Chloroform Extract Research Articles

Retinoids in lipofuscin granules from retinal pigment epithelium as biomarkers of the damaging effect of ionizing radiation.

Lipofuscin granules accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium with age, especially in patients with visual diseases, including progressive age-related macular degeneration. Retinoids (bisretinoids and their oxidation products) are major sources of lipofuscin granule fluorescence. The aim of this work was to analyze the radiation-mediated oxidation of retinoids in lipofuscin granules obtained from the human cadaver eye retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescent and chromatographic analyses of retinoids were performed before and after irradiation of lipofuscin granules with accelerated protons. The fluorescent properties of chloroform extracts from irradiated lipofuscin granules exhibited an increase in fluorescence intensity in the short-wavelength region of 555 nm. This change is associated with an increase in the quantity of retinoid oxidation cytotoxic products after accelerated proton exposure. The radiation-induced oxidation of retinoids caused a noticeable change in the fluorescent properties of retinoids allows us to consider this phenomenon as a potential opportunity for non-invasively assessment of the degree of radiation exposure and its relative biological effect in humans. Thus, this research proposes a new strategy for assessing the extent of radiation exposure to humans, which evaluates the effects of ionizing radiation on human eye tissues. This approach is based on the principles of the modern non-invasive method of fundus autofluorescence used in ophthalmology for the diagnosis of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium degenerative diseases.

Exploring the anticancer potential of Hewittia malabarica through phytochemical analysis and molecular docking study

Natural resources provide valuable medicinal components that are highly sought after as alternatives to synthetic drugs for treating serious diseases like cancer. Hewittia malabarica, a creeper native to India, is recognized for its exceptional medicinal properties. In this study, the anticancer property of different solvent extracts and composition of active extract from H. malabarica were examined. Of the extracts prepared using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water, the chloroform extract showed the highest cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 31.97 ± 3.07 µg/mL towards HT29 cell line followed by petroleum ether extract with an IC50 value of 76.58 ± 4.74 µg/mL. These extracts were comparatively non-toxic to the normal human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, indicating its selective toxicity to cancerous cells. The cytomorphological changes associated with the chloroform extract and AO/EB dual staining indicated apoptotic cell death. An analysis of ADME properties of compounds obtained in GC-MS analysis of the chloroform extract showed that compounds such as Cyclododecanol, Sulfurous acid hexyl octyl ester, 2,4-Ditert-Butylphenol and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid had favourable physicochemical and drug-likeness characteristics. When these compounds were docked on to Bax, Caspase-3 Caspase-9 and Cox-2, the proteins integral to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, using PyRX software, the docking score was in the range from − 4 to -6.9 kcal/mol. Particularly, 2,4-Ditert-Butylphenol showed the highest binding scores towards the selected targets. These results indicate that the mechanism of cytotoxicity observed may be mediated through induction of apoptosis in cancer cell lines. The identification of the active molecule/s in the chloroform extract will serve as drug candidate for colorectal carcinoma. Non-toxicity of the components in the extract towards normal cell line will make it selective sparing normal cells.

Comparative larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal activity of Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Cl) Pamp extract in controlling Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

Vector-borne diseases cause increase in burden, poverty, social liability and death all over the world. Mosquitoes serve as the vector for malaria, dengue, filariasis, yellow fever and also play a major role in transmission of chikungunya and Zika virus. The development of mosquitocidal resistance and associated health problems with the use of synthetic insecticides, have paved the way to control mosquito population by using plant-based botanicals. This study was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of six solvent extracts of Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Cl) against four infectious vector mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, by assessing LC50 and LC90 mortality values. Among all six leaf solvent extracts, chloroform extract had higher toxicity (LC50= 127.27ppm and LC90=544.45ppm) against fourth instar larva of C. quinquefasciatus and aqueous extract had lowest lethal effects (LC50=583.33ppm and LC90= 927.27ppm) against fourth instar larva of A. aegypti. Moderate results were found in n- hexane, petroleum ether, methanol and ethanol plant extracts. Phytochemical analysis by GC-MS method confirms presence of significant 12 bioactive compounds like Bi-cyclo (3.1.1) heptanes-2, 4, 6 trimethyl, 3, 7, 11, 15- Tetramethyl-1.2 hexadecan-1-ol, Thiophene, Tetrahydro-2-methyl 1,3 propane diamine and camphor, which were responsible for insecticidal activity. Altogether, current study would serve as an initial step towards replacement of synthetic insecticides to plant- based bio-pesticide against dreadful vector mosquitoes in future.

Alkaloids from Dendrobium nobile and their anti-inflammatory activities

To identify anti-inflammatory alkaloids, we investigated the aerial parts of cultivated Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Thirteen alkaloids, including a new one, were isolated from the chloroform extract, and their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods. Bioassays assessed the anti-inflammatory activities of these isolates. Compounds 1 and 9 demonstrated inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 16.7μM and 24.4μM, respectively.

Biocontrol potential of endophytic Bacillus spp. associated to wild Solanaceous species and their secondary metabolites against various potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) storage diseases

Fusarium dry rot, Pythium leak and Southern blight diseases caused by various Fusarium species, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Agroathelia rolfsii, respectively, are responsible for important losses of tuber at the post-harvest stage in Tunisia. In the present study, six Bacillus strains, isolated from wild solanaceous plants, were screened for their abilities to inhibit potato pathogens in vitro and on potato tubers. Based on the dual culture assays, the whole cell suspensions of B. tequilensis SV39 and SV104, B. subtilis SV41, B. methylotrophicus SV44 and B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum SV65 exhibited potent antifungal activity against target pathogens. Significant inhibitory effects were also induced by their cell-free culture filtrates, butanolic and chloroform extracts depending on target pathogens, concentration used and bacterial strains tested. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of B. tequilensis SV39 butanolic extract revealed the highest relative abundance of phthalic acid and derivatives as major volatile compounds. The current study sheds light on the ability of all bacterial strains to reduce the lesion diameter or rot penetration by about 59-61% and 51-58%, respectively. Furthermore, B. tequilensis SV104 and SV39 were the most effective bio-agents in reducing the lesion diameter by 64.06 and 57.31%, respectively, while SV104 (B. tequilensis), SV41 (B. subtilis) and SV65 (B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum) based treatments were the most effective in decreasing the rot penetration by 54-63%. The application of these Bacillus strains constitutes a promising alternative for an efficient and safe control of potato storage diseases.

RP-HPLC and MS Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Arbutin and Quercetin from <i>Origanum majorana</i>

Background: Arbutin (ARB) and quercetin (QUER) are two important phytoconstituents with proven anti-cancer effects. In vitro cytotoxic actions against a variety of tumor cell lines or antitumor-promoting properties have also been associated with extracts from Origanum majorana. Aim: To develop an easy, rapid, accurate, precise and reliable novel analytical method for the simultaneous estimation of quercetin and arbutin from Origanum majorana extracts and its marketed formulation. Method: The ideal chromatographic conditions for estimating arbutin and quercetin simultaneously using the RP-HPLC method are a stationary phase LichroCART C18 column (250mm × 4.0mm, 5μm), a mobile phase that contains 1% orthophosphoric acid and methanol in a 50:50% v/v ratio, a flow rate of 1 ml/min, ambient temperature operation, and a detection wavelength of 287 nm. The presence of arbutin and quercetin were qualitatively analyzed using mass spectroscopy. Results: The new RP-HPLC technique yielded a correlation value of 0.9999 and was demonstrated to be linear in the 0.5-2.5μg/ml range. Arbutin and quercetin were shown to have retention periods of 2.24 and 13.5 minutes, respectively. The amount of arbutin and quercetin in formulation were found to be 0.6484 μg and 0.1420 μg, respectively. The technique was validated using criteria such as specificity, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, precision, repeatability, stability, and system adaptability. Arbutin and quercetin were also confirmed to be present in the extract and formulation using mass spectroscopy (273 and 303 m/z values). Conclusion: Simple, fast, accurate, reliable, and economical, the suggested RP-HPLC and mass spectroscopy techniques are useful for consistently identifying arbutin and quercetin in both their prescription dose form and bulk. Major Findings: For arbutin and quercetin, the linearity was found to be between 0.5 and 2.5μg/ml, respectively. Among the extracts chloroform extract was found with separation of many components. The amount of arbutin and quercetin was determined to be 0.6484 μg and 0.1420 μg in the formulation.

Preliminary Phytochemical and Biological Investigations on Different Fractional Extracts of Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Leaves

The current study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and membrane stabilization properties of the Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) leaves by using various fractional extracts. The present study found alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugar, gums, and amides in its hydroalcoholic extract; flavonoids and saponins in its chloroform extract; and steroids and amides in its n-hexane extract. The maximal inhibition values were found for the hydroalcoholic and chloroform fractions in the antioxidant test at a dosage of 100 µg/ml. In addition, at 500 µg/ml concentration, all three extracts demonstrated substantial activity in the anti-inflammatory test accounted for 89.1%, 88.5%, and 82.8% for hydroalcoholic, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts, respectively, compared to the 95.9% for standard (Diclofenac-Na) at the same concentration. In case of thrombolytic activity, the tested extracts showed very weak clot lysis compared to the reference standard, streptokinase. In the membrane stabilization activity test, hydroalcoholic, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts were found to be 52.67%, 50.21%, and 15.52% at 1000 µg/ml, respectively. In comparison, the standard (Aspirin) showed 67.11% at 1000 µg/ml. Thus, overall findings suggested that the hydroalcoholic and chloroform extracts possess significant membrane-stabilizing activity at 1000 µg/ml. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 28(1): 63-69, 2025 (January)

Study of the chloroformic extract of Gnaphaliumspin a model of alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. An alternative use of the “gordolobo” plant within traditional Mexican medicine

“Gordolobo”(Gnaphalium sp) is a Mexican medicinal plant understudied for the treatment of diabetes; therefore, the aim was to evaluate the chloroformic extract of G sp. (CEG) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Sesquiterpene lactones, polyphenolic compounds, triterpenes and steroids, apigenin, and lauric and myristic acid were identified in CEG by phytochemical, HPLC and GC-MS analysis; and the antioxidant capacity evaluated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS, inhibited the formation of free radicals. There was no lethality or toxicity at doses of 2000 mg/kg. At doses of 200 mg/kg it did not decrease hyperglycemia; however, it did decrease biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, oxidized proteins, superoxide dismutase) associated with diabetes in pancreas. The β-cell function, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity were not improved. In conclusion, CEG showed no hypoglycemic activity, but antioxidantactivity in pancreatic tissue.

A Pilot Study on Qualitative Metabolomics to Characterize Lewis Lung Carcinoma in Mice

Metabolomics is a powerful tool that can be used to identify different stages in cancer development. In this study, the metabolomic profile of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was characterized in C57BL/6 mice bearing LLC tumors. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nuclear magnetic resonance—NMR) was applied using a 400 MHz 1H NMR spectrometer. Two types of metabolites (polar and non-polar) were identified on LLC based on the analysis of methanol/water and chloroform extracts collected from lung cancer samples in mice. The investigated metabolomics show that the neoplastic processes of growing LLC on mice may affect carbohydrate; alanine and glutamate; leucine and isoleucine; lysine; creatine; and choline metabolism, whereas hypoxia states were identified due to elevated lactate in lung cancer tissues. The metabolomic profile of Lewis lung carcinoma could be considered to be a valuable biomarker in translational lung cancer research.

Impact of Annona reticulata L. Extract Fortified Mulberry Leaves on Silk Production Parameters of Bombyx mori L.

The effects of several plant extracts in different quantities on Bombyx mori L. commercial parameters have been seen in commercial silk farming in recent years. In this study, the effects of various concentrations of chloroformic extract of Annona reticulata L. on Bombyx mori L. larvae were investigated. The overall performance of Bombyx mori in response to A. reticulata treatments were observed in the present study. According to experimental study, by utilizing concentrations of Annona reticulata L. at 1: 2, 1: 4, and 1: 8 resulted in an increasing trend for key commercial characteristics, such as filament length, filament weight, single cocoon weight, pupal weight, and shell weight of B. mori L.

Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Activities of Algerian Cistus creticus L. Leaf Extracts: Evidence from In vitro and In Silico Studies.

Research into oxidative stress, cancer, and natural products revealed promising avenues for therapeutic intervention. Natural products are considered potent pharmaceuticals in combating oxidative stress and its relationship with cancer. This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical profile and antioxidant activities using DPPH, ABTS, Phenanthroline, Cupric, Phosphomolybdenum, FRAP, Hydroxyl, Iron chelation in vitro assays, and anticancer properties by MTT method of Cistus creticus extracts. The chemical composition was determined using the LC/MS-MS technique. Therefore, in silico methods, particularly molecular docking and dynamic simulation were applied for molecular interaction analysis. The obtained results revealed a wide variety of phenolic compounds in all studied fractions, in their qualitative and quantitative distribution. In most antioxidant assays, the butanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the most effective effects, followed by the aqueous extract, while the petroleum ether and chloroform fractions exhibited much lower activity in comparison with standards. In parallel, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and chloroform extracts exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against T47D and A549 cell lines, while the aqueous extract showed an IC50 in the range of mg/ml. Moreover, the analysis of interactions identified compounds against particular targets in studied cell lines using molecular docking showed a great affinity, especially for the ligands Hesperidin, Luteolin-7-O-glucoside and Rutin. Also, the molecular dynamic simulation of the interacting complexes Hesperidin-mTOR, Lutin-EGFR and Apigenin-HER2 revealed precise interaction, providing insights into their stability and dynamic behavior. Furthermore, the studied ligand exhibited interesting pharmacokinetic properties with no reported toxicity. These findings confirmed the potential of Algerian Cistus creticus L. leaf extracts as promising therapeutic molecules for combating oxidative stress and cancer.

Chemical Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Extracts and Fractions from Litopenaeus vannamei Muscle

Marine organisms are a vital source of biologically active compounds. Organic extracts from the muscle of the Pacific white shrimp (L. vannamei) have shown antiproliferative effects on tumor cells, including breast adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to analyze these extracts’ composition and confirm their specificity for breast adenocarcinoma cells without harming normal cells. An organic chloroform extract from L. vannamei muscle was divided using a solvent partition procedure with methanol and hexane. The methanolic partition was fractionated through an open preparative liquid chromatography column to isolate compounds with biological activity, that were later tested on MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), and recently tested on MCF10-A (non-cancerous breast epithelial cells). Cells incubated with these fractions were assessed for viability and morphological changes using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Fractions F#13 and F#14 reduced MDA-MB-231 cancer cell viability at 100 µg/mL without affecting non-cancerous MCF-10A cells, inducing apoptosis-related changes in cancer cells. These fractions contained EPA and DHA free fatty acids, specifically F#13 contained free and esterified astaxanthin as well. The high levels of free linoleic acid 18:2 ω-6, EPA, and DHA (in a 2:1 ratio, EPA:DHA), along with free and esterified astaxanthin in F#13, significantly reduced breast adenocarcinoma cell viability, nearly to that achieved by cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug.

Investigation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Extracts of Muscari armeniacum

The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different extracts obtained by the maceration method of the aerial and bulbs of the Muscari armeniacum. Additionally, the study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extracts on the proliferation of human fibroblasts and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The antioxidant activities of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts from the aerial parts and bulbs of the Muscari armeniacum were examined by DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP methods. The amount of total phenolic compounds contained in the extracts was determined using the FCR method. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The ability ethanol extracts of plant to cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTT assay. It was determined that the chloroform extract of bulbs had higher DPPH (IC50:0.056 mg/mL), FRAP (2.738 mM FeSO4/mg extract) and CUPRAC (3.640 mM trolox equivalent/mg extract) activity potential than other extracts. In addition, it was determined that the aerial parts chloroform extract showed the highest DPPH (IC50: 0.889 mg/mL), CUPRAC (1.166 mM trolox equivalent/mg extract) and FRAP (0.823 mM FeSO4/mg extract activities) antioxidant activity. It was determined that the chloroform extract obtained from bulbs contained higher amounts of phenolic contents than the aerial parts and accordingly showed the highest antioxidant activity. Aerial parts petroleum ether extract was found to have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC 11228, and the ethanol extract of bulbs was found to have antimicrobial activity only against S. epidermidis ATCC 11228. The study showed no cytotoxic potential of aerial parts and bulbs ethanol extracts at a dose of 500 µg/mL on human fibroblasts and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The fact that different parts of the plant do not show cytotoxic activity on human normal cell lines suggests that this species can be used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Phytochemical profiling and biological evaluation of Annona muricata L. root extract: A comprehensive assessment

Annona muricata Linn., a component of the Annonaceae family, is a fruit-bearing tree endowed with a rich tradition of utilization. Recognized by various colloquial names such as soursop, graviola, and guanabana, Annona muricata is an evergreen botanical species predominantly found in tropical and subtropical zones globally. The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties while simultaneously elucidating the quantitative composition of phytochemical constituents within the root extract responsible for the pharmacological activities of the investigated subject. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to assess antioxidant activities, while the well diffusion method evaluated antibacterial activity against common pathogens. Researchers have reported various bioactive compounds alkaloids, phenols, etc., that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant, and other prophylactic activities. The chloroform extract displayed notable inhibitory efficacy against E. coli MTCC 443, indicating increased susceptibility with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3 mg/mL. The sample exhibited a comparatively elevated alkaloid content compared to its phenolic content. Bioactive phytoconstituents with diverse biological activities, justifying the rationale for their therapeutic use by local inhabitants.

Antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata extracts and molecular docking study by targeting VEGFR-2 pathway.

Anti-angiogenesis or inhibition of blood vessel formation is the best way to prevent the growth and metastasis of tumors. Natural sources like plants are currently being explored for its antiangiogenic activity as they are factories of various phytochemicals. The goal of the current study is to investigate the antiangiogenic potential of Elaeagnus umbellata (E. umbellata) by using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and molecular docking. Based on our previous research, the antiangiogenic activity was carried out using active fractions including crude methanol (Eu-Met), ethyl acetate (Eu-EtAc), and chloroform (Eu-Chf) extracts using CAM assay. Furthermore, to understand the binding mechanism of identified compounds, molecular docking was performed against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) using AutoDock vina as docking software. VEGFR-2 is overexpressed in pathological angiogenesis. In CAM assay, Eu-Met, Eu-EtAc, and Eu-Chf extracts showed antiangiogenic activities but notable antiangiogenic activities were exhibited by Eu-Chf with IC50 value of 65.02 μg/mL. In molecular docking, five compounds, catechin, catechin hydrate, morin, quercetin, and rutin, reported in the extract and active fractions (Eu-Met, Eu-EtAc, and Eu-Chf) of E. umbellata showed strong interactions with VEGFR-2 with binding affinities of -9.4, -9.3, -9.9, -10.2, and -9.4 kcal/mol. Based on our results, we can claim that E. umbellata possess antiangiogenic activity which needs to be explored further.

In-vitro antibacterial activity, Molecular docking, and MD Simulation Analysis of Phytoconstituents of Nasturtium officinale

Medicinal plants play a significant role in various traditional medicine systems worldwide. Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton, commonly known as ‘Halim,’ is a herbaceous perennial often used for its multiple health benefits. It serves as a depurative, diuretic, expectorant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and odontalgic agent and is utilized in the management of various ailments and disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of different solvent extracts of N. officinale against Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through an in vitro assay using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in comparison with standard reference compounds. Among the extracts tested, the chloroform extract of N. officinale (NOCE) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect, demonstrating significant antibacterial activity. The high efficacy of the NOCE suggests that it may contain active phytoconstituents capable of targeting bacterial strains. Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that the phytoconstituents isorhamnetin, luteolin, and quercetin exhibited strong interactions with bacterial DNA gyrase. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the best-docked compound, isorhamnetin, against bacterial DNA gyrase indicated that all parameters were within acceptable limits, and the compound effectively interacted with the receptor. These findings confirm that N. officinale possesses potential antibacterial activity, which may be attributed to the presence of isorhamnetin.

Toxicity and histological architecture of <i>Semecarpus anacardium </i>kernel extract on the foregut of <i>Heliothis armigera </i>

The efficacy of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. kernel extract in chloroform as an antifeedant and stomach poison agent was assessed against Heliothis armigera (Hubner) early fourth instars. Larvae that were fed with food containing different doses of extract showed antifeedant, toxic effects and decreased consumption. The foregut histopathological architecture of larvae fed with S. anacardium kernel extract in chloroform at concentration equal to LD50 value and after 24 and 96 hours of treatment, demonstrates substantial injury to the epithelium layer, including vacuolization in some areas, gut tissue shrinkage, and peritrophic membrane disruption, which leads to the degeneration of goblet, regenerative, and epithelial cells. The height of the columnar epithelium and diameter of lumen were also reduced after 24 hours of exposure. These alterations in the gut had a detrimental effect on the larvae’s ability to digest and absorb food, resulting to a nutritional deficit that may have stunted their development. The findings of this study indicate that S. anacardium kernel extracts in chloroform have a significant stomach poisoning capability against H. armigera larvae, suggesting that this approach could be investigated as an environmentally safe method of integrated pest management.

In vitro activity of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) chloroform extract against non-tuberculous mycobacteria

This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of chloroform (CHL) extract of Thyme vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae). The CHL extract from aerial parts of T. vulgaris exhibited antimicrobial activity against slow growth mycobacteria – SGM (n = 49) and rapid growth mycobacteria – RGM (n = 50) strains isolated from diseased ornamental fish. The MICAV , MIC90, and MIC50 values of CHL extract against to RGM strains were found to be at 194.00, 400, and 200 μg/mL, respectively. The MICAV , MIC90, and MIC50 values of CHL extract against to SGM strains were found to be at 54.59, 100, and 50 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the CHL extract exhibits the activity against non tuberculosis mycobacteria isolated from diseased ornamental fish.

Study of the chemical content of organic extracts of the Syrian plant Artemisia herba-alba using GC-MS technolog

Artemisia herba-alba is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is used in folk medicine to treat many nervous and digestive disorders, as well as diabetes. It possesses antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. The chemical composition of the organic extracts obtained from the leaves of the Syrian Artemisia herba-alba plant was analysed using a Soxhlet extraction device and three solvents with varying degrees of polarity (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate). The chemical constituents of the three extracts were determined using GC/MS technology. In the petroleum ether extract (Ah1), 38 compounds were identified, while the chloroform extract (Ah2) contained 39 compounds, and the ethyl acetate extract (Ah3) contained 45 compounds. The most significant compounds in the Ah1 extract were longiverbenone (23.9%), heneicosane (18.2%), 3,3,6-trimethyl-1,5-heptadien-4-one (16.5%), caryophyllene oxide (5.8%), and octacosane (4.6%). In the Ah2 extract, the main constituents were dioctyl hexanedioate (13.2%), (Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride (7.3%), and (-)-spathulenol (7.1%). The primary compounds in the Ah3 extract were pentanoic acid (9.5%), geranyl isovalerate (9.3%), 2-butyl-1-octanol (7.5%), and 1-heptadecene (6.4%).

Oxabicyclo Isolate from the Leaves of Siparuna cymosa

In this research, the phytochemical study of extracts from the leaves of Siparuna cymosa, an endemic species in Brazil, was carried out for the first time, and evaluated the cytotoxic activity of this extract against leukemia cell lines. The dried leaves were powdered and subjected to extraction by exhaustive maceration with pure organic solvents. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were purified by column chromatography, and the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxic activity of extracts and compounds against THP-1 (acute myeloid) and K-562 (chronic myeloid) leukemia lines was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thyazolyl)- 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. The isolated compounds were 1,5,6-trimethyl8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ol, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol-3,7-diO-α-L-rhamnoside. This is the first report of isolation of oxabicyclo-octenol in plant species. β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside significantly reduced the viability of tumor cells after controlled exposure for 48 h. Moreover, selectivity was at least two times higher for such lineages compared to the results found for non-tumor peripheral blood cells (PBMC). Kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnoside was the most active and selective. In conclusion, metabolites from S. cymosa showed to be of scientific interest. This study shows that the biodiversity of plant species in Brazil represents an important arsenal of organic compounds and, therefore, research should be motivated aiming at the isolation of secondary metabolites.