Cassava Extracts Research Articles

The potential of cassava leaves extract in gingival fibroblasts of periodontitis of rats with ovarian dysfunction

Introduction: The prevalence of periodontitis has reached 42.8% in Indonesia. One contributing factor is Porphyromonas gingivalis. The ovarian dysfunction caused by ovariectomy procedures may also cause periodontitis. Post ovariectomy conditions resemble menopause, lowering the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones, leaving patients vulnerable to periodontitis. To prevent the side effects of the treatment, herbal ingredients are commonly used. The extract of cassava leaves is known to have pharmacological effects as an antioxidant and, thus, can be applied as a medicine for periodontitis. Methods: A total of 21 rats were divided into three groups, (1) control: healthy rats; (2) Group P.1: P. gingivalis-induced rats; (3) Group P.2: ovariectomized rats. Groups P.1 and P.2 were further divided into three subgroups that were administered cassava leaves extract at a dosage of 179.2 mg/ kg BW, aquades and vitamin C. Rats were euthanized at day eight after the initial treatment to collect left mandibular first molar. The mandibular sections were immunohistochemically stained to quantify SOD expression using light microscope while the Image J software was used. Fibroblast cells expressing SOD are characterized by brown coloration in the cytoplasm and darker nucleus. Results: In periodontitis conditions, either due to P.gingivalis induction or ovarian dysfunction, fibroblast cells in rats given cassava leaves extract expressed higher SOD than rats given aquades, but still lower than rats given vitamin C. The result of the one way ANOVA test showed p value of 0,00, which means that there is a significant difference in all groups. Conclusion: Cassava leaves extract demonstrated the potential to increase the antioxidant expression in P. gingivalis-induced and ovarian dysfunction rats.

CHLOROPHIL ACTIVITY TEST OF SOME TYPES OF VEGETABLES AS AN ANTIBACTERY FOR Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Chlorophyll is a green color pigment in plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. The chlorophyll contained in the leaves has a function as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. This study aims to determine the ability of chlorophyll from several types of vegetables to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and determine the differences in the diameter of the inhibition zone between them. 
 Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) divided into 4 treatments, namely aquadest (P0), cassava leaf chlorophyll (P1), kale leaf chlorophyll (P2), and spinach leaf chlorophyll (P3). 6 repetitions each. Microbiological tests were carried out using the well diffusion method.
 Results: Anova test showed that the chlorophyll extracts of cassava, kale and spinach were very influential (P = 0.000) in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Duncan's further test showed that the largest average inhibition zone diameter for Escherichia coli was formed by cassava leaf chlorophyll (17.66 mm) and was significantly different from kale leaf chlorophyll (7 mm) and spinach leaves (6.16 mm). Similar to Staphylococcus aureus, the largest average inhibition zone diameter was also formed by cassava leaf chlorophyll, which was 18.16 mm and significantly different from kale leaf chlorophyll (6.75 mm) and spinach leaves (6.08 mm). 
 Conclusion: The chlorophyll extract of cassava leaves, kale and spinach can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the largest inhibition zone diameter formed by the chlorophyll extract of cassava leaves.

Theoretical formulations and simulations of one-dimensional inhibition kinetics of ethanologenic microorganisms in batch fermenters

The utilization of bio-based technology for energy has piqued researchers' curiosity around the world. As a result, bioethanol fermentation has been a hot topic of research for many scientists since it uses less energy and chemicals, produces fewer harmful by-products and emissions, and has environmentally favorable applications. The modeling and simulations of one-dimensional product and substrate inhibitions for sorghum, maize, and cassava extracts are discussed in this paper. Because it provides an edge over other methodologies, mechanistic modeling techniques are used. Models of substrate and product inhibitions in one dimension (1-D) are constructed. These 1-D models are then confirmed using parameter estimates before being employed in the work's simulations. For each dynamic model constructed, model fitness coefficients (α) are calculated. For the product, the exponential inhibition model, sorghum extract data has the best model fitness coefficient (α = 0.4088), for product sudden stop inhibition model and cassava extract data gives the best model fitness coefficient (alpha = 0.4417) for product exponential model. The projected yield increases for substrate exponential inhibition with sorghum extract data, substrate linear inhibition with maize extract data, and substrate linear inhibition with cassava extract data are 74%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. This unique framework has offered the industry a wide choice of kinetics models to choose from to alleviate inhibitions in fermentation systems and maximize yield and productivity in the bioethanol fermentation process.Article HighlightsThe modeling of inhibitions namely linear, sudden stop, and exponential in batch fermentation processes are presented in this article.Model fitness coefficient analysis showed the product as a primary inhibitor and substrate as a secondary inhibitor during the processThe cassava and maize processes described linear inhibition model and sorghum fermentation showed exponential product inhibition model.

Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Pada Kelinci

An incision is an injury caused by direct contact of the body with sharp objects. Cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) are a medicinal plant known to contain compounds that play a role in wound healing, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins and saponins. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of cassava leaves on the healing of cuts in rabbits. The ethanol extract of cassava leaves was prepared by maceration using 70% ethanol as a solvent. The wound healing test in rabbits was divided into 5 treatment groups, namely the positive control, the negative control, and test groups were given ethanol extract of cassava leaves concentration of 5%, 10% and 20%. Making an incision using a scalpel which is sliced into the back of the rabbit for 5 incisions. Rabbits were observed every day for one week with statistical analysis One Way ANOVA test followed by LSD test with Post Hoc Test. The ethanol extract of cassava leaves with a concentration of 5% 10% and 20% has the effect of wound healing.The concentration of 5% is (9.71 ± 0.17)%, the concentration of 10% is (17.19 ± 0.05)%, and a concentration of 20% is (23.24 ± 0.04)%. The results of the LSD test with the Post Hoc Test showed that there was no significant difference between the ethanol extract of 20% cassava leaves and the positive control, which means that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves can be used as wound healing in rabbits.

Karakteristik Ekstrak Pewarna Alami Daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta) pada Perlakuan Jenis Pelarut dan Suhu Maserasi

This study aims to determine the effect of type of solvent and maceration temperature on the characteristics of cassava leaves extracts as a natural dyes leaves and determine the type of solvent for cassava leaf powder and the best maceration temperature to obtain the extract of natural cassava leaves. This study used a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors, namely the type of solvent (85% ethanol, 85% acetone and mixture (85% ethanol: 85% acetone) and maceration temperature (35 ° C, 45 ° C and 55 ° C). The data obtained were analyzed with variance and if the treatment had a significant effect, then continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the treatment interactions had a very significant effect on yield, chlorophyll b, brightness (L *), yellowish level (b *), total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a. , redness (a *), but had no significant effect on the interaction at the level of redness (a *). The treatment of 85% acetone solvent and 55 ° C maceration temperature was the best treatment to produce acetone extract of natural dye of cassava leaves with yield characteristics of 14, 04%, total chlorophyll 12.10%, chlorophyll a 4.39%, chlorophyll b 7.71%, brightness (L *) 16.46, redness (a *) 9.77 yellowish (b *) of 5.70.brightness level (L*) of 11.03, redness level (a*) of 10.29, yellowish level (b*) of 2.83.
 Key words: cassava leaves, dye extract, maceration temperature, natural dye, solvent type.

Effects of cassava allelochemicals on rubber tree pathogens, soil microorganisms, and soil fertility in a rubber tree–cassava intercropping system

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)–cassava (Manihot esculenta) intercropping system is one of the most popular intercropping patterns for small-holder rubber planters. However, this practice is not recommended in some rubber-producing countries, since it is believed that the rubber tree and cassava share some identical pathogens and that the intercropping system will deplete soil fertility. The effects of cassava allelochemicals on rubber tree pathogens have never been reported. Using controlled plate tests, pot tests, and field experiments, this study aimed to assess the possible adverse effects that cassavas may impart to rubber plantations. The results showed: (1) although the leaf extract, decomposed leaf extract and root exudates of cassava inhibited or had no effect on the mycelial growth of the rubber tree pathogen Corynespora cassiicola, 10 mg mL−1 and 100 mg mL−1 cassava leaf water extracts and testing concentrations of cassava root extraction significantly promoted the mycelial growth of the rubber tree pathogen Rigidoporus lignosus, which increased the risk of rubber tree white root disease; (2) the overall soil fertility was increased significantly in the rubber tree–cassava intercropping system. However, the soil phosphorus content was reduced significantly in the field experiment; (3) the average girth of rubber trees was significantly reduced, and the girth uniformity was decreased in the intercropping system. Based on the experiment results, we suggested that an optimised fertiliser recommendation, particularly on the phosphorus amount, should be developed and implemented for the rubber tree–cassava intercropping system. In addition, since the intercropping of cassava will increase the risk of R. lignosus-induced rubber tree white root disease, which is very hard to prevent and eradicate once rubber trees are infected, the intercropping of cassava in rubber plantation rows should not be recommended in the R. lignosus prevailing areas.

Screening of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Fiber Levels of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas), Cassava (Manihot esculenta), and Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) Leaves Extract

Generally, vegetables contain various vitamins, minerals, and pigments that have antioxidant activity and can neutralise free radicals before causing damage to body cells. The research aimed to analyse phytochemical, antioxidant contents, and fibre levels of leaves extract of sweet potato, cassava, and binahong. The study was experimental research utilising leaves of sweet potato, cassava, and binahong. The leaves were removed and analysed for contents of phytochemicals, antioxidant and fibre levels. Flavonoid compounds were obtained positively on the 5-blades leaves extract of Cassavas. Polyphenol and tannin were undoubtedly discovered on the single, and 3-blades leaves extract of Sweet Potatoes and also on the five, and 7-blades leaves extract of Cassavas. Interestingly, alkaloids and steroids were identified on leaves extract of binahong, the single and 3-blades leaves extract of Sweet Potatoes and also on the five and 7-blades leaves extract of Cassavas. Consequently, 7-blades leaves extract of Cassavas contains the highest level of antioxidants (IC50), which was 44.46% (90 ppm). Nonetheless, 3-blades leaves extract of Sweet Potatoes contains the lowest. The leaves extract of binahong had an average fibre content of 28.45%, followed by 5-blades cassava leaves at 26.59%, and cassava leaves at 25%. The extract of sweet potato leaves was able to be developed as a source of antioxidants. Moreover, it contained high fibres.

FORMULATION OF CREAM BODY SCRUB FROM ETHANOL EXTRACT OF CASSAVA LEAVES (Manihot esculenta) AS ANTIOXIDANT

Background : Plant cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta) are known flavonoid is efficacious as antioxidant. Antioxidant can prevent damage to the skin by reducing free radical activity. Purpose : The purpose of this study to determine the concentration of ethanol extract of leaves of cassava can be formulated into dosage cream body scrub which have antioxidant activity. Method : Cassava leaf extract obtained by maceration using 97% ethanol. Determination of antioxidant activity by the method of reduction of free radical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). Result : The ethanol extract of cassava leaves are formulated into dosage cream body scrub with concentration variations 0,0085 mg/mL (formula 1), 0,017 mg/mL (formula 2), and 0,0255 mg/mL (formula 3). Stability test preparation cream body scrub using cycling tests performed for 6 cycles. Preparation cream body scrub to formula I has a moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 158,16 µg/mL, formula 2 has an active antioxidant activity with IC50 66,59 µg/mL, and formula 3 has a stronger antioxidant activity with IC50 38,80 µg/mL. Conclusion : cream body scrub and cassava ethanol extract does not irritate so it is safe to use. Preparations cream body scrub well have the most activity at a concentration of 0,0255 mg/mL with IC50 38,80 µg/mL.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne.

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

Cytitoxic Activity from the Tuber of Cassava (ManihotesculentaCrantz) Against Servical Hela Cancer Lines

This research evaluated the cytotoxic effect of the extract of cassava (M. Esculentacrantzs) againtsservicalHela cancer line. The tuber of Cassava is first extracted with ethanol at room temperature. The ethanol extract was dissolved in water and the partitioned successively with n-hexane and n-butanol. All of the extract were evaluated their cytototoxic activity againstservicalHela cancer line in vitro using MTT methods. The results indicate that the n-butanol showed strongerst cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 1.07 ug/mL.

Effect of cassava (Manihot esculenta cranzt), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) water extract to decrease pH phase fermentation of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

Introduction: Dental caries is the localised damage of the hard tooth tissue caused by acid production results of carbohydrate fermentation by acid-producing bacteria. Streptococcus mutans are one of the aetiological bacteria which fermented carbohydrate causes a decrease in the oral pH. Carbohydrate is generally consumed, included cassava, rice, and potato. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of the water extract of rice, cassava, and potato in decreasing the pH of Streptococcus mutans culture to know their potential in causing caries and also determined decreasing differences between three water extracts. Methods: The experimental method was used in cultured Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and tested against the treated rice, cassava, and potato water extract. Cultured bacteria were incubated for 48 hours in facultative anaerobes then measured the pH with a digital pH meter. The measurement result was statistically tested with the paired t-test and ANOVA. Results: The paired t-test (α = 0.05) showed that the p-value of rice, cassava, and potato water extract were 0.001, 0.001, and 0.018 respectively. ANOVA test with an α value of 0.05 showed the p-value of 0.000. Conclusion: There was a decrease in pH of cultured Streptococcus mutans after administration of the water extract of cassava, rice, and potato, and there was a difference between the pH decrease of the Streptococcus mutans between administration of water extract of rice, cassava, and potato. Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, Manihot esculentacrantz, Oryza sativa L., Solanum tuberosum, pH phase fermentation

Acute Toxicity of Ethanol Leaves Extracts of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) on Liver Histopathology of Wistar Rats

Cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta) contain cyanogenic glylcoside as toxicant. Cyanogenic glycoside can be hydrolized into glucose and cyanohydrin acetone which is then decomposed into cyanide. Cassava leaves are used by the community as a source of food and traditional medicine. However, there is a report of incidents of intoxication and death from cassava consumption in Kenya. This research is intended to know the effect of toxic dose ethanol extract of cassava leaves to liver histopathology of Wistar rats. This study was conducted through two stages, sighting study and main study. Both studies used initial dose level 2000 mg/kg and given once at the first day of each study. Main study consists of two groups, control group given 0,5% Na-CMC and treatment group given ethanol extract of cassava leaves dose 2000 mg/kg. All animals were observed for 14 days. Liver histopathology scores were obtained. Mann Whitney test showed that p= 0,009 (p<0,05) so that can be concluded that ethanol extract of cassava leaves dose 2000 mg/kg can cause histopathological changes in the liver of Wistar rats represented by cloudy swelling degeneration, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis in some cell.

Studies of Morphology and Serum Biochemistry of the Kidney of Wistar Rats Treated with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Studies of Morphology and Serum Biochemistry of the Kidney of Wistar Rats Treated with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Modeling and Simulation of Substrate and Product Inhibitions of Fermentation of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Extract

Abstract The fermentation of cassava extracts in brewing is often hampered by microbial inhibitors and oscillations from product and substrate inhibitions, which often decrease ethanol yields. Previous evaluation of the modeling of ethanol inhibition during fermentation of cassava extracts showed low model accuracy. This low model accuracy is due to substrate inhibition, which increases process control challenges. The inhibition patterns considered in this work were linear, sudden growth stop, and exponential. Mathematical models were developed to simulate substrate and product inhibitions during the fermentation of cassava extracts for alcohol production. The results obtained showed substrate and product inhibitions exist during fermentation of cassava extracts, with inhibition patterns being linear substrate-exponential product, exponential substrate-exponential product, and linear substrate-linear product inhibitions. The obtained models are described with a high degree of accuracy (99% confidence inte...

Production of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate by Pseudomonas oleovorans grown in sugary cassava extract supplemented with andiroba oil

Pseudomonas oleovorans were grown on sugary cassava extracts supplemented with andiroba oil for the synthesis of a mediumchain- length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA MCL). The concentration of total sugars in the extract was approximately: 40 g/L in culture 1, 15 g/L in cultures 2 and 3, and 10 g/L in culture 4. Supplementation with 1% andiroba oil and 0.2 g/L of (NH4)2HPO4 was performed 6.5 hours after growth in culture 3, and supplementation with the same amount of andiroba oil and 2.4 g/L of (NH4)2HPO4 was performed at the beginning of growth in culture 4. The synthesis resulted mainly in 3-hydroxy-decanoate and 3-hydroxy-dodecanoate units; 3-hydroxy-butyrate, 3-hydroxy-hexanoate; and 3-hydroxy-octanoate monomers were also produced but in smaller proportions. P. oleovorans significantly accumulated PHA MCL in the deceleration phase of growth with an oxygen limitation but with sufficient nitrogen concentration to maintain cell growth. The sugary cassava extract supplemented with andiroba oil proved to be a potential substrate for PHA MCL production.

In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta (cassava) on susceptible and resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis

This study aimed to represent the first report of the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta (cassava) against eggs and larvae of susceptible and resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. As well as, to determine the total tannin compounds, antioxidant activity and toxicity of the extract. The egg hatch test was used to evaluate ovicidal activity against unembryonated eggs, whereas larval feeding inhibition assay and MTT-formazan assay were used to evaluate larvicidal activity against first (L1) and infective (L3) larvae, respectively. The results showed no significant differences were detected between the sensitivities of susceptible and resistant strains of T. colubriformis to the extract. Eggs, L1 and L3 were significantly affected (P<0.001) compared with negative control, and L1 were more sensitive than the eggs and L3. The total tannin compounds were investigated using tannin quantification assay and determined by 254.44TAE/mg. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the median inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined by 2.638mg/ml. Acute oral toxicity at dose of 5000mg/kg, and sub-chronic oral toxicity at 500 and 1000mg/kg of the extract were observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The acute oral toxicity revealed that the median lethal dose (LD50) of methanolic extract of cassava leaves on SD rats was greater than 5000mg/kg, whereas the sub-chronic oral toxicity did not show observed adverse effects at 500 and 1000mg/kg per day for 28days. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of cassava leaves has direct ovicidal and larvicidal activity against T. colubriformis strains with a safety margin for animals, and it may be potentially utilized as a source of natural antioxidants.

In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) on three pre-parasitic stages of susceptible and resistant strains of Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta

Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes is considered as one of the main limiting factors causing significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry. The anthelmintic properties of some plants are among the suggested alternative solutions to control these parasitic worms. The present study investigated the anthelmintic activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf extracts against the susceptible and resistant strains of one of the most important nematodes in small ruminants, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta. Three different in vitro tests: egg hatch test, larval development assay, and larval paralysis assay were used to determine the efficiency of neem and cassava extracts on three pre-parasitic stages of T. circumcincta. The LC50 was determined for the most potent extract in each plant as well as the phytochemical tests, total tannin quantification and cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of goats. The results revealed a high anthelmintic activity of neem methanol extract (NME) and cassava methanol extract (CME) on both strains of T. circumcincta without significant differences between the strains. The first stage larvae were more sensitive with the lowest LC50 at 7.15mg/ml and 10.72mg/ml for NME and CME, respectively, compared with 44.20mg/ml and 56.68mg/ml on eggs and 24.91mg/ml and 71.96mg/ml on infective stage larvae.

PENGARUH BERBAGAI EKSTRAK AKAR DALAM STIMULASI INFEKSI CENDAWAN MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (CMA) PADA Tithonia diversifolia

In the first stage of arbuscular-mycorrhiza (AMF) fungi development on plant roots showed that root exudates, is a substance that determines the success of the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis. This secondary metabolites produced is intended to keep mold growth during the phase preinfection. Therefore, it is interesting to know whether to add the root extract of the plant could enhance CMA fungal infection in its host plant. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of root extract can stimulate CMA infection at the root and its influence on the growth of Tithonia diversifolia. This experiment used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, and continued with advanced test DNMRT at level 5%. The treatments assayed were: control, Tris-HCl buffer pH 7 (A), root extract of weed Imperata cylindrica (B); root extract of taro (C), and root extract of cassava (D). Base on the results obtained we concluded that the extract of the roots of weeds, taro and cassava does not give effect to the increased growth of Tithonia. However, the roots extract stimulated and had influenced on the percentage and intensity of AMF infection at the root of Tithonia and the number of spores obtained in the rhizosphere of Tithonia. In this case the root extract of taro showed the best stimulatory effect of infection with the percentage and intensity of infection are 99.3% and 30.59% consecutively with the number of spores found reach 113 spores/ 100 g soil.Key words: Stimulation, arbuscular-mycorrhiza, root extract, Tithonia diversifolia

Penggunaan Berbagai Sumber Karbohidrat Terlarut Air untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Silase Daun Rami

Quality improvement of ramie leaves silage by the addition of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) sources as many as 20% W/W fresh substance (FS) prior to 42 days of ensiling time was conducted in two experiments. First experiment examined three carbohydrate sources (cassava meal, pollard and coarse grinding corn) for their capacities to improve physical (color, odor, texture and spoilage), fermentative (pH, protein degradation, organic acid profiles), and utilities characteristics of the silages for ruminants (rumen fermentabilities and digestibilities) in vitro. The silages had bright greenish brown of color, lactic acid odor, and firm textures, categorized as highly fermentable and digestible feeds (dry matter digestibility &gt;72%). Compare to other additives, cassava meal produced better silage. However, high butyric acid and protein degradation proportions in the silage were not seem in line to these data. Coarse grinding corn failed to do its function therefore produced poor silage quality. Second experiment was designed to confirm the previous results. Five carbohydrate sources (cassava meal, pollard, fine grinding corn, rice bran, and cassava extract meal) of the same functions were examined. The results confirmed that cassava meal produced very good ramie leave silages (Fleigh number &gt;80) while the others produced quite good ramie leaves silage qualities (Fleigh number 40-60). All additives used in the second experiment successed to serve their functions in improving ramie leave silage qualities.

Cassava grates processing wastes as source of electrical energy

The study aimed to generate electricity from cassava (Manihot esculenta) extract using an improvised microbial fuel cell (MFC). In the development of the MFC, screening experiment using 8-run Plackett-Burman (PB) technique and optimization procedure following response surface methodology (RSM) were employed. More cassava extract concentration significantly increased the generated voltage and the significance exhibited by salt ratio was inversely proportional to the voltage generated. One of the treatments in the 3×3 factorial experiment reached the maximum voltage of 546 mV. Response surface regression analysis of all the response studied revealed that linear, quadratic, and cross product regression of cassava extract concentration and salt ratio in the salt bridge significantly affected the voltage which further developed a regression model represented as ∆E=106+1318x-4829y-850x2-787xy+18032y2. The canonical analysis of the voltage showed minimum response at the stationary point inside the factor level space equal to 211 mV. Salt ratio level lower than 15% and cassava extract concentration not less than 60% generated a higher voltage value. T-test showed no significant difference of voltage between days, and between the predicted mean and the observed mean, which had % accuracy of 92.54, and 93.28%.“