Datura Extracts Research Articles

Residual Toxicity of Synthetic and Bio-Insecticides Sprayed on Okra against Whitefly (Bemisia Tabaci [Genn.

In order to compare residual toxicity of synthetic and bio-insecticides sprayed on okra against whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Genn.), the experiment was conducted at the experimental site, Poonch University of Agriculture Rawalakot (AJK) during 2016. The crop was sprayed with five synthetic pesticides including Tracer (Spinosad), Runner (Methoxyfenozide), Radiant (Spinetoram), Belt (Flubendiamide) and Coragen (Chlorantraniliprole) as well as eight botanical pesticides based on Neem ( Azadirachta indica ), Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), Tooh ( Citrullus colocynthus (L.) Schrad), Datura ( Datura stramonium ), Garlic ( Allium sativum L.), Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus obliqua , E. occidentalis ) and Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ). The determined dissipation response of these synthetic and botanical pesticides their toxic residual effects on edible okra pods were recorded upto 2 weeks of spray. The toxic residues of Tracer (EU-MRLs = 0.015 mg/kg -1 ); Runner (EU-MRLs=0.05 mg/kg -1 ), Belt (EU-MRLs= 0.01 mg/kg -1 ) persisted upto 7 days after spray; while Radiant (EU-MRLs=0.025 mg/kg -1 ) showed strong persistence of high residual toxicity upto 14 days of spray. However, Coragen showed toxic residues below EU-MRLs (0.60 mg/kg -1 ) after 3 days of spray. Extracts of neem, tobacco and tooh/tumma were more effective against whitefly compared to Datura, Garlic, Eucalyptus and Ginger extracts. The neem based bio-insecticides were more effective to inhibit whitefly population; while tobacco, tooh/tumma and ginger extracts also suppressed whitefly population considerably. Although chemical control was most effective to combat whitefly population, but for a crop that is harvested for its edible pods almost daily or at alternate day, the use of these poisons is extremely harmful for human health. The botanical extracts suppressed whitefly population appreciably and pods from the sprayed plots were free of any toxic effects on the next day of spray.

EFFICIENCY OF BIOCIDES, FUNGICIDES AND PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST FUSARIUM SOLANI ON TOMATO PLANTS

Tomato is one of the most important economic vegetable crops which are attacked by several serious diseases such as root-rot. The effect of biocides (Bio-Zeid, Bio-Arc, Plant guard and Clean-Root), fungicides (Rhizolex-T, Vitavax 200 and Maxiam) and plant extracts (Eucalyptus globules, Allium cepa, Datura spp, and Mentha viridis) on growth of Fusarium solani fungus in vitro and on root-rot disease of tomato caused by Fusarium Solani and their effect on biochemical changes were studied under greenhouse conditions. In vitro, all tested biocides were able to inhibit growth of F. solani. Seed treatment with biocides decreased percentage of disease incidence compared with control. Bio-Zeid was the most effective compared with other biocides. All fungicides were able to inhibit linear growth of F. solani compared to the control. Rhizolex-T and Vitavax 200 were the most effective fungicides treatments followed by Maxiam. All water extracts of camphor, onion, Datura and Mint were able to inhibit growth of F. solani compared to the control. Seed of tomato treatment with plant extract decreased disease incidence. Water extract of onion plants was the most effective compared with other plant extracts. Also, all treatments effected on enzymes activity, Bio-Zeid gave the highest increment in peroxidase followed by Bio-Arc and Rhizolex-T. Where, onion gave the highest increase in polyphenloxidase activity followed by Bio-Zeid. Also it gave the highest increase in chitinase activity followed by Rhizolex-T compared to other treatments.

Green Synthesis of Copper Bionanoparticles to Control the Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease of Rice

Copper bionanoparticles were successfully synthesized using leaf aqueous extract of Datura innoxia from copper sulphate. Nanoparticles were characterized with the help of UV-Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. FESEM analysis showed that the particles were spherical in shape with size ranging from 5 to 15 nm. The antimicrobial activity of copper bionanoparticles revealed that they are effective growth inhibitors against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , the causative organism of bacterial leaf blight of paddy.

Evaluation of In vitro Antiviral Activity of Datura metel Linn. Against Rabies Virus.

Objective:The soxhlet and cold extracts of Datura metel Linn. were evaluated for in vitro antirabies activity.Materials and Methods:Soxhlet and cold extraction method were used to extract Datura (fruit and seed) extracts. In vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Based on the CC50 range, the in vitro antirabies activity of the extracts was screened by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test and molecular method.Results:The Datura (fruit and seed) extracts were not cytotoxic below 5 mg/ml (CC50). Titer of 10−4 rabies virus challenge virus standard (RV CVS) (1 50% tissue culture infective dose [1 TCID50]) was obtained by RFFT method and the challenge dose of 10 TCID50 was used for antirabies assay. Datura fruit and seed (soxhlet and cold) extracts showed 50% inhibition of RV CVS at 2.5 mg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml (inhibitory concentration 50% [IC50]), respectively. The tested extracts showed selectivity index (CC50/IC50) ranging from 2 to 4. The viral RNA was extracted and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed which also revealed a 2-fold reduction of viral load at 1.25 mg/ml of the Datura seed (soxhlet methanolic and cold aqueous) extracts.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of in vitro antiviral activity of D. metel Linn. against rabies virus. Datura seed extracts have a potential in vitro antirabies activity and, in future, can be further screened for in vivo activity against rabies virus in murine model.SUMMARY In the present study, Datura metel. Linn showed and in-vitro anti rabies activity in Vero cell line which was determined by RFFIT method and PCR method

Evaluation of Three Botanicals, Bavistin and BAU-Biofungicide for Controlling Leaf Spot of Groundnut Caused by <i>Cercospora arachidicola</i> and <i>Cercosporidium personatum</i>

A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three selected botanicals namely leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica), Debdaru (Polyalthia longifolia) and datura (black) (Datura metel) along with Bavistin (Carbendazim) and BAU-biofungicide (Trichoderma harzianum) against leaf spot disease (tikka) of groundnut caused by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum at the Field Research Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2009-10. The most effective treatments were Bavistin, BAU-biofungicide (seed treatment + spray), BAU-biofungicide (spray) and leaf extract of Neem. Bavistin increased pod and dry haulm yield by 53.51 and 24-80 %, respectively. Maximum pod yield and dry haulm weight were recorded under Bavistin. BAU-biofungicide (seed treatment + spray) produced the second highest pod and dry haulm yield followed by leaf extract of Neem and BAU-biofungicide (spray). BAU-biofungicide (seed treatment + spray) and leaf extract of Neem may be recommended for controlling leaf spot disease of groundnut. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i1.19579 The Agriculturists 2014; 12(1) 41-49

Effect of some Plant Extracts and Antioxidants on Onion White Rot

White rot of onion is still one of the most destructive diseases in Egypt causing significant losses in bulb yield. The causal organism produces abundant amount of sclerotia in the soil and therefore, it has been established in many parts of Egypt particularly in upper and Middle Egypt. Different methods of disease management were applied; however, the disease is still the main problem of onion in Egypt. Plant extracts, i.e. neem and datura, as well as salicylic acid and sodium benzoate antioxidants were tested to control the disease under either greenhouse or field conditions. Obtained results were compared to a fungicidal treatment (Folicur) at different concentrations using the onion (cv. Giza 20). A field experiment was carried out for two seasons (2011 and 2012). Application of plant extracts of neem and datura reduced the rot incidence accompanied by high amount of free phenols and reducing sugars which were higher in the treated plants. Moreover, application of antioxidants reduced the rot incidence.

Rediscovering the medicinal properties of Datura sp.: A review

Datura is known as a medicinal plant and plant hallucinogen all over the world. Datura has a very special place in Ayurveda since all parts of the plant namely leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, have been used for a wide range of medication such as treatment of leprosy, rabies, insanity, etc. The extract of Datura, however, is a potent poison and its indiscriminate use may lead to delirium and acute poisoning that may lead to death. The active constituents in Datura include scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine, withanolides (lactones) and other tropanes. Recently, withanolide compounds have shown significant antitumor, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, sedative, cytostatic and immunosuppressive activity. The present review includes phytochemical investigations and biological activities of various Datura species wherein several novel compounds have been isolated, characterized and screened for their biological activities. Key words: Datura, chemical constituents, alkaloids, biological activities, therapeutic usage.

Acute toxicity of Clarias gariepinus exposed to Datura innoxia leaf extract

Acute toxicity test was carried out with aqueous extract of Datura innoxia leaf on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for 96 h under laboratory conditions using static bioassays with continuous aeration. The LC50 of the exposed fingerlings was 120.23 mg/L with lower and upper confidence limits of 96.18 and 150.29 mg/L, respectively. The fish exhibited loss of balance, respiratory distress, vertical and erratic movement, accumulation of mucus on the body surface and gill filament and death. Water quality parameters were within recommended acceptable limits. Key words: Datura innoxia, Clarias gariepinus, static bioassays, 96 h LC50.

Antibacterial activity of clove, cinnamon, and datura extracts against Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica causative agent of black stem and soft rot on potato

This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata) hexane extract, cinnamon (Cinnamomum zelanicum), and datura (Datura metel) ethanol extracts against the phytopathogenic Erwinia carotovora subsp. atrosepticagrowth, causative agent of black stem and soft rot on potato, in both cultured media and on plants in pots under natural conditions. Concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% of each extract were subjected for preliminary antibacterial assays against E. carotovora subsp.atroseptica in nutrient agar by pour plate method. The results of in vitro antibacterial activity showed that hexane extract (essential oil) of clove at 0.2% exhibits the highest inhibitory effect against the pathogenic bacteria, 100% compared to 80 and 90% with ethanol extracts of cinnamon and datura at the same concentration. The complete inhibition of E. carotovorasubsp. atroseptica growth by cinnamon and datura extracts was achieved at 0.5% concentration. Similar results of the antibacterial activity of the extracts on E. carotovorasubsp. atroseptica, on the plant in the pots under natural conditions, were obtained. The greatest suppression of potato black stem and soft rot disease was obtained on plants grown from extract-treated tubers sown in bacteria contaminated soil as well as on plants grown from bacteria-contaminated tubers sown in extract-treated soil (zero infection), compared with untreated tubers in contaminated soil, or contaminated tuber in untreated soil. The application of extracts on potato plant foliage grown from bacteria-contaminated tubers or in bacteria-contaminated soil had no effect on disease incidence, but the application of the extracts on the foliage before bacterial contamination highly inhibited the disease incidence. Key words: Antibacterial, clove, cinnamon, datura, Erwinia carotovora, black stem, soft rot, potato disease, plant extracts.

Determination of tropane alkaloids atropine and scopolamine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in plant organs of Datura species

Hyoscyamine (atropine) and scopolamine are the predominant tropane alkaloids in the Datura genus, occurring in all plant organs. The assessment of the alkaloid content of various plant parts is essential from the viewpoint of medical use, but also as a potential risk of toxicity for humans and animals. Therefore, a reliable method for the determination of tropane alkaloid content is of high importance. The present work aimed at the elaboration of a rapid method for determination of the most abundant Datura alkaloids by LC–MS technique using a new generation of core–shell particle packed column. Tropane alkaloid content was investigated in various plant organs of four Datura taxa (D. innoxia, D. metel, D. stramonium, and D. stramonium var. tatula), grown under the same conditions, in two developmental stages. We have developed a rapid LC–MS method for the quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine, which was successfully applied to quantify the alkaloids in different plant organs (leaves, flowers, stems, seeds) of thorn apples after a simple sample preparation step. Elaboration and validation of the method and analysis of plant extracts were done by UFLC–MS technique, employing an Ascentis Express C18 column. Detection was done in positive ionization mode (ESI+) and the method suitability was evaluated by several validation characteristics. Quantitation limits are 333 and 167pgmL−1 for scopolamine and atropine, respectively, and the method shows very good repeatability. The analysis of Datura extracts revealed significant differences depending on the species, the organ and the sampling period. Atropine was found to be dominant over scopolamine in three out of the four taxa investigated. D. innoxia showed the highest concentrations of scopolamine in all organs examined, whereas D. metel accumulated the lowest scopolamine levels. Hyoscyamine, measured as atropine, was the highest in D. stramonium var. tatula, and the lowest in D. innoxia. Samples collected in summer had higher scopolamine levels than autumn samples, concerning both stems and leaves.

Study of antidiarrhoeal effect of Datura innoxia leave extract against diarrhoea induce by Castor oil and magnesium sulphate in mice

Aqueous extract of DI leaves was given to mice , at graded dose (100&200mg/kgB.W,P.O) to evaluat its antidiarrhoeal potential by using four experimentally induced diarrhoea treated groups each consis of five mice and one control group.Castor oil and magnesium sulphate were used to induce diarrhoea in mice,The extract at both doses showed a remarkable antidiarrhoeal activity manifested by significant delay in onset of diarrhea , decrease in number of wet stools , total number of stools and total weight of fecal output in 4 hours in both castor oil and magnesium sulphate induced diarrheal groups of mice. The results of this study reveal that The aqueous extract of Datura innoxia leaves contains pharmacologically active substance with antidiarrhoeal properties .These properties may explain the rational use of the plant as antidiarrhoeal agent in the traditional medicine.

Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts on Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Potato

Pure methanol (m) and methanol water (mw) extracts of 5 plants namely: peppermint, eucalyptus, lavandula, Russian knapweed and datura were screened for their antifungal ability against Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot of potato at 5, 10 and 15% concentrations in vitro. Fungicide mancozeb 0.2% was also used for better comparison. Poisoned food technique and spore germination assay method were used to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant extracts. Present findings showed that methanol extracts of eucalyptus, peppermint and lavandula had impressive antifungal effects in inhibiting the mycelial growth as well as spore germination of the pathogen. It was also found that methanol extracts were quite more effective than methanol water extracts in this regard. Methanol extracts of peppermint (15%), lavandula (15%), peppermint (10%) and eucalyptus (15%) demonstrated promising ability in inhibiting the mycelial growth of A. alternata by 0.13, 0.40, 0.43 and 0.50 cm, mycelial growth respectively, while majority of methanol water extracts had either less or no effects in this connection. Spore germination of A. alternata was prominently reduced by methanol extracts, while those of methanol water extracts had very less effects in this regard. Mancozeb (0.2%), methanol extracts of eucalyptus (15%) and peppermint (10%) by 2, 6 and 7% spore germination were best, while methanol water extracts of datura 10, 15 and 5%, lavandula 15 and 10% and also Russian knapweed 5% represented no effect and by 91, 89, 87, 87, 85 and 85% spore germination were at par with control. Findings from this study confirmed that plant extracts can be used as less hazardous natural fungicides in controlling plant pathogenic fungi, thus reducing the dependence on the synthetic fungicides. Methanol extracts of peppermint, eucalyptus and lavandula might be promising materials for natural formulations in controlling Alternaria leaf spot of potato in the field.

Antibacterial activity of certain plant extracts against bacterial wilt of tomato

Five isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum were isolated from a naturally wilted root of tomato plants grown in Assiut governorate. The antibacterial activity of extract of Datura, Garlic and Nerium were tested in controlling R. solanacearum in vitro and in vivo. Garlic exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against bacterial wilt in vitro and in vivo followed by Datura and then Nerium. Cold water extracts of these plant species were more effective than hot water extract in the development of the disease in vivo. In greenhouse experiments, the application of the tested plant extract to soil at the time of inoculation, two days before inoculation and two days after inoculation the pathogen, significantly reduced the disease index of wilt on Super Marmande tomato cultivars. The application of plant extracts at the same time as inoculation resulted in the highest reduction of disease index.

Effect of T. harzanum, Fungicides and Plants Extracts on Leaf Spot Disease of Broad Bean Caused by A. alternate in Greenhouse

The study was conducted by using several factors to control leaf spot disease of Vicia faba caused by Alternaria alternata. The bio control agent Trichoderma harzianum proved to have a high antagonistic ability against the pathogen (invitro). All three fungicides, benomyl captan and metalaxyl gave a significant inhibitions to the growth of A.alternata, Benomyl was the best since it caused 100% inhibition at the concentration of 200 mg a.i / Liter, Also Plant extracts of Datura innoxia, Olea europaea and ocimum basilicum Inhibited the growth of the fungus, with the maximum inhibition 85.55% caused by Datura at 25mg/ml followed by Olive then Ocimum. In greenhouse experiments, all individual treatments caused significant reduction of infection and severity of the disease as compared to control. Seed treatment with benomyl was the best treat and gave 20.4% and 0.15 respectively. The incorporation of different control measures together using plant extract of Datura, benomyl and T.harzianum gave a high synergistic effect in decreasing infection in cidence and severity of the disease to 10.5% and 0.06 respectvely Moreover, it gave a significant increase in plant length and fresh weight by 41.57cm and 43.80g respectively.

Growth and development of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under foliar application of panchgavya and leaf extracts of endemic plants

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, CAZRI, Jaisalmer during kharif 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applied panchgavya on the physiological growth, nutrient uptake, yield and economics of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) with and without mixing leaf extracts of neem ( Azadirachta indica), datura ( Datura metel) and tumba ( Citr ullus colocynthis). The results of the experiment revealed that foliar appli- cation of panchgavya + neem leaf extract (NLE) recorded significant improvement in chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, root nodule weight, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, nutrient content and uptake of groundnut when compared with control and panchgavya alone. Yield attributes (pod weight, pod index, kernel index, shelling per cent) and harvest index were also recorded significantly higher with panchgavya + NLE. The pod, haulm and biological yield increased by 54, 25 and 39% with foliar application of panchgavya + NLE over the control. Maximum net return (Rs 45,399/ha) and B: C ratio (2.19) was recorded with foliar application of panchgavya + NLE over other sources. Foliar application at branching (35 DAS) and flowering (55 DAS) re- corded significantly higher growth and yield of groundnut, net return (Rs 42,880/ha) and benefit: cost (2.06) than foliar application of the sources either one of these two stages.

Scopolamine intoxication as a model of transient global amnesia

In Colombia (South America) during recent decades the administration of scopolamine, extracted from plants belonging to the Datura or Brugmansia genus, has become an important neurologic and toxicologic phenomenon. These extracts have been popularly known as “Burundanga.” 1 1 The word “Burundanga” has an African origin. It appeared in a very popular Afro-Cuban song during the 1950's. This word has not been incorporated into the Spanish language even in the Caribbean area. We do not know the reason for selecting this particular word to name some Datura extracts. Chemical characteristics and clinical features of scopolamine intoxication are described. Anterograde amnesia and submissive behavior found in patients intoxicated with scopolamine are analyzed. Burundanga intoxication is related to other toxic phenomena found in different countries and similitudes with transient global amnesia are emphasized.

Effect of plant products on egg hatch and larval mortality ofMeloidogyne incognita

Thirteen leaves, 4 oilcake extracts and 4 root exudates were tested against rootknot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita to study their effect on egg hatch and larval mortality. Aqueous leaf extracts ofDatura stramonium, Parthenium hysterophorus andTagetes erecta and oilcake extracts of karanj and neem were the most potent treatments and they not only inhibited egg hatch but also killed the larvae significantly. The root exudates ofBrassica campestris andTagetes erecta also killed the second stage larvae ofMeloidogyne incognita.