Extract Of Garcinia Kola Research Articles

The effect of Garcinia kola extract on lipopolysaccha-ride-induced tissue damage in rats

Purpose: To study the effect of the crude methanol extract of Garcinia kola seed on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue damage in rats Methods: A total of 16 rats were split equally into four treatment groups: Normal controls, LPS-treated only, LPS-treated + 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) extract, LPS-treated + 250 mg/kg b.w. extract. LPS was administered via the intraperitoneal route once and the extract orally administered to the rats for 14 days. Indices of liver and kidney function were later assessed. Results: The results showed that LPS caused marked elevations in the blood levels of alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, creatinine, urea, nitric oxide and a significant reduction in the catalase activity in both liver and kidney. The thiobarbituric acid reactive species were also increased in liver. These levels were brought to near control values when the rats were fed with the extract. The changes were more pronounced in the rats given the 250 mg/kg b.w. of the extract. Conclusion: The data suggest that Garcinia kola significantly reduced the tissue damage induced by LPS which may be dose-dependent. This is probably due to the interaction of the various phytochemicals with LPS and/or to the fact that the extract possesses significant antioxidant properties. Keywords: Garcinia kola, lipopolysaccharide, creatine, urea, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicityTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8 (1) 2009: pp. 27-31

Antibacterial Interaction of Crude Methanol Extract of <i>Garcinia kola</i> Seed with Gatifloxacin

Purpose: Concurrent use of orthodox and herbal medicines is likely to precipitate an overall effect which may or may not be beneficial to the patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial interaction between the methanol extract of Garcinia kola seed (GKS) which is chewed habitually as a masticatory in many rural communities in Africa and gatifloxacin (GAT), a fourth generation fluoroquinolone. Method: The antimicrobial interaction between these two agents was evaluated by a modification of the checkerboard technique using Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus as the test organisms. Result: Results obtained showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gatifloxacin against both organisms was 1.0 μg/ml while the MICs of the G. kola seed extract were evaluated to be 1.562 mg/ml and 3.125 mg/ml respectively against B. subtilis and S. aureus. Upon combination, synergism was manifested serially against B. subtilis in ratios of 9(GAT):1(GKS) down to 6(GAT) :4(GKS) after which additivity, indifference and antagonism, in that order, were manifested as the ratio of GKS increased in the combination. Against S. aureus, the combined interaction showed a somewhat irregular pattern of effect, including synergism at GAT:GKS ratios of 9:1, 2:8 and 1:9 , antagonism at ratios of 8:2, 5:5 and 4:6 and indifference at GAT:GKS ratios of 7:3, 6:4 and 3:7. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that the effect of combination of the methanol extract of GKS with gatifloxacin was dependent not only on the ratio of combination but also on the test organism employed for the evaluation. Overall, the combined antimicrobial effect of the interaction between GKS and gatifloxacin was predominantly synergistic against B.subtilis. Keywords: Garcinia kola seed, antibacterial interaction, checkerboard technique, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, gatifloxacinTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7(4) 2008: pp. 1159-1165

The bioactive and phytochemical properties of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extract on some pathogens

In vitro antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Garcinia kola was investigated against some bacterial isolates comprising of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The methanolic crude extract exhibited significant inhibitory action against eleven out of fifteen bacterial isolates tested at a final concentration of 20 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extract against the tested organisms ranged between 10 and 23 mm, while the zones of inhibition exhibited by streptomycin and tetracycline used as standard antibiotics ranged between 15 and 25 mm; 12 and 25 mm respectively. On the other hand, the minimum inhibitory concentrations exerted by the extract against the bacterial isolates ranged between 0.079 and 5.00 mg/ml while the ranged exhibited by streptomycin was between 0.0157 and 0.50 mg/ml. The plant extract compared favourably with the two standard antibiotics used in this study. The following phytochemical compounds were present in the plant extract: flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycoside, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars.

The bioactive and phytochemical properties of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extract on some pathogens

In vitro antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Garcinia kola was investigated against some bacterial isolates comprising of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The methanolic crude extract exhibited significant inhibitory action against eleven out of fifteen bacterial isolates tested at a final concentration of 20 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extract against the tested organisms ranged between 10 and 23 mm, while the zones of inhibition exhibited by streptomycin and tetracycline used as standard antibiotics ranged between 15 and 25 mm; 12 and 25 mm respectively. On the other hand, the minimum inhibitory concentrations exerted by the extract against the bacterial isolates ranged between 0.079 and 5.00 mg/ml while the ranged exhibited by streptomycin was between 0.0157 and 0.50 mg/ml. The plant extract compared favourably with the two standard antibiotics used in this study. The following phytochemical compounds were present in the plant extract: flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycoside, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars. Key words: Garcinia kola, antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations, phytochemical compounds.

Antimicrobial Effects Of Three Tropical Plant Extracts On <I>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans</I>

Antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citatrus (lemongrass) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) and the seed extracts of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) were carried out. G. kola had effect only on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with no inhibition on Candida albicans. Ethanol, cold water and hot water extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Cymbopogon citratus showed inhibition on the three organism but G. kola ethanol, cold water and hot water extracts only inhibited S. aureus and E. coli with no inhibition on Candida albicans. The organism's susceptibility varied with more inhibition to S. aureus and least to Candida albicans.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Some Medicinal Plants for Fresh Cassava Roots Preservation

2 Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria Abstract: The inhibitory effects of water, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of three medicinal plants were investigated on the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus sp., Mucor and Erwinia spp isolated from rotted cassava roots on potato dextrose agar. The ethanol extracts of garlic and Landolphia owerrience gave a wider spectrum of activity against the pathogens compared to that of petroleum ether and water. The combination of the extracts of Garlic (Alium sativum) and Garcinia kola demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of the pathogens after 16 days in storage with 2% rot, while that of Garlic and Landolphia owerrience roots exhibited little or no activity unlike the individual extracts. The potency shown by the extracts in overcoming the colonies of the tested pathogens recommends their use as protectants rather than eradicants.

Protective effect of Garcinia kola (kolaviron) extract on predisposition of rats to cardiovascular diseases following separate administration of amodiaquine and artesunate.

This study was carried out to investigate the cardiovascular effect of administration of antimalarial drugs amodiaquine and artesunate and the efficacy of Garcinia kola extract (kolaviron) in protecting against such possible effect. Thirty (30) adult male albino rats divided into six (6) groups were used in this study. Groups D, E and F were treated with 100 mg/Kg b. w. of the extract twice daily for the first one week and 200 mg/Kg b. w./day for the subsequent three (3) weeks. Amodiaquine (10 mg/Kg b. w./day) was administered orally for four (4) days into rats in groups A and E while rats in groups B and F were treated with artesunate (5 mg/Kg b. w./day) for four (4) days. Group C rats (normal control) were treated with normal saline. All the rats were sacrificed after four (4) weeks treatment period. Blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture while the liver, kidney, stomach and heart were removed, cleansed and weighed. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in the serum, while total fibrinogen, platelet count, red blood cell and white blood cell count were measured in the whole blood. The artherogenic and coronary risk index were also determined. Results indicate that both amodiaquine and artesunate predispose to cardiovascular disease, however the effect was more pronounced with artesunate than amodiaquine. The result also suggests that both drugs could increase the risk of coronary and artherogenic diseases and that Garcinia kola do not prevent the cardiotoxicity and coronary risk effect.

A Study of the Hepatoprotective effect of <i>Garcinia Kola</i> Water Extract in Amodiaquine and Artesunate Treated Rats

The effect of kolaviron, a water extract of Garcinia Kola on hepatotoxicity induced by the antimalarial drug, amodiaquine was investigated. The effect was compared with that of artesunate, another antimalarial agent. Thirty (30) adult male rats divided into six (6) groups were used in the study. Groups D, E and F were treated with 100mg/Kg of the extract twice daily for the first one week and 200mg/Kg/day for the subsequent three (3) weeks. Amodiaquine (10mg/Kg/day) was administered orally for four (4) days into rats in groups A and E while rats in groups B and F were treated with artesunate (5mg/Kg/day for four {4} days). Group C was treated with normal saline and kept as test control. All the rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks treatment period. Blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture while the liver was removed, homogenized and used for both biochemical and histological analysis. Treatment with amodiaquine resulted in increase in relative liver weight while this increase was reversed by pre-treatment with Garcinia kola extract. Amodiaquine treatment also resulted in significant increase in liver postmitochondria lipid peroxidation, while pretreatment with Garcinia Kola significantly decrease the MDA value from the 62.53±0.60 unit/g tissue (prior to Garcinia Kola administration) to 44.43± 2.16unit/g tissues. Treatment with artesunate neither caused a significant change in the relative liver weight nor in the lipid peroxidation value. Amodiaquine treatment also resulted in significant increase in serum ALT and AST activities and a subsequent decrease in these parameters in the liver, whereas, the observed changes were reversed with pretreatment with Garcinia kola extract. Treatment with artesunate and pretreatment with Garcinia kola prior to artesunate administration did not alter these parameters significantly. Histological examinations of the liver slices correlated with the observations in the serum and liver. The present study indicates that Garcinia Kola is effective in preventing the hepatotoxic effect due to prophylactic administration of amodiaquine. It also emphasized that prophylactic treatment with artesunate does not cause a significant alteration in liver function. Keywords: Garcinia Kola, hepatotoxicity, amodiaquine, artesunate, lipid peroxidationNigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol. 6 (2) 2007: pp. 9-15

Antifungal Activities of Garcinia Kola Extracts On purulent Human Ocular Discharges in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos

Garcinia Kolanut is a natural fruit native to west Africa. The medicine properties of its tree and the fruit are currently and vastly being studied. Following the studies done on laboratory animals and in-vitro bacterial flora from hospital clinic patients\' eye, it become more obvious that these same extracts could also have antifungal activities. These form the bases for this study. Crude extract were obtained as in previous studies using two methods described by Irobi. Fungal micro-organisms were obtained from swabs of corneal abscess scrapings and conjunctival discharges of the Guinness eye center clinic patients, sent to the microbiologists for microscopy, culture and sensitivities. Patients\' eyes were treated with orthodox known antifungal drugs. Fungal isolates from the swabbed eyes were studied for sensitivities and inhibitory effects of 5% extracts of Garcinia Kolanuts extracts in water and in methanol. Comparison study with other three antifungal drugs was done. Studies show that Garcinia Kolanut extracts exhibited significant sensitivity and inhibitory activities against the fungal micro-organisms isolated from patients\' eyes in this study. The discovery of a drug useful and effective in the management of both bacterial and fungal infections will be a big breakthrough for ophthalmologists. NQJHM Vol. 14 (1) 2004: pp. 112-114

Biocidal activity of partially purified fractions from methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds on bacterial isolates

The in vitro antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract of the seeds of Garcinia kola was investigated. The extracts exhibited antibacterial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 mm to 25 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the diethyl ether fraction was between 0.313 and 5.0 mg/ml, while that of butanol fraction varied from 0.157 to 5.0 mg/ml. The butanol fraction killed about 77% of Bacillus anthracis and 79% of Escherichia coli cells within 120 min at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Protein leakage from the B. anthracis and E. coli cells when exposed to the butanol and diethyl ether fractions was observed. We conclude that Garcinia kola seed extract has a broad spectrum antibacterial activity, with the butanol and diethyl ether fractions being bactericidal as exemplified by the killing rate and protein leakage regimes, which suggest cell membrane disruption as a mechanism of action of the extract.

Microanatomical Effect of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola on the lung of Swiss albino mice

Microanatomical Effect of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola on the lung of Swiss albino mice

Eco‐friendly corrosion inhibitors: inhibitive action of ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola for the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4 solutions

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the inhibitive effect of ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola (EXG) for the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4 solutions. The study is another trial to find a cheap and environmentally safe inhibitor for mild steel corrosion.Design/methodology/approachThe inhibition efficiency has been evaluated using the hydrogen evolution technique at 30‐60°C. The mechanism of adsorption inhibition and type of adsorption isotherm were proposed based on the trend of inhibition efficiency and kinetic data.FindingsThe results obtained indicate that EXG inhibits the corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium and that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration of ethanol extracts and decreasing temperature. The inhibition efficiency increased on addition of potassium iodide to EXG, indicating synergism. The experimental data obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm as well as the El‐Awady et al. thermodynamic‐kinetic model. The activation energy of inhibition of 6.8508 KJ/mol calculated for the corrosion process suggests that the EXG molecules are physically adsorbed on the metal surface.Research limitations/implicationsFurther investigations involving electrochemical studies such as polarization method will provide further enlightenment on the mechanistic aspect of the corrosion inhibition.Originality/valueThis paper provides new information on the possible application of EXG as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor under the specified conditions. This environmentally friendly inhibitor could find possible applications in metal surface anodizing and surface coatings.

Antibacterial properties of Uvaria chamae, Congronema latifolium, Garcinia kola, Vemonia amygdalina and Aframomium melegueta

The antimicrobial efficacy of cold and hot water and ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola, Congronema latifolium, Aframomium melegueta, Vemonia amygdalina and Uvaria chamae on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio spp. were determined using well in agar diffusion technique. Cold and hot water extracts of G. kola and U. chamae moderately inhibited the growth of S. aureus and S. pyogenes with zone of inhibition of between 9 – 15 mm. V. amygdalina, G. kola and C. latifolium slightly inhibited S. pyogenes and E. coli with a zone of clearing of between 7 -13 mm. Cold or hot ethanol extracts of U. chamae, G. kola and V. amygdalina profoundly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. typhi to about 13 to 21 mm. Also ethanol extract of C. latifolium inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes and E. coli with zone size between 13 to 20 mm. While P. aeruginosa was slightly inhibited by ethanol extracts of G. kola, A. melegueta and U. chamae. Soxhlet extracts of U. chamae, G. kola, V.Amygdalina and C. latifolium profoundly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. typhi with zone of inhibition ranging from 13 – 22 mm. Vibro spp. were not inhibited by the cold and hot extract as well as soxhlet extracts of all the plants tested. The standard microorganisms, E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. aureus NCTC 6571, were moderately inhibited by the various test plant extracts with zones of inhibition ranging between 8 mm to 20 mm. This study reveals the antibacterial potentials of these plants.

Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds and standard antibiotics.

The methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds and eight standard antibiotics were tested in-vitro for comparative activity against 10 isolates of each of six bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , all from throat infections. The methanolic extract exerted activity against all the bacteria tested almost in similar manner as gentamicin. Of the remaining seven standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline showed activity against one organism or the other. Remarkably, augmentinR, cloxacillin and cotrimoxazole had no activity against any of the bacterial isolates. Amoxycillin was able to affect only 2 of the 8 isolates of Esch. coli. This has lent credence to the ethnopharmaceutical claims of the curative affect of raw-chewed Garcinia kola seeds on throat infections as well as highlighting the bacterial resistance to standard antibiotics, particularly, the β-lactams. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 8 (1) 2007: pp. 68-76

The Effects of Methanolic Seed Extract of Garcinia kola on Some Specific and Non-Specific Immune Responses in Mice

The Effects of Methanolic Seed Extract of Garcinia kola on Some Specific and Non-Specific Immune Responses in Mice

Effect of aqueos extract of Garcinia Kola on some liver enyzme of rats with carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage

Effect of aqueos extract of Garcinia Kola on some liver enyzme of rats with carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage

Assessment of the antioxidant potential of alcoholic extract of <i>Garcinia</i> kola seed in alcohol induced testicular oxidative stress in sprague-dawley rat

The action of alcoholic extract of Garcinia kola (G. kola) seed as an antioxidant was investigated in alcohol induced testicular oxidative stress. 40 adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100 - 150g were used for the study. These were divided into a control and 7 experimental groups of 6 rats each. These were fed one of alcohol, G. kola or alcohol and G. kola combined daily by gastric gavage. At the end of eight weeks of experiment, the animals were sacrificed after anaesthesia, Histological study (H & E), sperm count, assay for testicular Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Catalase activity were determined. Results obtained revealed testicular lesion in the groups that received 500mg/kgw of extract, and 500mg/kgw with 2g of ethanol (concurrently) for 8 weeks. Slightly reduced sperm count was observed in ethanol/ extract (500mg/kg) combined group. There was increased testicular MDA and increased catalase activity in the groups that received 2g of ethanol only and 2g of ethanol concurrently with 500mg/kg extract. G. kola seed extract has a dose dependent antioxidant activity but may not be effective in alleviating alcohol induced testicular oxidative stress. Keywords : Garcinia kola seed, antioxidant, alcohol induced stress, testis, rat Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences Vol. 5(1) 2006: 37-42

Effect Of Garcinia Kola Seed Alkaloid Extract On Levels Of Gonadal Hormones And Pitutary Gonadotrophins In Rat Serum

The effects of three tolerated oral doses (350 mg/kg, 1500 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg) of methanolic alkaloid extract of Garcinia kola seed (GKA) on serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, FSH and LH were observed in female rats (125-170 g). The control animals received 2ml oral doses of methanolic saline (0.9% NaCl) daily and the treatment period of dosing for all animals lasted 3, 7 or 30 days, at the end of which they were exsanguinated to collect serum for hormonal assays. In another study, the effects of daily oral doses of GKA (350 mg/kg or 2000 mg/kg for days; 300 mg/kg, 1300 mg/kg or 2000 mg/kg for days; 1500 mg/kg for 14 days) on serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH were observed in male rats (150 – 175). The experiments showed that serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels were lower, while estradiol and progesterone levels were higher, than control values in females. There was marked reduction in serum testosterone and a concomitant elevation of serum FSH and LH in males. The findings suggest a possible antifertility consequence of treatment with GKA. Key words: Garcinia kola seeds; alkaloids; gonadotrophins; sex hormones. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences Vol.18(1-2) 2003: 59-64

Studies on the effect of aqueous extracts of <i>Garcinia kola</i> seeds on human erythrocytes adenosine triphosphatases of HbAA, HbAS and HbSS genotypes

The activities of the membrane-bound ATPases (Na + , K + -ATPase: E. C. 3.6.1.37; Ca 2+ -ATPase: E. C. 3.6.1.38, and Mg 2+ -ATPase: E. C. 3.6.1.3) were determined in erythrocytes obtained from HbAA, HbAS and HbSS genotypes. For Na + , K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase, the activity trend was HbAA > HbAS > HbSS while for Mg 2+ -ATPase, the trend was HbSS > HbAS > HbAA. The aqueous extract of Garcinia kola seed increased the activity of Na + , K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase in the three genotypes with the trend of HbSS > HbAS > HbAA. Phenylalanine, a known anti-sickling agent, showed similar activating effect as the extract. In contrast, both the extract and phenylalanine decreased the activity of Mg 2+ -ATPase from all the genotypes, showing the trend of HbSS > HbAS > HbAA. The three ATPases obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent K m for the three different genotypes for ATP were similar for the ATPases with the values of 5.62+0.02, 5.27+0.02 and 4.65+0.03 mM ATP-Na 2 for (Na + , K + )- ; Ca 2+ -; and Mg 2+ -ATPases, respectively. An activation constant of 0.317 g/ml of extract, for the Ca 2+ -ATPase of HbSS erythrocyte was obtained while the inhibition constant, K i , of the extract on Mg 2+ -ATPase from HbSS erythrocyte by the extract was 1.23 g/ml of extract. These findings are of significance to the suggested use of the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds in ameliorating sickle cell crisis. Key Words: adenosine triphosphatases, erythrocytes, genotypes, phenylalanine Global Jnl Medical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2003: 107-114

Possible protective effect of kolaviron on CCl4-induced erythrocyte damage in rats.

The possible protective effect of kolaviron on rat erythrocytes following simultaneous administration of kolaviron (100 mg/kg of body weight/day) with carbon tetrachloride CCl4 (1.195 g/kg of body weight/day) by separate intraperitoneal injections was investigated. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid fraction of the defatted alcoholic extract of Garcinia kola seed, inhibits the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in erythrocytes. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) by about 34%, of lipid peroxidation products was observed in erythrocytes of rats treated simultaneously with CCl4 and kolaviron when compared to CCl4-treated rats. Similarly, the significant increase (p < 0.05) in membrane cholesterol observed in CCl4-treated rats was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in rats treated simultaneously with CCl4 and kolaviron. Therefore, there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in cholesterol phospholipid ratio (C/P) of rats treated simultaneously with CCl4 and kolaviron, and the controls. Thus, kolaviron normalizes the CCl4-induced change in erythrocyte membrane composition. In addition, kolaviron antagonizes the effect of CCl4 on the activity of the membrane bound enzyme, Ca2+-ATPase. These results suggest that kolaviron protects erythrocyte membranes from free radical attack, on both lipids and proteins.