Cauliflower Extracts Research Articles

Gelatin film cross-linked with laccase-catalyzed purple cauliflower extract and coated with Zn-carbon dots exhibits excellent physicochemical properties and functionality for intelligent and active packaging

Preparation of oxidized purple cauliflower extract (OPE) was conducted by laccase oxidation and served as a reinforcing agent for enhancing physicochemical properties of gelatin (Gel) films. Chitosan (CS) loaded with biowaste-derived Zn-carbon dots (Zn-CD) coating further enhanced the functionality and stability of Gel/OPE film. Structural characterization revealed that OPE and Gel form Schiff base bonds and hydrogen bonds. After the formation of CS/Zn-CD coating, hydrogen bonds formed between CS and Zn-CD, and CS and Gel were closely bonded through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. OPE crosslinking and CS/Zn-CD coating improve mechanical, barrier properties and water resistance of Gel films. CS/Zn-CD coating improved antibacterial and antioxidant ability and illumination stability of composite film, effectively reflected the freshness of salmon during storage. Hence, the functional Gel films developed in this study is hopeful candidate for intelligent and active food packaging application.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Broccoli, Kale, and Cauliflower Extracts.

The brassicas have the potential to prevent chronic non-communicable diseases and it is proposed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of broccoli, cabbage and extracts. The extracts were prepared and characterized and the antioxidant potential was evaluated against three radicals while the antimicrobial potential was analyzed using three techniques against four bacteria. The extracts have glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in their composition, and effectively inhibit the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The extracts of broccoli and cauliflower showed an inhibitory effect against hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide. Disk diffusion showed that broccoli and cauliflower extract were active against three bacteria, while kale extract showed active halos for Gram-negative bacteria. Kale extract had an inhibitory effect Gram-positive bacteria, cauliflower extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The cauliflower extract thus had a higher concentration of phenols, a strong antioxidant activity and promising results at a concentration of 100mg/mL against S. aureus.

Physiological Impacts of Cauliflower in Hyperthyroid Rabbits

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cauliflower extract as a remedy for hyperthyroid in rabbits. Twenty rabbits with mean weight 1700 ±95 g and age of 6-7 months were chosen. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (five in each group). The first group (GI) was the control and received normal diet and given tap water. The second and third groups (GII & GIII) were received 30 μg/Kg BW sodium L-Thyroxin injected subcutaneously to induce hyperthyroidism for three weeks. After that, these groups (GII & GIII) were administrated 20 & 30 mg/kg of body weight cauliflower extract for four weeks. Blood samples were collected from hyperthyroid and treated groups after two and four weeks. Serum was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The collected serum was used in the assessment of the levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) by analytical kits which determined on ELISA method. Further, a molecular study was performed to estimate TSHR gene expression. The results of the present work showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in T3 and T4 hormone levels means in rabbits treated with cauliflower extract as compared with hyperthyroid. It concluded from the present study that the natural products such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid from cauliflower might be used as a remedy to recover from hyperthyroid states in order to reduce the intake of chemical drugs.

Some Brassicaceae Extracts as Potential Antioxidants and Green Corrosion Inhibitors.

Glucosinolates-rich extracts of some Brassicaceae sources, such as broccoli, cabbage, black radish, rapeseed, and cauliflower, were obtained using an eco-friendly extraction method, in a microwave field, with 70% ethanol, and evaluated in order to establish their in vitro antioxidant activities and anticorrosion effects on steel material. The DPPH method and Folin-Ciocâlteu assay proved good antioxidant activity (remaining DPPH, 9.54-22.03%) and the content of total phenolics between 1008-1713 mg GAE/L for all tested extracts. The electrochemical measurements in 0.5 M H2SO4 showed that the extracts act as mixed-type inhibitors proving their ability to inhibit corrosion in a concentration-dependent manner, with a remarkable inhibition efficiency (92.05-98.33%) achieved for concentrated extracts of broccoli, cauliflower, and black radish. The weight loss experiments revealed that the inhibition efficiency decreased with an increase in temperature and time of exposure. The apparent activation energies, enthalpies, and entropies of the dissolution process were determined and discussed, and an inhibition mechanism was proposed. An SEM/EDX surface examination shows that the compounds from extracts may attach to the steel surface and produce a barrier layer. Meanwhile, the FT-IR spectra confirm bond formation between functional groups and the steel substrate.

Relative evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant potential and phenolic constituents by HPLC-DAD of Brassica vegetables extracted in different solvents

Cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli are well-known vegetables from the Brassica family having functional effects on human health. This study was carried out to identify different antioxidant properties and to quantify phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD in different extracts (methanol, ethanol and water: acetic acid: acetone) of these vegetables. The results showed that, the methanolic dry extract of cabbage possessed the highest antioxidant activity (549 ± 7.30 μg/g) and IC50 was 90 ± 2.52 μg/mL than others. Whereas the ethanolic dry extract of cauliflower had 348 ± 5.20 μg/g of flavonoid, which was the highest among all. The maximum levels of total tannin (414 ± 5.20 μg/g) and total phenolic content (465 ± 3.25 μg/g) was found in broccoli dry extract. Several polyphenolic compounds were identified in different extracts of the vegetables and they were Cauliflower (8) > Cabbage (10) > Broccoli (9) in total. Therefore, the use of total vegetables rather than extracts in the food industry would be more appropriate to get greater health benefit.

Intelligent films of marine polysaccharides and purple cauliflower extract for food packaging and spoilage monitoring

In this study, metalloanthocyanin-inspired, biodegradable packaging films were developed by incorporating purple cauliflower extracted (PCE) anthocyanins into alginate (AL)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CCS) hybrid polymer matrices based on complexation of metal ions with these marine polysaccharides and anthocyanins. PCE anthocyanins-incorporated AL/CCS films were further modified with fucoidan (FD) because this sulfated polysaccharide can form strong interactions with anthocyanins. Metals-involved complexation (Ca2+ and Zn2+-crosslinked films) improved the mechanical strength and water vapor permeability but reduced the swelling degree of the films. Zn2+-cross-linked films exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity than did pristine (non-crosslinked) and Ca2+-cross-linked films. The metal ion/polysaccharide-involved complexation with anthocyanin reduced the release rate of anthocyanins, increased the storage stability and antioxidant capability, and improved the sensitivity of the colorimetric response of the indicator films for monitoring the freshness of shrimp. The anthocyanin-metal-polysaccharide complex film showed great potential as active and intelligent packaging of food products.

Analysis of pharmacognostical standardization, antioxidant capacity and separation of phytocompounds from five different vegetable peels using different solvents

Vegetables are one of the most preferred food commodities and can be consumed either raw or as processed due to their health-promoting nutrients. In the present work, analysis of pharmacognostical standards, antioxidant capacity, and separation of phytocompounds through thin layer chromatography (TLC) from cabbage, cauliflower, pea, carrot, and potato peels were carried out. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of wood fibers, trichomes, crystals, and annular xylem vessels in the vegetable peels. Physicochemical analysis showed that all the vegetable peel samples which were analysed have low (7.08%-10%) moisture content. The total ash content of vegetable peels varied in cauliflower peels (1.95±0.58) to the peels of pea (19.86±1.9). The content of acid insoluble ash varied from 1.46±0.63 to 3.09±0.59 in cauliflower and pea. Potato peel has the lowest water-soluble ash content (1.16±1.90) as compared to other peels. The highest pH value was found in the peels of pea (7), while the lowest pH was found in the peels of cabbage (4). Among all extracts, the petroleum ether extract has shown the greatest yield (5.6±0.45). The fluorescence analysis showed various colours like green, brown, pale green, and yellow under different chemical treatments. Different types of pri-secondary metabolites were detected in small, moderate, and high amounts and notified to provide numerous health benefits to humans. In case of DPPH assay, aqueous extract of cauliflower has shown the low value of IC50 (24.82 µg/ml) in comparison to standard, suggested the higher antioxidant activity of the extract. Among all the extracts, aqueous and methanol extracts of cauliflower have shown the better reducing and total antioxidant activity in comparison to standard. TLC profiling of methanolic extract of cabbage and cauliflower peels revealed the presence of different compounds of varying Rf values. Above results indicate that the food waste consists of valuable components and may be utilized as noticeable and cheap source in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of several life-threatening diseases.

Characterization of ultrafine zein fibers incorporated with broccoli, kale, and cauliflower extracts by electrospinning.

Broccoli, kale, and cauliflower contain phenolic compounds and glucosinolates, which have several biological effects on the body. However, because they are thermolabile, many of these substances are lost in the cooking process. Electrospinning encapsulation, using zein as a preservative wall material, can expand the applications of the compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this research was to characterize broccoli, kale, and cauliflower extracts and encapsulate them with the electrospinning technique using zein. Broccoli, kale, and cauliflower extracts contain five phenolic compounds and three glucosinolates. Fibers from broccoli, kale, and cauliflower showed high encapsulation efficiency, good thermal stability, and nanometric size, especially those containing extract and zein in proportions of up to 35:65. Fibers from broccoli, kale, and cauliflower containing extract and zein in proportions of up to 35:65 have the potential for effective nutraceutical application for the control of non-communicable chronic diseases or application in food packaging. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cauliflower (Brassicae oleracea) extract restores hormonal imbalance, resumes follicular maturation, and down regulates oxidative stress in oestradiol valerate- induced polycystic ovary syndrome in Sprague-Dawley rats

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common cause of anovulatory infertility. Objectives: This study investigated the ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract of cauliflower in oestradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in Sprague-Dawley rats. Method: Twenty five female rats weighing between 120-160 g were used. They were grouped into five (Groups 1-5; N=5). Polycystic ovary syndrome was induced using oestradiol valerate (16 mg). Groups1and 2 served as negative and positive control respectively, groups 3-5 received cauliflower (200, 500 and 1025 mg/kg body weight) for four weeks. Animals were sacrificed; blood and ovarian tissues were collected for biochemical analysis and histology. Results: The relative weight of the ovary was increased significantly in all the groups compared to the control. This significantly reduced when high dose cauliflower group was compared to EV-group. MDA and SOD levels increased significantly in EV-only groups compared to control. Treatment with cauliflower successfully reduced MDA and SOD levels in comparison to EV-only groups. On the other hand, GSH and catalase did not show any significant differences when the treatment groups were compared to control. FSH and progesterone reduced significantly while LH, testosterone, and oestrogen levels increased significantly in EV-only groups compared to control. Treatment with cauliflower was able to ameliorate these effects. Histological sections showed cystic follicles in EV- only treated group compared to control. Treatment with cauliflower extract in increasing doses was able to rescue growing follicles from cystic formation. Conclusion: Cauliflower extract restores hormonal imbalance, recues follicles from cystic formation, and combats oxidative stress in oestradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Characterization of Cr2O3 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Cauliflower Extract by Two Methods

Chromium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using cauliflower extract by two methods: simple chemical method and the sol-gel method. These technologies are new, environmentally friendly and cheap. Cauliflower contains plant materials and biomolecules (chromium, phenols, alkalis, vitamins, amino acids, quinones, etc. (that convert chromium chloride hexahydrate (CrCl3.6H2O) into chromium nanoparticles. The plant extracts also act as diluents, stabilizers and anti-caking agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the size of the crystals decreased from (36.1 to 57.8) nm using the simple chemical method to (13.31 to 20.68) nm of Cr2O3 using sol-gel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that Cr2O3 NPs of the simple chemical method were Nano layers with (130.3) nm, while the Cr2O3 NPs of the sol-gel method were spherical or semispherical in shape with a particle size of (14.89 to 39.08) nm. The results obtained have no matches in the reported literature.. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) showed that the band gap energy of Cr2O3 NPs of the simple chemical method was 2.5 eV, while it was 3.4 eV for Cr2O3 NPs of the sol gel method . Cr2O3 NPs of high purity , small particle size, and large energy gap were obtained from the sol-gel method This means that the NPs from the sol gel method were better than those of the simple chemical method. The study revealed that the Chromium oxide nanoparticles synthesized using cauliflower extracts could be used as antibacterial agent for human pathogenic bacteria

Corrosion retardation effect of a green cauliflower extract on copper in H2SO4 solution: Electrochemical and theoretical explorations

High toxicity is the main reason to limit the application of traditional corrosion inhibitors. Herein, the development of a green and high-efficiency alternative to displace traditional and hazardous corrosion inhibitor is an urgent task. Cauliflower extract (CFE) has the potential ability to solve this problem because it comes from nature and also contains plenty of heterocyclic organics. Therefore, CFE, as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor, was prepared for the first time via a simple and green extraction method. The typical electrochemistry and scanning vibrating electrode technology (SVET) tests prove that CFE can effectively inhibit the copper corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4. What's more, this inhibition effect is still strong when prolonging the immersion time, and the highest inhibition efficiency reaches up to 99% at 48 h. Based on the surface composition analysis result, it can be obtained that CFE protective film is formed on the copper substrate, and thereby significantly block the active corrosion sites of copper. Furthermore, the parallel adsorption state and high Ebinding value from MD simulation imply the powerful interaction between CFE molecules and Cu, which is crucial evidence to explain the inhibition effect of CFE for copper at the molecular level.

NUTRITIONAL AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN NUGGETS INCORPORATED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FROZEN WHITE CAULIFLOWER

In the current study chicken nuggets were formulated with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of frozen white cauliflower as fat replacer instead of chicken skin. Phenolics, total flavonoids and 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity of cauliflower were determined. The proximate composition, physicochemical characteristics and sensory properties of formulated chicken nuggets were evaluated. No significant variations (P ?0.05) were recorded in the overall acceptability scores among chicken nugget batches. The incorporation of frozen cauliflower as fat replacer agent up to 20% had significant and positive effects on the acceptability and overall quality of chicken nuggets. Phenolics content, total flavonoids of cauliflower extract were 6.76 and 1.65 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH free radicals scavenging activity of cauliflower extract was 54.9%. Chicken nuggets formulated with various levels of cauliflower had higher ash, fiber and carbohydrates contents but their fat and energy contents were lower, compared to control nuggets. No significant (P ? 0.05) variations in pH values among the control samples and those samples incorporated with different levels of frozen white cauliflower. The highest values (95.60, 96.40 and 96.64%) of cooking yield were recorded for nugget samples incorporated with 10, 15 and 20%of cauliflower, respectively. The lightness values of chicken nuggets significantly decreased with decreasing chicken skin content. Nuggets samples formulated with 20% cauliflower as fat replacer had significantly the highest value of redness (a* value). No significant differences(P ? 0.05) in b* value (yellowness) were found among formulated chicken nugget samples.

Biosynthesis of magnesium Oxide nanoparticles using the extracts of puniga granatum peels and brassica oleracea


 
 
 Nanotechnology brings the enormous application in the field of medicine, agriculture and aquaculture technologies, which is shifted from the chemical based solutions. The current work concerned on green synthesis of Magnesium Oxide nanoparticle from the extracts of pomegranate peels and cauliflower, in which the Magnesium Sulphate Heptahydrate has been act as a precursor. Because of its high hardness property of Magnesium Oxide,it is used as fire retardant in plastic tubes and chemical fibre. The various analytical studies and morphological characteristics were taken for MgO nanoparticles such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDS, UV-Vis and Antibacterial activity. From the XRD, the crystallinity of MgO particles was found out. From the FTIR and UV-Vis spectrum, the powdered composition of the samples and their optical properties were determined. SEM predicts the morphological structure of MgO nanoparticles and their elemental composition were determined in the EDS analysis. Antibacterial activity for MgO nanoparticles exhibited good results against gram positive and gram negative bacterial.
 
 

Physiological Role of Brassinosteroids and Cauliflower Extract on Quinoa Plant Grown under Sandy Soil

Physiological Role of Brassinosteroids and Cauliflower Extract on Quinoa Plant Grown under Sandy Soil

Effect of Cooking Method on Antioxidant Compound Contents in Cauliflower.

In this study, we determined the contents of glucosinolate, polyphenol, and flavonoid, and the antioxidant activities of uncooked, steamed, and boiled cauliflower. Eight glucosinolate peaks were detected, representing glucoiberin, progoitrin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin, gluconapin, glucoiberverin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. Boiled cauliflower contained significantly lowered concentrations of glucosinolate, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid compared to uncooked or steamed cauliflower. These results clearly indicate that health-promoting compounds in cauliflower are significantly impacted by different cooking methods: uncooked> steamed> boiled. The amounts of total polyphenols and total flavonoids in uncooked cauliflower extracted with 80% ethanol were higher than extracts of steamed and boiled cauliflower. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in uncooked cauliflower extracted using 80% ethanol compared to those extracted with water at the same concentration. Steamed and boiled cauliflower extracts also showed lower antioxidant activity than uncooked extracts. Based on these results, fresh uncooked cauliflower contains higher contents of health-promoting compounds and elevated antioxidant activity. Moreover, steaming may be more desirable than boiling in order to minimize loss of glucosinolates when storing, pretreating, processing, and cooking cruciferous vegetables.

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Cauliflower According to Heat Treatment Method (P06-074-19)

ObjectivesCauliflower is one of the cruciferous vegetables and contains various physiologically active substances such as glucosinolates, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Unlike ordinary vegetables, cruciferous vegetables are often consumed by cooking through heat treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different heating procedures, in particular steaming and boiling, on glucosinolate, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid concentrations in cauliflower. In addition, antioxidant activity was compared between fresh uncooked, steamed, and boiled cauliflower, which are the main methods of preparing cauliflower before consumption. MethodsGlucosinolates in uncooked, steamed, and boiled cauliflower were subjected to high-pressure liquid chromatography. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities in cauliflower extracted in both water and 80% ethanol were determined. ResultsEight glucosinolate peaks were detected in cauliflower representing glucoiberin, progoitrin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin, gluconapin, glucoiberverin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. Boiling cauliflower significantly decreased the glucosinolate, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid concentrations compared to those of uncooked or steamed cauliflower. The results clearly indicated that health-promoting compounds in cauliflower are significantly affected by different cooking methods, showing that uncooked > steamed > boiled. The amounts of total polyphenols and total flavonoids contained within uncooked cauliflower extracted by 80% ethanol were higher than those in the steamed and boiled extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in uncooked cauliflower extracted in 80% ethanol compared to that of water extracts at the same concentration. Steamed and boiled cauliflower extracts showed lower antioxidant activity. ConclusionsBased on these results, fresh uncooked cauliflower is optimal in terms of the content of health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity. It may be desirable to use steaming rather than boiling to minimize the loss of glucosinolates when storing, pretreating, processing, and cooking cruciferous vegetables. Funding SourcesThis research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle by cauliflower extract: characterisation and antibacterial activity against storage

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was accomplished using different volumes of cauliflower extract and 0.001 M silver nitrate solution at 80°C for 15 min. A brownish-red solution of AgNPs formed was tested by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs appeared at 416 nm. Also, the kinetic of AgNPs formation was studied and follows a sigmoidal pattern. Storing time was studied for the freshly prepared AgNPs after 60 days. FTIR analysis shows the adsorption of active components on AgNPs surface, and these components are responsible for reduction besides working as a stabiliser like a capping agent, also FTIR analysis of AgNPs after storage showed no change in peaks location. The SEM exhibited a globular shape of AgNPs, and the particle size ranged from 25 to 100 nm, while the XRD particle size calculation was 25 nm with cubic phase lattice.The antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria showed an inhibition zone of 16–27 mm and the antibacterial activity tested for the same bacteria after storage for about 10 months showed an inhibition zone of 6–10 mm.

Cost effective green synthesis of NiO nanostructures as highly efficient photocatalysts for degradation of organic dyes

Here, the cost effective green synthesis of nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures has been reported. The organic capping and/or reducing agents were obtained by extraction from wastes of three different vegetables (cauliflower, potatoes and peas). The extracts of cauliflower and peas peels gave nanowhiskers while the extract of potato peels gave nanorods of NiO, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrated the nanocrystalline cubic phase of NiO in all the samples. However, crystallite size varied with the extract of vegetable waste used. Fourier transform infrared analysis helps in identifying different vibrations, particularly Ni–O stretching vibrations, and diffuse reflectance spectra analyses led to the establishment of bandgap energies. The resulting NiO nanostructures were tested for their efficiencies as photocatalysts for Methylene blue degradation. All the three samples have shown significant photocatalytic activities. The exploration in this study clearly demonstrates the very high photocatalytic activities of the synthesised NiO nanostructures, which can be used as competent agents for treatment of wastewater to remove toxic dyes.

Chromatographic column evaluation for the untargeted profiling of glucosinolates in cauliflower by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry

The untargeted profiling is a promising approach for the characterization of secondary metabolites in biological matrices. Thanks to the recent rapid development of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) instrumentations, the number of applications by untargeted approaches for biological samples profiling has widely increased in the recent years. Despite the high potentialities of HRMS, however, a major issue in natural products analysis often arises in the upstream process of compounds separation. A separation technique is necessary to avoid phenomena such as signal suppression, and it is especially needed in the presence of isomeric metabolites, which are otherwise indistinguishable. Glucosinolates (GLSs), a group of secondary metabolites widely distributed among plants, resulted to be associated to the prevention of some serious diseases, such as cancer. This led to the development of several methods for the analysis of GLSs in vegetables tissues. The issue of GLSs chromatographic separation has been widely studied in the past because of the difficulty in the analysis of this highly polar and variable class of compounds. Several alternatives to reversed phase (RP) chromatography, sometimes not compatible with the coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, have been tested for the analysis of intact GLSs. However, the availability of new stationary phases, in the last years, could allow the re-evaluation of RP chromatography for the analysis of intact GLSs.In this work, a thorough evaluation of four RP chromatographic columns for the analysis of GLSs in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) extracts by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic system coupled via electrospray source to a hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer is presented. The columns tested were the following: one column Luna Omega polar C18, one column Kinetex Biphenyl, one column Kinetex core-shell XB-C18, two columns Kinetex core-shell XB-C18. After a previous optimization of the extraction method, cauliflower extracts were analyzed testing four different mobile phases onto the four columns for a total of sixteen different chromatographic conditions. The chromatographic systems were evaluated based on the number of detected and tentatively identified GLSs. Luna Polar stationary phase resulted to be the most suitable for the analysis of GLSs compared to Kinetex XB and Kinetex Biphenyl columns stationary phase. However, two in series Kinetex XB columns increased the number of tentatively identified GLSs compared to one Kinetex XB, showing the importance of column length in the analysis of complex mixtures. The data obtained with the best chromatographic system were deeply analyzed by MS/MS investigation for the final identification. Fiflty-one GLSs were tentatively identified, 24 of which have never been identified in cauliflower. Finally the linearity of the analytes response over the analyzed range of concentration was checked, suggesting that the developed method is suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of GLSs in phytochemical mixtures.

Biosynthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Aqueous Extract of Cauliflower

This work reports the biosynthesis of Sn(OH)2 using aqueous extract of fresh cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), and the subsequent preparation of SnO2 nanoparticles at two different annealing temperatures of 300 and 450 °C for 2 h. The obtained SnO2 nanoparticles were denoted as S1 and S2 for the samples prepared at 300 and 450 °C, respectively. XRD analysis identified rutile tetragonal phase of SnO2 nanoparticles and TEM results gave a quasispherical and spherical morphologies for S1 and S2 respectively of the size range 3.62–6.34 nm. The optical properties were studied with UV–vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, and the nanoparticles showed blue shift in their absorption edges. The observed emission peak in the PL spectra found around 419 nm is attributable to oxygen vacancies and defects. Photocatalytic activities of the nanoparticles (S1 and S2) were studied using methylene blue (MB) under ultraviolet light irradiation and the results reveal 91.89 and 88.23% degradation efficiency of MB by S1 and S2 respectively over a period of 180 min.