Bulb Extract Research Articles

Characterization and determination of total phenol levels of ethanolic extract of bawang dayak bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa urb.) based on variation in growing time of plants

Background: Bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) grows widely in Kalimantan. This plant can be used as a raw material for medicine and is known to contain phenolic compounds that have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The quality of the raw material of a plant determines its pharmacological activity. This is, of course, related to the content of compounds or active substances. One factor that plays an important role is the age of harvest, which can affect the content of compounds both qualitatively and quantitatively. Objective: To determine the simplicia characterization and total phenol content in bulbs of bawang dayak extracted using 96% ethanol, which were harvested at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 months. Method: Bulbs of bawang dayak are used in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months with several testing stages, namely organoleptic tests, macroscopic tests, and microscopic tests. Further qualitative analysis used TLC with chloroform and methanol (8:2) as the mobile phases. In the quantitative test, we used a UV-Via spectrophotometer with the folin-ciocalteau reagent and the gallic acid comparison. Results: The TLC test showed a positive result for phenol, which was marked after being sprayed with 1% FeCl3, a black spot appeared. The results of the determination of total phenol content in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months, respectively, were 59.196 ± 0.057, 76.596 ± 0.057, and 60.63 ± 0.2 mg/g GAE. Conclusion: The data above shows that the highest total phenol content is in the second month.

Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Tigridia vanhouttei Extracts.

In this work, bulb extracts of Tigridia vanhouttei were obtained by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The extracts were evaluated against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against two cell lines (THP-1 and A549) using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated in THP-1 cells by measuring the secretion of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by ELISA. The chemical composition of the extracts was recorded by FTIR spectroscopy, and their chemical profiles were evaluated using GC-MS. The results revealed that only hexane extract inhibited the growth of the clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 200 μg/mL. Against THP-1 cells, hexane and chloroform extracts were moderately cytotoxic, as they exhibited LC50 values of 90.16, and 46.42 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment with methanol extract was weakly cytotoxic at LC50 443.12 μg/mL against the same cell line. Against the A549 cell line, hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts were weakly cytotoxic because of their LC50 values: 294.77, 1472.37, and 843.12 μg/mL. The FTIR analysis suggested the presence of natural products were confirmed by carboxylic acids, ketones, hydroxyl groups, or esters. The GC-MS profile of extracts revealed the presence of phytosterols, tetracyclic triterpenes, multiple fatty acids, and sugars. This report confirms the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. vanhouttei.

Evaluation of inhibitory potency of endemic Onion bulbs: Analysis of phenolic compounds and enzyme inhibition with the computational study

Numerous Allium species have been utilized in complementary medicine based on their biological activities. In the present work, the bulb extract of A. kastambulense was studied for its phenolic content and enzyme inhibition ability assisted by computer-aided molecular docking studies. The evaluation of enzyme inhibition activity of the bulb extract showed that it has 54.70±1.74 134.3±2.12 IC50 for six studied enzymes, respectively. In the reverse-phase HPLC analysis of methanol-chloroform bulb extract, catechin, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, and apigenin were founded to be the represented group of phenolic components. Catechin flavonoid was extensively detected as the most abundant ingredient, and TPC and TFC were calculated at 6.86 ± 0.36 mg g− 1 and 3.22 ± 0.14 mg g− 1. Finally, the catechin ligand has low binding energy values against the studied enzymes with -5.778 - -8.872 kcal/mol.

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Hippeastrum papilio (Ravenna) Van Scheepen (Amaryllidaceae) Using Zebrafish Brain Homogenates.

The Amaryllidaceae family constitutes an interesting source of exclusive alkaloids with a broad spectrum of biological activity. Galanthamine, the most relevant one, has been commercialized for the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease symptoms since 2001 due to its potential as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. In vitro screenings against AChE by applying different Amaryllidaceae species and alkaloids have been reported in the literature; however, they are usually carried out using purified market enzymes. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the AChE inhibitory potential of Hippeastrum papilio (Amaryllidaceae) extracts using zebrafish brain homogenates. The biological assays show that the H. papilio bulb extracts present an interesting AChE inhibitory activity in comparison with the positive reference control galanthamine (IC50 values of 1.20 ± 0.10 and 0.79 ± 0.15 μg/mL, respectively). The chemical profile of H. papilio shows that this species has a high amount of galanthamine, which may contribute to the inhibitory effect on AChE activity of zebrafish brains. Computational experiments were used to build the model for zebrafish AChE and to evaluate the interactions between galanthamine and the enzymic active site. This work suggests that zebrafish could represent an important model in the search for bioactive molecules from the Amaryllidaceae family for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Antigenotoxic Potential of Dayak Onion Bulb and Leaf (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) Ethanol Extract with Allium cepa Assay

Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) has the potential as an antigenotoxic agent capable of counteracting the effects of damage to DNA due to ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). The bioactive compounds in Dayak onions have antiradical scavenging activity that plays a role in counteracting free radicals so that they can improve the genotoxicity that occurs. The purpose of this study was to determine the antigenotoxic potential of the ethanol extract of Dayak onion bulb and Dayak onion leaf using the Allium cepa assay. This study used a completely randomized design with various treatments of extract concentration (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 ppm) after immersion of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with 3 replications. Chromosome observations of shallot (Allium cepa L.) roots were carried out between 09.00-10.00 am and then the mitotic index and percentage of inhibition were determined. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively, quantitatively, and through the ANOVA test followed by the 5% DMRT test. The ethanolic extract of 10 ppm Dayak onion bulb showed the highest antigenotoxic activity with a mitotic index reaching 6.78% and an inhibition percentage of 92.25%. The antigenotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of Dayak onion bulb was higher than the ethanolic extract of Dayak onion leaf. These results are related to the antiradical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract of Dayak onion bulb which is also higher than the ethanolic extract of Dayak onion leaf.

Antioxidant, antitumoral, antimetastatic effect and inhibition of collagenase enzyme activity of Eleutherine bulbosa (Dayak onion) extract: In vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known in Brazil as “marupazinho”, is a medicinal plant native to the Amazon region. The bulbs of this species are traditionally used in the form of tea or consumed in natura (salads) for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, breast cancer, and female fertility. It has been reported that this species possess cytotoxic compounds with anticancer action and limited underlying mechanisms. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to analyze extract of E. bulbosa bulbs and evaluate antioxidant activity, antitumor and antimetastatic effects against murine B16F10-Nex2 melanoma cells, and collagenase inhibitory activity by in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. Materials and methodsDetermination of total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins content were performed. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was carried out to identify phytoconstituents from extract. Antioxidant evaluation was performed using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) tests. Antitumoral and antimetastatic activities of extract on murine B16F10-Nex2 melanoma cells were determined and inhibitory activity on collagenase was evaluated. Molecular interactions between compounds and DNA or collagenase was evaluated by molecular docking analyses. ResultsPhytochemical evaluation demonstrated the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, and HPLC-MS identified the major presence of eleutherin, isoeleutherin and eleutherinol. Antioxidant evaluation showed that the extract present significant activity in all methods evaluated. In silico assay demonstrated interaction between bioactive compounds and DNA or collagenase. In addition, extract exhibited antitumor and antimetastatic actions promoted by melanoma cells and showed collagenase inhibitory activity. ConclusionsThe results showed that E. bulbosa bulb extract contains bioactive compounds as flavonoids, anthocyanins and quinones of which may be responsible for the antioxidant, antitumor, antimetastatic and collagenase enzyme inhibitory activity observed in this study by in vivo, in vitro and in silico bioassays.

Nueroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Bulb Extract of Allium Sativum on Alcl3 induced Alzheimers in Rat

Nueroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Bulb Extract of Allium Sativum on Alcl3 induced Alzheimers in Rat

Identification of tuliposides K-M in tulip bulbs via an enzyme reaction-based screening method using a tuliposide-converting enzyme.

Tuliposides (Pos) are major defense-related secondary metabolites in tulip, having 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl and/or (3S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl groups at the C-1 and/or C-6 positions of d-glucose. The acyl group at the C-6 position is converted to antimicrobial lactones (tulipalins) by an endogenous Pos-converting enzyme. Based on this enzyme activity, we examined tulip bulb extracts and detected HPLC peaks that disappeared following the reaction by the Pos-converting enzyme. Spectroscopic analyses of the three purified compounds revealed that one of them was a glucose ester-type Pos, while the other two were identified as a glucoside ester-type Pos. These compounds were designated as PosK, L, and M. They were specific to bulbs, with the highest content in the outermost layer, but they were markedly less abundant than PosG, the minor bulb Pos we identified earlier. The study results suggest that tulip bulbs contain at least four minor Pos in addition to the major 6-PosA. Although PosK-M were present in almost all of the tested tulip cultivars, they were detected in only a few wild species, indicative of their potential utility as chemotaxonomic markers in tulip. Identification of PosK-M as 6-PosA derivatives unveils the biosynthetic diversity of Pos, the well-known group of secondary metabolites in tulip.

Screening of Alternaria Blight of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Caused by (Alternaria lini L.) in In-vitro Condition

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed and fiber crop grown both for its seed as well as fiber.It is widely cultivated in Northern India during the Rabi season. It suffers from a variety of diseases among which Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria lini is one of the most yield limiting factors in India. The efficacy of botanicals (neem, ginger, garlic, bougainvilla and eucalyptus extract), bio-agents (T. harzianum and T. viride) and chemical fungicides (Mancozeb (0.2%), Carbendazim (0.2%), etc. were tested against Alternaria lini in in-vitro conditions. The result of in vitro studies revealed that Neem extract @ 150 ppm significantly reduced the mycelial growth of Alternarialini as 68.6 percent inhibition followed by Garlic bulb extract @ 150 ppm and Ginger rhizome extract@ 150 ppm as 65.45% and 58.65% inhibition respectively. Among fungicide Carbendazim at 500 ppm proved to be most effective in inhibiting mycelial radial growth of pathogen with 100% inhibition over control followed by Mancozeb that showed 93.94% inhibition over control under in-vitro conditions.

Betulin and Crinum asiaticum L. bulbs extract attenuate pulmonary fibrosis by down regulating pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in bleomycin-induced fibrosis mice model

BackgroundPulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lung disease characterized by scaring of lung tissue that impairs lung functions. The estimated survival time of patients with pulmonary fibrosis is 3–5 years. Bleomycin (BLM) is used clinically in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and testicular germ-cell tumors. Bleomycin’s mechanism of action is the inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis. This happens when leukocytes induce the release of cytokines and chemokines which increase the pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-13, IL-1β and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β). Crinum asiaticum L. bulbs (CAE) are widely found in parts of Africa, Asia and Indian Ocean Island. It is also prevalent in southern part of Ghana and traditionally used by the indigenes to treat upper respiratory tract infections, and for wound healing. Betulin (BET) is found in the bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. but widely isolated from the external bark of birches and sycamore trees. Betulin as a lupine type triterpenes has been researched for their pharmacological and biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activities and anti-liver fibrosis effects.Aim of the study: The aim was to study the anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect of Crinum asiaticum L. bulbs extract and betulin in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Materials and methodThere was a single oropharyngeal administration of bleomycin (80 mg/kg) in mice followed by the treatment of CAE and BET after 48 h of exposure to BLM. ResultsThere was increased survival rate in CAE and BET treatment groups compared to the BLM induced group. There was a marked decreased in the levels of hydroxyproline, collagen I and III in the CAE and BET treatment groups compared to BLM-treated group. The treatment groups of CAE and BET significantly down regulated the levels of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations such as TGF-β1, MMP9, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-alpha compared to an increased in the BLM treated groups. The histological findings of the lungs suggested the curative effects of CAE and BET following BLM induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, the study showed improved lung functions with wide focal area of viable alveolar spaces and few collagen fibers deposition on lungs of treatment groups. ConclusionCAE and BET attenuated pulmonary fibrosis by down regulating pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as improving lung function. This could be a lead in drug discovery where compounds with anti-fibrotic effects could be developed for the treatment of lung injury.

Antiplasmodial activity of the bulbs of Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don (Syn: Fritillaria roylei Hook.): UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based biochemometric approach for the identification of marker compounds.

Fritillaria cirrhosaD.Don (Syn: Fritillaria roylei Hook) (Hindi name: Kshirakakoli) is a critically endangered Himalayan medicinal plant, well documented in Ayurveda for its therapeutic uses against various disorders such as jvara (fever), kasa (respiratory tract disease) etc. Its bulbs are also used as Szechuan-Pei-Mu for their antipyretic properties in the traditional Chinese medicine. However, despite its ethnomedicinal usage, the therapeutic use of F. cirrhosa bulbs for jvara (fever) related conditions such as malaria has remained unexplored. Hence in the context of increasing global concerns about drug-resistant malaria, it is important to investigate the antiplasmodial activity of F. cirrhosa bulbs for novel antimalarial agents. To investigate the antiplasmodial effects of the extracts/fractions of F. cirrhosa bulbs by the biochemometric approach and to rationalize its ethnopharmacological usage for jvara (fever) related conditions such as malaria. This study involves the UHPLC-MS-based plant material selection, preparation, quantification, and assessment of F. cirrhosa bulb extracts against CQ-sensitive Pf 3D7 & CQ-resistant Pf INDO strains. Further, UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS-based biochemometric approach has been applied for the identification of marker compounds responsible for the observed antiplasmodial effects. The identified marker compounds were also assessed for their in silico ADMET properties and binding efficacy with the drug transporter Pf CRT . Different F. cirrhosa bulb extracts/fractions showed promising antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 2.71-19.77 μg/mL for CQ-resistant Pf INDO strain and 1.76-21.52 μg/mL for CQ-sensitive Pf 3D7 strain. UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS-based biochemometric analysis revealed four marker compounds i.e., peimine (m/z 432.3448), peimisine (m/z 428.3504), puqiedinone (m/z 414.3379), and puqiedine (m/z 416.3509) responsible for the observed antiplasmodial activity. The identified marker compounds showed excellent binding efficacy with Pf CRT and suitable drug-like properties in silico. The study demonstrated promising antiplasmodial activity of the chloroform and alkaloid enriched fractions of F. cirrhosa bulbs and further identified the four marker compounds responsible for the promising antiplasmodial activity. These marker compounds i.e., peimine, peimisine, puqiedinone and puqiedine were identified by the biochemometric analysis as the putative antiplasmodial constituents of the F. cirrhosa bulbs. Further, in silico studies indicated the good binding affinity of the marker compounds with Pf CRT along with suitable ADMET properties. Overall, the study elucidates the antiplasmodial activity of F. cirrhosa bulbs from the western Himalayan region and provides nascent scientific evidence for their ethnopharmacological usage in jvara (fever) related conditions such as malaria.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI DAHLIA ( Dahlia variabilis )TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Stapylococcus aureus PENYEBAB INFEKSI KULIT

Dahlia tubers (Dahlia variabilis) are plants that are often found in the higglands. The content in Dahlia tubers is able to inhibit microbial growth. The compound content of Dahlia tubers includes alkaloids, flavaanoids, sapnonins and tannins. One of the diseases caused by microbes is a skin infection. The purpose of this study was to make a gel preparation from the ethanolic extract of dahlia bulbs and to test whether the formulation was able to inhibit the growth of Stapylococcus aureus bacteria at concentrations of 4%, 6% and 8%. The extraction used in this research is the maceration method with 96% ethanol as solvent. Evaluation test of gel preparations and antibacterial activity test by discdiffusion method. Then the one way ANOVA test was carried out. The results showed different result in each formulation. Based on the average results of the antibacterial activity test, the inhibition zones of F) were 17,0 mm, F1 18,13 mm, F2 was 19,73 mm, and F3 8,23 mm. The results of this study conuluded that the extraction of Dahlia tubers had antibacterial activity due to the presence of an inhibitory zone around the paper disc in a petri dish. Further research needs to be done with other methods.

Therapeutic Role of Crinum glaucum Bulb against Haematological and Hepatic Enzyme Alterations in a Rat Model


 Aims: Several parts of medicinal plants have been known to have many health benefits. One of those plants is the Crinum glaucum (CG) bulb. Therefore, this research was undertaken to investigate the therapeutic role of an aqueous extract of CG bulb (aeCGb) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced haematological and hepatic enzyme alterations in male and female rat models.
 Study Design and Methodology: Twenty-five male and twenty-five female rats were divided randomly into five groups (n = 5) each. Group 1 is the control group. Group 2 was administered with 1000 mg/kg body weight of aeCGb. Group 3 was exposed to 4 ml/kg body weight of LPS for 4 hours. Group 4 was administered LPS (4 hours) and 1000 mg/kg body weight of aeCGb. Group 5 was administered 1000 mg/kg body weight of aeCGb and LPS for 4 hours. The albumin, total protein, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (hepatic enzyme) concentrations and haematological parameters were analysed spectrophotometrically.
 Results: The hallmark of LPS is its ability to decrease the concentration of hepatic enzymes and the levels of haematological parameters, as observed. The levels of albumin, total protein, and direct and total bilirubin were significantly (P≤ .05) increased in the aeCGb-treated groups. However, treatment with aeCGb reverses the damaging effect of LPS on hepatic enzyme concentration.
 Conclusion: The results suggest that aeCGb has a therapeutic role in the LPS-induced alterations by correcting the concentration of hepatic enzyme function as well as regulating the levels of haematological parameters.

Comparative efficacy of some botanical insecticides in the control of eggplant fruit and shoot borer (leucinodes orbonalis guenee)

An Experiment was conducted from December, 2021 to April, 2022 in an open field of the Teaching and Research Farm of Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campused to evaluate the efficacy of botanical insecticides in the control of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) Leucinodes orbonalis Guenne), Four week-old eggplant seedlings (ARJANI FI) were transplanted to bags filled with 30kg top soil, each. There were nine insecticide treatments (T0 = Control (No insecticide), T1 = Scent leaf extract (SLE 10% w/v), T2 = Pawpaw leaf extract (PLE 10% w/v), T3 = Neem leaf extract (NLE 5% w/v), T4 = Neem oil (N.O 3% v/v), T5 = Neem oil (N.O 5% v/v), T6 = Garlic bulb extract (GBE 3% v/v), T7 = Emamectin Benzoate (EB 1.33g/L) and T8 = Neemsol (0.2% v/v). Plants were sprayed three times: four weeks after transplanting (4WAT), 6WAT and 8WAT. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared at 5% probability level using Student-Newman-Keuls Test. The results obtained showed that the insecticide treated plants significantly (P< 0.05) had lower percentage of fruit and shoot infestation by EFSB relative to the untreated plants. The unsprayed plant significantly (P< 0.05) had the highest percentage of Fruit infestation by both number and weight basis. Fruits from the untreated plants had significantly (P< 0.05) more number of bored holes and larvae than the insecticide treated plants. Among the insecticide treatments, EB and N.O 5% had plants with significantly lower shoot infestation (10.42 and 12.50%), fruit infestation by weight (17.07 and 25.60%), number of larvae/fruit (0.33 and 1.00), respectively. The botanicals tested in this work could be incorporated into integrated pest management programme of eggplant fruit and shoot borer. Therefore, Emamectin Benzoate was observed to be the best and hence recommended treatment based on parameters measured.

Effect of Allium sativum bulb extracts as feed additives on the immunological, enzymological, biochemical and growth parameters of Cirrhinus mrigala

The present work was done to test the effect of (A. sativum Linn.) garlic bulb extracts on the immunological, enzymological, biochemical and growth parameters of (C. mrigala Ham.) Indian major carp fingerlings. Five experimental diets namely control, petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate and methanol extract mixed feeds (0.10 %) were prepared and the fishes were fed with them for two months. The results indicated that the oral administration of the extracts led to desirable changes in immunological (superoxide anion production, bactericidal activity and lysozyme activity), enzymological(aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatise), biochemical (blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides)and growth (weight gain%, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) parameters. Based on the findings, it could be derived that A. sativum bulb extracts prepared using different solvents; especially the 0.10 %/kg supplemented feed additives enhance the immunity and growth of Indian major carp fingerlings.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)

Garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) has an active substance in the form of allicin which is thermolabil, allicin as the main antioxidant that can prevent free radicals. Nanoemulsion has a particle size of 20-500 nm which is an oil and water dispersion system stabilized by a combination of surfactant and cosurfactant. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best formula from the variation of VCO concentration 3%, 5%, 8% and determine the stability of nanoemulsion preparations. Nanoemulsions are formulated in oil phase VCO, surfactant Tween 80, and cosurfactant PEG 400. Nanoemulsion preparation performed organoleptic test, pH, viscosity , transmittance%, stability. The best Formula continued particle size test, and zeta potential. This study used laboratory experimental method, the results of the study were analyzed by one way ANOVA test. Obtained the best formula of nanoemulsion preparation of garlic bulb extract at a concentration of 8% VCO, the best formula physical results with clear yellow organoleptic characteristics, distinctive odor, and does not separate, pH value 4.9, viscosity value 7.0 d'pas, transmitan % value 96.11, nanoemulsion preparation of garlic bulb stable after stability test. The best Formula in Continue particle size test is the average value obtained 607.0, 53.4 and the average value of the potential Zeta test obtained -5.7, 0.86. The higher the concentration of VCO, the stability of smakin good preparation, nanoemulsion preparation that has good stability in formula 3 with a concentration of 8% VCO.

Contributions of Chemical Content and Biological Activity to Plant Taxonomy Based on the Four Allium L. Taxa (Sect. Cupanioscordum - Amaryllidaceae).

Garlic and onions are used as food and for medicinal purposes worldwide. Allium L. species are rich in bioactive organosulphur compounds that exhibit many biological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic activities. In this study, macro- and micromorphological characteristics of four Allium taxa were examined and the results suggested that A. callimischon subsp. haemostictum was the outgroup to sect. Cupanioscordum. Also, for the genus Allium, which is a taxonomically difficult genus, the hypothesis that chemical content and bioactivity can also be used taxonomically in addition to micro and macromorphological characters has been questioned. The bulb extract was analyzed to determine their volatile compositions and anticancer activities against human breast cancer, human cervical cancer, and rat glioma cells for the first time in the literature. To detect the volatiles, the Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction method was used followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The main compounds were found as dimethyl disulfide that (36.9 %, 63.8 %, 81.9 %, 12.2 %) and methyl (methylthio)-methyl disulfide (10.8 %, 6.9 %, 14.9 %, 60.0 %) for A. peroninianum, A. hirtovaginatum and A. callidyction, respectively. Additionally, methyl-trans-propenyl disulfide is detected for A. peroniniaum (36 %). As a result, all extracts have shown significant efficacy against MCF-7 cells depending on applied concentrations. The treatment of MCF-7 cells for 24 h with 10, 50, 200, or 400 μg/mL ethanolic bulb extract of four Allium species resulted in DNA synthesis inhibition. Survival rates for A. peroninianum was 51.3 %, 49.7 %, 42.2 %, 42.0 %, for A. callimischon subsp. haemostictum 62.5 %, 63.0 %, 23.2 %, 22 %, for A. hirtovaginatum 52.9 %, 42.2 %, 42.4 %, 39.9 %, for A. callidyction 51.8 %, 43.2 %, 39.1 %, 31.3 %, for cisplatin 59.6 %, 59.9 %, 50,9 %, 48.2 %, respectively. Moreover, taxonomic evaluation according to biochemical compounds and bioactivities is almost in agreement with that made according to micro and macromorphological characters.

The Antibacterial Activity of Dayak Onion Ethanol Extract (Eleutherine Palmifolia (L.) Merr) and Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc Var. Rubrum) on Growth Gi Tract Pathogen Bacteria

Antibiotic resistance in gastrointestinal bacterial infections can be overcome by alternatives using medicinal plants such as Dayak bulbs (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) and red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum). This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of a combination of ethanol extracts of Dayak bulbs with red ginger rhizomes and the effectiveness of the extract combinations in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. This research is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) of one factor, namely a combination of ethanol extract of Dayak onion tubers and red ginger rhizomes with 4 variations of concentration 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL at 2 ratios of the combination of 2:1 and 3:1 for 48 experimental units. Tests were carried out on bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. in vitro with agar diffusion technique (Kirby Bauer test), while the positive control was Chloramphenicol 30 μg / mL and the negative controls were sterile aquadest. Data analysis in this study used the ANOVA test. The results showed ethanol extract of dayak onion bulbs, red ginger rhizomes, and a combination of the two extracts have antibacterial activity so which can be inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. The combination of ethanol extract from dayak onion bulbs and has the greatest antibacterial activity at a 3:1 combination of 56.95% against the growth of Pseudomonas sp. and 109.72% against the growth of Bacillus sp.

The Effect of Temperature and Heating Time to Antioxidant Activity of Onion Dayak Bulb Extract (Eleutherine palmifolia)

The Effect of Temperature and Heating Time to Antioxidant Activity of Onion Dayak Bulb Extract (Eleutherine palmifolia)

Effects of Eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb. bulb extract on mice glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis models.

Low bone mass accompanied by microarchitectural alterations in the bone that cause fragility fractures is known as secondary osteoporosis and occurs when there is an underlying condition or medication present. Eleutherine bulbosa bulb extract has been shown to affect bone because of its content, which can help osteoblast differentiation and inhibit osteoclast differentiation. This study aimed to assess the effects of 70% ethanol extract of E. bulbosa Bulbs (EBE) from Pasuruan-East Java on blood calcium levels, osteoblast cell count, and bone density of trabecular femur in osteoporosis rats. Six groups of 30 female Wistar rats were created. There were no test materials offered to the healthy group; the negative group received 0.5% CMC; the positive group received alendronate 0.9 mg/kg BW; and the dose group received 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg BW. Glucocorticoid (Dexamethasone) 0.1015 mg/kg BW/day induction was given to all groups except the healthy group to create osteoporosis rats for approximately four weeks. Then they were given oral therapy for approximately 28 days. Followed by the determination of blood calcium levels, the number of osteoblast cells, and bone density of the rat femur trabecular. The result showed that E. bulbosa bulbs extract could raise blood calcium levels and bone density percentage at doses of 60 and 120 mg/kg BW, as well as raise osteoblast cell levels at doses of 120 mg/kg BW. The findings indicate that E.bulbosa bulb extract is a potential complementary medicine for osteoporosis.