Ginger Rhizome Extract Research Articles

Clotting activity of camel milk using crude extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome

This study was conducted to assess the clotting activity of camel milk using ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale ) crude extracts (GCE) and identify the optimum pH, temperature and concentration of GCE that would result in strong coagulation of camel milk. The result revealed that temperature, pH and concentration of GCE had significant (P<0.05) effect on the clotting activity of camel milk. The highest camel MCA was observed at pH of 5.0, temperature of 65°C and crude extract concentration of 10% by volume of milk, while the lowest value was recorded at pH of 4.5, temperature 55°C and GCE concentration of 40% by volume of camel milk. Cow milk was considered for comparison of MCA and had the highest clotting activity at pH of 5.5, temperature of 60°C and GCE concentration of 10% by volume of milk. An increase in camel MCA was observed with a decrease in milk pH from 5.5 to 5.0; however, camel MCA decreased when milk pH reduced to 4.5. Camel MCA increased with increasing temperature; however, it decreased with increase in GCE concentration. Hence, GCE can be used to coagulate camel by adjusting the temperature and pH of the milk.

Effect of Essential Oil and Aqueous Extract of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) on Oxidative Stability of Fish oil-in-Water Emulsion

Fish oil-in-water emulsion (5%) was prepared with essential oil and aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome and their oxidative stability was examined. Antioxidant activities of essential oil and aqueous extract of ginger revealed total phenolic was high in essential oil (130.70 mg Catechol equivalents /l) than aqueous extract (24.38 mg Catechol equivalents /l) at 5% concentration. Chemical composition of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil was determined by GC-MS analyses showed Ginger essential oil contained, zingiberene (27.45 ± 0.30%), copaene (13.82 ± 0.06%), camphane (11.10 ± 0.16%), geranial (10.98 ± 0.10), as the major compounds. Oxidative stability test (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) revealed that, In oil-inwater emulsion, essential oil (1%) and aqueous extract (20%) together acted more significantly (p<0.05) against lipid oxidation (9.21 m mol O2/kg and 3.02 mg malonaldehyde/l) than control (21.33 m mol O2/kg and 4.31 mg malonaldehyde/l). Results from the study indicate that both essential oil and aqueous extract of ginger can be utilized together as a source of natural antioxidant to inhibitive action on fish oil-in-water emulsion.

Study of some biological activities of aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Purpose This study was designed to evaluate the potential of two aqueous extracts of ginger rhizome under different extraction conditions (cold and hot water). Materials and methods Anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, antimicrobial, prebiotic, and antitumor activities were examined for the two aqueous extracts. The two aqueous extracts were then used for evaluation of yield, total carbohydrates, protein, and monosaccharide contents. The sulfation of crude extracts was carried out by chlorosulfonic acid as a sulfating agent in formamide. Results The results showed that sulfation modification of the two aqueous extracts increased significantly both the anticoagulation and the fibrinolytic activities, but did not affect the antimicrobial, prebiotic, or antitumor activities. However, the two native water extracts showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli only, but not for Staphylococcus aureus, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Conclusion The chemical modification of the two aqueous extracts of ginger by sulfation will increase significantly its anticoagulation and fibrinolytic activities while not affecting or improving the prebiotic and antimicrobial activities. However, the antitumor activity is high for both the native and the sulfated aqueous extracts of ginger. Thus, this result does not mean that the sulfation modification of the water extracts studied affected the antitumor activity.

Antiproliferative Activities of Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum Hance Jam1), Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Against Acute Monocytic Leukemia

Acute monocytic leukemia (AML M5 or AMoL) is one of the several types of leukemia that are still awaiting cures. The use of chemotherapy for cancer management can be harmful to normal cells in the vicinity of the target leukemia cells. This study assessed the potency of the extracts from lesser galangal, turmeric, and ginger against AML M5 to use the suitable fractions in neutraceuticals. Aqueous and organic solvent extracts from the leaves and rhizomes of lesser galangal and turmeric, and from the rhizomes only of ginger were examined for their antiproliferative activities against THP-1 AMoL cells in vitro. Lesser galangal leaf extracts in organic solvents of methanol, chloroform, and dichloromethane maintained distinctive antiproliferative activities over a 48-h period. The turmeric leaf and rhizome extracts and ginger rhizome extracts in methanol also showed distinctive anticancer activities. The lesser galangal leaf methanol extract was subsequently separated into 13, and then 18 fractions using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fractions 9 and 16, respectively, showed the greatest antiproliferative activities. These results indicate that the use of plant extracts might be a safer approach to finding a lasting cure for AMoL. Further investigations will be required to establish the discriminatory tolerance of normal cells to these extracts, and to identify the compounds in these extracts that possess the antiproliferative activities.

English

The potency of mustard and ginger rhizome extracts, lemon juice, Atella (residue of traditional Ethiopian beer) and cow urine in controlling tomato seed borne pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) was evaluated. Artificially inoculated seeds were treated by dipping for 30 min, 3 h, 12 h or 24 h. Streptomycin (0.5%), sodium hypochlorides (1%) and control treatments were similarly applied. The test organism was isolated from tomato fruit collected from central Rift Valley of Ethiopia; it belonged to T1P2 race group of Xcv. Tomato seeds were inoculated with Xcv suspensions, dried and dipped at room temperature in the treatments. Atella at all treatment durations completely inactivated (0 cfu/ml) Xcv from inoculated tomato seeds and induced 92 to 98% seed germination. Ginger and mustard extracts showed 0 cfu/ml on Xcv with 24 h soaking, 97 to 81% germination and 2303 to 2270 vigor indexes of tomato seed. A promising bactericidal effect of Atella is an excellent clue of using other traditional alcoholic drink residues in controlling Xcv on tomato seeds for small scale farming. &nbsp; Key words: seed treatment, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, plant extracts, biocontrol.

Effects of Thymus vulgaris and Zingiber officinale Aqueous on Semen Parameters, Testes Weight and Histology Measurements of Broiler Breeder Male

To examine the effect of Ginger rhizome and thyme leaf aqueous extract on male reproductive system and the mechanisms of these effects the aqueous were add two drinking water to two groups of male broilers breeder ROSS308, the addition start in 24wk and end in 44wks age at levels 5% and 10% for each plant aqueous where the other group was a control (received a distilled water). ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, counts, movements, motility, abnormality, testes weight and histology measurements were the mean characteristics studied. There were a significant increase (P<0.05) in ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, counts, movements and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in motility and abnormality, also there were a significant increase (P<0.05) in testes weight, percentage and histology measurements, there for my results refer to that extract of ginger and thyme conceder as pro-fertility properties in male broiler which might be a product of both its potent antioxidant properties and androgenic activities.

Radioprotective effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger): past, present and future.

Radiation is an important modality in treating people with cancer especially when surgical intervention is impracticable or might debilitate the patient. However, effective use of ionizing radiation is compromised by the side effects that result from radiation-induced damage to normal tissue. The use of radioprotective compounds, which can selectively protect normal tissues against radiation injury is of immense use because in addition to association with protecting the normal tissue, it will also permits use of higher doses of radiation to obtain better cancer control and possible cure. However, till date no ideal radioprotectors are available as most synthetic compounds are toxic at their optimal concentrations. Plants commonly used as dietary and or therapeutic agents have recently been the focus of attention since in most cases they are non-toxic and are easily accepted for human use. Ginger, the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), has widely been used as both culinary and medicinal agent. Preclinical studies carried out in the last decade has shown that ginger and its phytochemicals dehydrozingerone, zingerone possess radioprotective effects in laboratory animals and in cultured cells in vitro. The hydroalcoholic extract of ginger rhizome when administered either through intraperitoneal or oral route was effective in protecting against gamma radiation-induced sickness and mortality. The phytochemicals dehydrogingerone and zingerone present in ginger are also shown to protect mice against radiation-induced sickness and mortality. Mechanistic studies have indicated that the free radical scavenging, antioxidant affects, anti-inflammatory and anti-clastogenic effects may contribute towards the observed protection. Additionally, studies with tumor bearing mice have also shown that zingerone selectively protects the normal tissues against the tumoricidal effects of radiation. This review for the first time summarizes the results related to the radioprotective properties and also emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to establish its activity and utility as a radioprotective agent.

Ginger Supplementation Enhances Working Memory of the Post-Menopause Women

Problem statement: Cognitive impairment is one important problem in post-menopausal women. Although hormone therapy can improve this condition, it also produces adverse effect. Recent findings showed that this condition could be mitigated by the herb. Ginger or Zingiber officinale Roscoe, a plant in a family of Zingiberaceae, was previously demonstrated the neuroprotection and cognitive enhancing effects. Therefore, this study was set up to determine whether ginger rhizome extract could improve attention and working memory of the post-menopausal women. Approach: Sixty healthy post-menopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or standardized plant extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg once daily for 3 months. After the assessment of biographic information, they were evaluated the working memory and cognitive function using computerized battery test and the auditory oddball paradigm of event related potential before and after 3-month of intervention. Results: The ginger treated group decreased N100 and P300 latencies but increased N100 and P300 amplitudes in accompany with the enhanced working memory including the power of attention, continuity of attention, speed and quality of memory. Conclusion: Our results suggested that ginger is the potential cognitive enhancer for post-menopausal women. However, further researches are still required.

Antiinflammatory effects of ginger and some of its components in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells.

The proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 is increased in asthmatic patients. Traditionally, ginger is used as an antiinflammatory drug. An extract and several compounds of Zingiber officinale (ginger) were tested in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) with respect to their effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted). An oily extract of ginger rhizome with > 25% total pungent compounds, ginger volatile oil, ar-curcumene and α-pinene reduced the LPS-induced IL-8 secretion (measured by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), whereas a spissum extract, the pungents [6]-gingerol and its metabolite [6]-shogaol, and the terpenoids citral and β-phellandrene showed no effect. The LPS-induced slight increase of RANTES was reduced by volatile oil, ar-curcumene and α-pinene. There was no effect of LPS on TNF-α. Our results suggest that distinct ginger compounds could be used as antiinflammatory drugs in respiratory infections.

The Effects of Wild Ginger (Costus speciosus (Koen) Smith) Rhizome Extract and Diosgenin on Rat Uterine Contractions

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of wild ginger (Costus speciosus (Koen) Smith, Costaceae) rhizome extract on uterine contractility. We particularly examined the effects on spontaneous phasic contractions and the mechanisms whereby it exerts its effects. Wild ginger rhizomes were ethanolic extracted and their constituents analyzed. Isometric force was measured in strips of longitudinal myometrium and the effects of the extract studied. The extract (10 mg/100 mL) increased spontaneous contractions. The amplitude and frequency of the phasic contraction were significantly increased along with basal tension. Force produced in the presence of the extract was abolished by inhibition of l-type calcium channels or myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The actions of the extract were not blocked by the estrogen receptor blocker, fulvestrant. Although significant amounts of diosgenin were present in the extract, we found that, depending upon its concentration, diosgenin had either no effect or was inhibitory on force. Interestingly, the extract induced significant amounts of force in the absence of extracellular calcium, which could be blocked by inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA), but not fulvestrant. We conclude that wild ginger rhizome extract stimulates phasic activity in rat uterus. Our data suggest that the uterotonic effect is due to nonestrogenic effects and not those of diosgenin. Wild ginger was able to increase contraction via calcium entry on l-type calcium channels and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release. We suggest that wild ginger rhizome extract may be a useful uterine stimulant.

Isolation of quinone reductase (QR) inducing agents from ginger rhizome and their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

To investigate the potential activity of ginger rhizome extracts to induce quinone reductase (QR), we performed bioactivity-guided fractionation using a murine hepatoma cell (Hepa 1c1c7) bioassay. Anti-inflammatory effects were then studied utilizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. An ethyl acetate-partitioned fraction from ethanolic extract, rich in both QR inducing potency and anti-inflammatory activity, was subjected to repeated silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography to yield three compounds. The three isolated compounds were [6]-shogaol, 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione and hexahydrocurcumin. [6]-Dehydroshogaol, a minor component in ginger rhizome, was chemically synthesized and used for comparison in the subsequent bioassay based on its excellent QR inducing potency. Results showed that [6]-dehydroshogaol had the highest ability to induce QR activity (CD = 9.23 ± 0.22 μM), followed by 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione (CD = 13.24 ± 0.45 μM), and then hexahydrocurcumin (CD = 68.81 ± 3.90 μM). Increasing QR activity in induced cells was associated with elevated expression of NQO-1 protein as confirmed by Western blot. [6]-Dehydroshogaol, [6]-shogaol and 1-dehydro-[6]-gingerdione were also potent inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in activated macrophages. Their IC 50 values ranged from 5.80 ± 1.27 to 25.06 ± 4.86 μM. Hexahydrocurcumin exhibited the weakest inhibitory effect (IC 50 = 304.76 ± 54.80 μM). These findings contribute to our theoretical understanding of the potential beneficial effects of consuming ginger as food and/or dietary supplement.

Gastroprotective Effect of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale) Extract: Role of Gallic Acid and Cinnamic Acid in H+, K+‐ATPase/H. pylori Inhibition and Anti‐Oxidative Mechanism

Zinger officinale has been used as a traditional source against gastric disturbances from time immemorial. The ulcer-preventive properties of aqueous extract of ginger rhizome (GRAE) belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is reported in the present study. GRAE at 200 mg kg−1 b.w. protected up to 86% and 77% for the swim stress-/ethanol stress-induced ulcers with an ulcer index (UI) of 50 ± 4.0/46 ± 4.0, respectively, similar to that of lansoprazole (80%) at 30 mg kg−1 b.w. Increased H+, K+-ATPase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were observed in ulcer-induced rats, while GRAE fed rats showed normalized levels and GRAE also normalized depleted/amplified anti-oxidant enzymes in swim stress and ethanol stress-induced animals. Gastric mucin damage was recovered up to 77% and 74% in swim stress and ethanol stress, respectively after GRAE treatment. GRAE also inhibited the growth of H. pylori with MIC of 300 ± 38 μg and also possessed reducing power, free radical scavenging ability with an IC50 of 6.8 ± 0.4 μg mL−1 gallic acid equivalent (GAE). DNA protection up to 90% at 0.4 μg was also observed. Toxicity studies indicated no lethal effects in rats fed up to 5 g kg−1 b.w. Compositional analysis favored by determination of the efficacy of individual phenolic acids towards their potential ulcer-preventive ability revealed that between cinnamic (50%) and gallic (46%) phenolic acids, cinnamic acid appear to contribute to better H+, K+-ATPase and Helicobacter pylori inhibitory activity, while gallic acid contributes significantly to anti-oxidant activity.

Zingiber officinale Mitigates Brain Damage and Improves Memory Impairment in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Rat

Cerebral ischemia is known to produce brain damage and related behavioral deficits including memory. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence showed that dietary enrichment with nutritional antioxidants could reduce brain damage and improve cognitive function. In this study, possible protective effect of Zingiber officinale, a medicinal plant reputed for neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-related brain damage, on brain damage and memory deficit induced by focal cerebral ischemia was elucidated. Male adult Wistar rats were administrated an alcoholic extract of ginger rhizome orally 14 days before and 21 days after the permanent occlusion of right middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Cognitive function assessment was performed at 7, 14, and 21 days after MCAO using the Morris water maze test. The brain infarct volume and density of neurons in hippocampus were also determined. Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus was also quantified at the end of experiment. The results showed that cognitive function and neurons density in hippocampus of rats receiving ginger rhizome extract were improved while the brain infarct volume was decreased. The cognitive enhancing effect and neuroprotective effect occurred partly via the antioxidant activity of the extract. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of ginger rhizome to protect against focal cerebral ischemia.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of a novel molecule isolated and characterized from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome is used in the manufacture of pickles and other food preparations due to its unique raw mango flavour. The chloroform extract of mango ginger rhizome was subjected to antibacterial activity-guided purification by repeated silica gel column chromatography to obtain a pure compound. The structure of the isolated compound was deduced by analysing UV, IR, LC-MS and 2D-HMQCT NMR spectral data, and named it as amadaldehyde, a novel compound. It exhibited a wide range of antibacterial activity with potential bactericidal activity against several bacteria. The purified compound also exhibited antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and platelet aggregation inhibitory activities.

RP-thin layer chromatographic method for the quantification of three gingerol homologs of ultrasonic-assisted fresh rhizome extracts of Zingiber officinale collected from North Western Himalayas.

A rapid and sensitive RP high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (RP-HPTLC) methodology was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of gingerols in methanolic extract of fresh ginger rhizome. The samples were chromatographed on RP-TLC glass plates pre-coated with RP-18 60F(254) as the stationary phase. Linear ascending development was carried out in twin trough glass chamber saturated with ternary-solvent system consisting of acetonitrile-water-formic acid (7:2:1 v/v/v) at room temperature (25+/-2 degrees C) and plates were scanned at 500 nm. The system was found to give compact spots for gingerols (R(f) values of 6-gingerol 0.73+/-0.04, 8-gingerol 0.59+/-0.08 and 10-gingerol 0.36+/-0.05). Linearity was found to be in the range of 140-840 ng/spot for 6-gingerol, 168-1008 ng/spot for 8-gingerol and 136-816 ng/spot for 10-gingerol with significantly high value of correlation coefficient. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed linear relationship (r(2)) and ranged from 0.9992 to 0.9937 for 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol. The method was used for routine analyses and to obtain relative amounts of the gingerols in the fresh rhizomes of the ginger cultivated in different locations of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh of North Western Himalayas (India).

PENGARUH EKSTRAK RIMPANG JAHE (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSC.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN PYTHIUM SP. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT REBAH KECAMBAH MENTIMUN SECARA IN VITRO

Effect of the ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) on the growth of Pythium sp., the causal agent of cucumber damping off disease. The Pythium sp. often damaged cucumber seedling in seedbed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger extract on the growth and spore production of Pythium sp. The study was conducted in 2005 at the laboratory of plant pathology, University of Lampung. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were consisted of five level of concentrations of ginger rhizome extract i.e, 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 %. The results show that all concentrations of the rhizome ginger extract inhibited mycelial growth and spore production of Pythium sp. There was a significant linear relationship between the rhizome ginger extract and both of fungal growth and spore production.

Cost-benefit of using some plant extracts in controlling cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the economics of controlling cercospora leaf spot of groundnut using different plant extracts. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized block design (CRDB) with three replications at the Teaching and Research farm of the Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, Sudan savanna of Nigeria during the 2002 and 2003 cropping seasons. Five plant extracts, namely, neem seed, garlic clove, onion bulb, ginger rhizome and pawpaw leaf extracts and a fungicide ridomil were applied as foliar sprays while the controls were left untreated. The application of the plant extracts led to about 3–10% reduction in the disease incidence and 10–15% reduction in disease severity and gave higher seed and haulm yields than the control. Ridomil gave about 16% reduction in disease incidence and 19% reduction in disease severity. The cost-benefit analysis revealed positive returns per hectare from use of the plant extracts for controlling the disease in the study area. Application of neem seed extract, for instance, gave 43.82% seed yield increase over the control which translated into a mean (two years) net profit of N198 730.56 Nigerian Naira equivalent to $1987.31 per hectare. Even the least effective of the plant extracts (ginger rhizome) gave seed yield increase of 24.17% over the control which translated into a mean (two years) net profit of N167 247.00 equivalent to $1672.47 per hectare for the two seasons. The control gave mean net profit of N134 121.21 equivalent to $1341.21 per hectare which is lower than those realized from the plant extracts. The profit from the sell of haulms which is an additional income to the farmer amounted to N50 944.56, equivalent to $509.45 per hectare following application of neem seed extract. These returns are attractive particularly to the farmers in the study area who grow the high yielding, cercospora susceptible Ex-Dakar groundnut variety.

Standardized ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract reduces bacterial load and suppresses acute and chronic inflammation in Mongolian gerbils infected with cagA+ Helicobacter pylori

Previous investigations demonstrated that a standardized extract of ginger rhizome inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori in vitro with a minimum inhibitory concentration in the range 0.78 to 12.5 μg/mL. In the present work, the extract was tested in a rodent model of H. pylori-induced disease, the Mongolian gerbil, to examine the effects of the extract on both prevention and eradication of infection. The extract was administered to Mongolian gerbils at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg body weight in rations either 3 weeks prior to infection or 6 weeks post-infection. Treatment with the standardized ginger extract reduced H. pylori load as compared with controls and significantly (P<0.05) reduced both acute and chronic muscosal and submucosal inflammation, cryptitis, as well as epithelial cell degeneration and erosion induced by H. pylori. Importantly, the extract did not increase morbidity or mortality. Further investigations of the mechanism demonstrated that the ginger extract inhibited the activity of cyclooxygenase-2, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8.5 μg/mL in vitro, inhibited the nuclear factor-κβ transcriptional response in kBZ Jurkat cells (human T lymphocytes) with an IC50 of 24.6 μg/mL, and significantly inhibited the release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IC50 values of 3.89, 7.7, 8.5, and 8.37 μg/mL, respectively. These results suggest ginger extracts may be useful for development as agents to reduce H. pylori-induced inflammation and as for gastric cancer chemoprevention.

Teratogenicity study of combination of ginger rhizome extract and noni fruit extract in Wistar rat

Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. sunti Val.) extract in combination with noni ( Morinda citrifolia Linn.) extract has been proven to be effective in tuberculosis patients. To examine its safety in pregnancy condition, the influence of combination of ethanol extract of ginger and ethanol extract of noni fruit had been studied in pregnant Wistar rat. The ginger and noni extract were administered orally at dose level combination of 50 and 50 mg/kg BW , 500 and 500 mg/kg BW , 1000 and 1000 mg/kg BW on day sixth to fifteenth of gestation. The mother was sacrified on day nineteenth of gestation to observe life fetus, resorption, and growfail fetus. One third of the fetuses eviscerated for skeletal staining with alizarin red and two third of the fetuses were hardened with Bouin’s fixation solution. No malformation were found in the eviscerated group. The combination at all doses did not cause any fetus resorption, growth failure and did not cause malformation in organ and skeleton. The combination dose of 500 and 500 as well as 1000 and 1000 mg/kg BW caused dark red to black color in the liver of rat fetuses of 7.3 and 8.3 % respectively. Key words : teratogenicity study, Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. sunti Val, Morinda citrifolia Linn.

COOKING CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEVON MARINATED WITH GINGER RHIZOME EXTRACT IN DIFFERENT STORAGE PERIODS

ABSTRACT The biceps femoris muscles of 12‐month‐old Osmanabadi goats in the prerigor state were chilled for 24 h at 4 ± 1C, and then cut in 3 × 3 cm chunks and randomly divided into five groups. The chunks were marinated in ginger rhizome extract (GRE) at 1, 3, 5 and 7% along with 600 ppm of ascorbic acid, 2% sodium chloride and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate. The samples were packed in low‐density polyethylene bags and stored at refrigerated storage condition at 4 ± 1C for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. After storage, samples were drawn and the cooking characteristics were determined following the related storage periods. The marination of chevon chunks at 5% GRE improved the cooking yield (83.5–87.9%), cooked density (0.86–0.94%) and gain in height (10.4–8.9%), whereas reduction in diameter (10.1–8.8%) and emulsion stability (12.5–10.44%) were lower than other levels of GRE at all periods of storage.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSChevon is mostly stored at refrigeration conditions to increase its shelf life. However, there is not a limit of acceptability of chevon for the psychrophilic microorganisms that are important to estimate spoilage of refrigerated foods and also its texture. Marination of chevon with ginger rhizome extract at the 5% level along with 600 ppm of ascorbic acid, 2% sodium chloride and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate, and then storage at a refrigerated condition could prevent the spoilage and improve the texture. These levels of marination will be helpful in further studies to decide how long the chevon could be kept safe and tender.