hand, decreased in total bilirubin compared with DM group were recorded. While increased the serum levels of total protein and albumin were observed. It could be included that ginger and clove extracts were effective in protecting against induced hepatotoxicity by treating liver functions. Therefore, we recommend these two plants by moderate amounts to be added in the daily meals and drinks.

The effect of adding dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red ginger extract on characteristics of jelly candy from aloe vera

This research aimed to determine the effect of adding dragon fruit peel and red ginger extract on the characteristics of jelly candy made from Aloe vera. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors: the ratio of Aloe vera and dragon fruit peel (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) and red ginger extract (0%, 5%, and10 %). The parameters analyzed were moisture content, ash content, color value (⁰Hue), reducing sugar content, pH, crude fiber, anthocyanin value, antioxidant IC50, total phenol, as well as the hedonic values of color, aroma, taste, texture, and general acceptance. The results showed that the ratio of Aloe vera and dragon fruit peel significantly affected the ash content, color value (oHue), reducing sugar content, crude fiber, anthocyanin value, antioxidant IC50, total phenol, hedonic of color, and general acceptance. The red ginger extracts significantly affected ash content, color value (oHue), reducing sugar content, antioxidant IC50, total phenol, hedonic aroma, and taste. The interaction between the two factors significantly affected the color value (oHue) and total phenol. The formulation with a ratio of aloe vera:dragon fruit peel (70:30) and 10% red ginger extract yielded the best jelly candy.

DAUN UNDIS DAN JAHE MENINGKATKAN PERTAHANAN ANTIOKSIDAN PADA PANKREAS TIKUS DIABETES : STUDI IMUNOHISTOKIMIA

Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus results in stress oxidative condition. This study aims to analyze the antioxidant defence in pancreatic experimental-diabetic rats treated with a combined extract of Cajanus cajan leaves and ginger, using an immunohistochemical technique for copper, zinc – superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD). A total of 25 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal control group (NC), diabetic group (DM), two groups DM treated with a different dose combination of Cajanus cajan leaf extract and ginger extract (DME and DMF), and DM treated with glibenclamide (DMG). This study used 110 mg/kg BW alloxan induction to obtain diabetic conditions, and the treatments of the extract were conducted for 28 days. The pancreatic tissues were processed using the paraffin standard method and an immunohistochemical technique using monoclonal antibody Cu,Zn-SOD. The results showed that a combination of Cajanus cajan leaf extract and ginger extract lowered the level of blood glucose, increased body weight, and increased the level of Cu,Zn-SOD content in pancreatic tissues of experimental-diabetic rats. This study concluded that combining Cajanus cajan leaf extract and ginger extract increased antioxidant defence in pancreatic organs of experimental-diabetic rats.

Effect of Ginger Extract in Lowering Blood Pressure in The Elderly with Hypertension

Background: Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease that is common to find in elderly. Its prevalence reached to 22% throughout the world in 2020. Pharmacological treatment to hypertension involves lifetime commitment to drug adherence. Ginger extract as complementary therapy has been widely common in Indonesia to reduce common flu symptoms and indigestion. It acts as a therapeutic effect that boosts immune system, improving the cardiovascular system by reducing the level of low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol. Prior studies showed its effect in lowering blood pressure in hypertension patients, while several other said the effect was stronger in less than 50 years old people. The aim of the study was to analyze red ginger extract as main therapy in hypertension in elderly. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental with one group pretest-posttest without control group. Participants were 45-65 years old hypertension patients in Semper Barat II Primary Health Care. Intervention was 4 grams of minced ginger then added by 2 spoons of honey in 100 ml of water. The drink was consumed in 5 days. Results: Average age of participants were 62,9 (60-65) years old. Before intervention, mean blood pressure was 156,8 (140-180) / 98,03 (85-115) mmHg and lowered to 148,6 (125-170) / 92,57 (80-110) mmHg after 5 days of intervention (p=0,0001). Conclusion: We recommend ginger extract as an alternative to reduce blood pressure in elderly with hypertension. We hoped the results will become a new approach to treat hypertension.

Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract improved organs function in lipopolysaccharides-induced organ toxicity by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress in male rats

ABSTRACT Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the typical inflammatory and oxidative stress agent; ginger (Zingiber officinale) has long been utilized to treat inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the possible therapeutic role of ginger extract (GE) against LPS-induced hepato-renal and testicular injury. Male rats received GE (150 mg/kg, orally, for 28 days) after the inflammation shock was provoked by a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg). Rats treated with LPS exhibited marked inflammation and oxidative stress, in addition to liver and kidney injury and disruption of male sex hormones. The treatment of LPS-injected rats with GE resulted in a remarkable return to normalcy of the oxidative stress in the rats, as evidenced by a notable decrease MDA and an amelioration of SOD and CAT activities. On the other hand, the rats administered LPS and GE had considerably decreased serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, improvement in serum albumin, total bilirubin and ALT and AST activity, urea, creatinine, and uric acid as well as FSH and testosterone levels. This indicating improved liver, kidney and testicular functions. In conclusion, GE attenuates the inflammatory damage and oxidative stress caused by LPS, which helps to restore organ function.

Total phenolic content and in vitro photoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior)

Background: Previous research highlighted the photoprotective potential of various extracts from torch ginger leaves, but the efficacy of ethanolic extracts, particularly from leaves and other plant parts, remained unexplored.&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to assess the total phenolic content and SPF value of ethanolic extracts from torch ginger leaves, flowers, and stems, comparing these with a known photoprotective agent, oxybenzone.&#x0D; Method: Ethanolic extraction was performed on approximately 200 grams of each plant part. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while SPF values were measured spectrophotometrically between 290 and 320 nm. Statistical analysis involved Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by post-hoc Fisher's LSD.&#x0D; Results: The leaf extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (483.788 ± 2.57 mg GAE/g) and SPF value at 1000 ppm, surpassing that of flowers, stems, and the positive control, oxybenzone. The correlation between phenolic content and SPF value across plant parts was statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of torch ginger leaves shows superior photoprotective potential, indicated by its high phenolic content and SPF value, suggesting its promising application in natural sunscreen formulations up to the permissible active substance limit of 6% set by BPOM.

The effect of ginger extract on expression of Gli1 and Patched-1 genes involved in breast cancer signaling pathway under in vitro condition

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer ranks among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Ginger has shown potential efficacy against certain cancer types, surpassing conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. However, its molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Materials and Methods: In this study, MCF-7 cancer cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of aqueous ginger extract (20, 30, 45, 65 microgram/mL) for 12, 48, and 72 hours. The effects were assessed through gene expression analysis and cell vitality assays (MTT). Results: The cell vitality test revealed a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and extract concentration. Concentrations exceeding 30 microgram/mL exhibited significant cell death (IC50 of 104.03 microgram/mL). Gene expression analysis demonstrated an increase in Patched-1 and a decrease in Gli1 expression with rising extract concentrations. The maximum Patched-1 expression occurred at 65 microgram/mL after 72 hours. Patched-1 (oncogene) and Gli1 (tumor suppressor) are pivotal genes in the hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: It appears that ginger compounds play a substantial role in regulating cancer progression by influencing key components of the hedgehog signalling pathway.

Greener approaches to improve phenolic acid composition and antioxidant activity of different cultivation methods of Zingiber officinale Roscoe extracts

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, known as ginger (Bentong variety), is an essential spice ingredient used in food and condiments due to its refreshing aroma and intense flavour. The bioactive constituents found in ginger influence the numerous pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. This work proposed a greener approach than the conventional plant matrices extraction to promote safe, non-toxic, and environment-friendly products. In this study, three different extraction methods: a) water (WE), b) hydrothermal-assisted (HAE) and c) enzymaticassisted (EAE), have been applied to measure the potential of both ginger extracts from different cultivation methods using fertigation technology and conventionally slopegrown. To ascertain the biological content of the extracts, the phenolic acid composition was quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant activities were analysed using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The results obtained showed that ferulic acid was significantly highest in EAE extracts of both ginger (fertigation and slope-grown cultivation) at 1.165±0.118 and 0.610±0.062 mg/g. Moreover, EAE of both ginger extracts also found to be significantly highest in TPC (267.481±0.404 mg GAE/g and 247.837±1.675 mg GAE/g), and FRAP value (741.867±2.139 mg AAE/g and 461.733±0.231 mg AAE/g), respectively. However, the highest free radical scavenging activity of fertigated ginger extract through HAE was 134.735±0.021 mg AAE/g. Meanwhile, EAE of the sloped-grown ginger extract was highest at 141.293±0.707 mg AAE/g. This study demonstrates that EAE can be an effective approach in enhancing the TPC and antioxidant activity of ginger extracts. Ginger may therefore be suggested as a more greener and natural antioxidant to lessen oxidation in food products.

Physical, Chemical, Organoleptic Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activity of Instant Cascara Powder with Additions of Ginger and Sappan Wood

The aroma and taste of cascara products are generally mild, and the use of cascara powder also produces a blackish-brown extract color. To enhance both the taste and aroma, it is recommended to add ginger (Zingiber officinale) and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan). Ginger contains essential oils to enhance aroma and has antioxidant activity. On the the hand, the Brazilin compound in sappan wood provides a natural red color, and the polyphenols have antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine the effects of adding ginger and sappan wood extracts on physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties, as well as the antioxidant activity of instant cascara powder, with a focus on selecting the best and most preferred formulation. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with one factor, namely concentration of ginger and sappan wood extracts. The treatment consisted of six levels, including F1 as control (cascara 100 g), F2 (cascara 70 g, ginger 5 g, and sappan wood 25 g), F3 (cascara 70 g, ginger 10 g, and sappan wood 20 g), F4 (cascara 70 g, ginger 15 g, and sappan wood 15 g), F5 (cascara 70 g, ginger 20 g, and sappan wood 10 g), and F6 (cascara 70 g, ginger 25 g, and sappan wood 5 g). The results showed that additions of ginger and sappan wood extracts impacted physical property, namely redness value, chemical properties including moisture, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity, as well as all organoleptic parameters. The best and most preferred formulation was sample F2 which had a redness value of 6,39, moisture content of 2,62%, polyphenol content of 35,41 mg GAE/g, and antioxidant activity amounting to 64,5%. Moreover, the average value of color preference was 5,32 (somewhat like), fragrance 4,32 (neutral), taste 4,8 (neutral – somewhat like), and overall 4,84 (neutral – somewhat like).

Ginger And Its Constituents Role in Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancer

One of the most prevalent cancers worldwide is gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, which affects several digestive system organs. Some of these tumours have extremely high incidence and fatality rates. Even though a wide range of chemotherapeutic medicines have been developed in recent decades to treat gastrointestinal cancer, the majority of them are highly costly and have undesirable side effects. Consequently, the safe and reasonably priced substances that come from natural sources are required. One of the most often used natural remedies for nausea, dysentery, indigestion, flatulence, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, infections, cough, and bronchitis is ginger (Zingiber officinale). According to experimental research, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, two of ginger's active ingredients, have anticancer properties against GI cancer. Ginger's potential to influence several signalling molecules, including NF-κB, STAT3, MAPK, PI3K, ERK1/2, Akt, TNF-α, COX-2, cyclin D1, cdk, MMP-9, survivin, cIAP-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, caspases, and other cell growth regulating proteins, is thought to be responsible for its anticancer properties. The findings supporting the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of ginger extract and its active ingredients have been outlined in this review utilising in vitro experiments, animal models, and human subjects.