Black Rice Extract Research Articles

Anthocyanin and Prebiotic Impact on Intestinal Environment in Obese Male and Female Subjects

Anthocyanins and prebiotics have been shown to impact overall health and wellness. One mechanism for the health benefits has been through modulation of the microbiome and the intestinal ecosystem. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a supplement containing both anthocyanins and prebiotics on modulating the intestinal environment, including the microbiome and intestinal inflammation. Fifty‐one healthy, obese male and female participants with BMI from 29.2 to 40.6 kg/m2 and between 20 and 60 years of age were enrolled in an 8‐week long open‐label single‐cohort study. Participants maintained their normal dietary and lifestyle habits and abstained from consuming anthocyanin‐rich foods and prebiotic supplements from four weeks prior to enrollment and for the duration of the study. The supplement, in powder form, contained an anthocyanin blend from black rice, black currant, and blueberry extracts (total of 215 mg anthocyanins) and a blend of prebiotic fibers (2.7 g) and was consumed once daily. Clinical chemistry and hematology and vital signs were documented for safety measurements at baseline and after 8‐weeks of supplementation. Participants completed a daily bowel habits diary commencing seven days prior to enrollment and the duration of the study. Stool samples were collected within 48 hours prior to baseline and end‐of‐study visits to measure microbiome diversity and fecal calprotectin, a marker of intestinal inflammation. After 8 weeks of consuming the supplement daily, participants had a significant decrease in the phylum Firmicutes (p<0.001) and Actinobacteria (p<0.001), a significant increase in the phylum Bacteroidetes (p<0.001), a significant decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (p<0.001) to be more similar to lean individuals, and a trend toward decrease in fecal calprotectin (p=0.107), compared to baseline. Bloating (p<0.05), gas (p=0.035), and abdominal pain severity (p=0.015) were significantly reduced and Bristol Stool Form Scale score was significantly improved during the study (p<0.05). The supplement was found to be safe and well tolerated based on vital signs and blood parameters. We found that consumption of a supplement containing a blend of anthocyanins and prebiotics positively modulated the intestinal ecosystem, including the microbiome, and provided insights into the mechanisms of action of the anthocyanin prebiotic formulation and its impact on health benefits. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT02743195).Support or Funding InformationSupported by Nu Skin Enterprises, Provo, Utah

The Potency of White Rice (Oryza sativa), Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica), and Red Rice (Oryza nivara) as Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor

Rice is known to have many beneficial biological activities and is often used as “bedak dingin”, a face powder. The content of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and several types of antioxidants, such as ferulic acid, phytic acid, tocopherol, and oryzanols [1-2] are predicted to be potential as a tyrosinase inhibitor. The purpose of this study is to determine the potency of extracts from there types of rice, namely white, red, and black rice as an antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. The rice was extracted with three different solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method was found in the methanol extract of black rice (IC50 290 μg/mL). Meanwhile, ethyl acetate extract of white rice has the highest antioxidant activity withphosphomolybdic acid method (41 mmol α-tocopherol equivalents/g sample). Thus, methanol extract of black rice and ethyl acetate extract of white rice are potential as an antioxidant. For tyrosinase inhibitor, n-hexane extract of red rice (IC50 3156 μg/mL) was the most active extract. The active component for radical scavenging is polar compound and for antioxidant by phosphomolybdate method is less polar compounds in black rice methanol extract based on TLC bioautogram. In conclusion, the black rice is the most potent in antioxidant while red rice is for tyrosinase inhibition.

Protective effect of black rice extract on the functional status of liver and hepatic stellate cell against toxicity induced by ethanol

Protective effect of black rice extract on the functional status of liver and hepatic stellate cell against toxicity induced by ethanol

Potential of Anti Breast Cancer Black Ethanol Rice Extract (Oryza sativa L). indica) In Decreasing Levels of CA 15-3 Serum in the White Mice Sprague dawley in Induction 7.12-Dimethylbenz (α) Antracene (DMBA) and Estrogen

Breast cancer is cancer that has the high incidence in Indonesia. Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) is a plant that has an anticancer potency. This research aim is to prove black rice as a potential anticancer by using experimental animals, 20 Sprague Dawley female rats aged 7-8 weeks induced breast cancer by using the combination of 7,12-dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA) and estrogen. Rats were divided into two groups, namely the K-induced breast cancer and a group of P-induced cancer and treated with black rice. Black rice is given in the form of ethanol extract at a dose of 75 mg / kg / day for six weeks. Levels of CA 15-3 serum are used as a parameter. The result showed that the differences in levels of serum CA 15-3 are significant (p <0.05). Serum CA 15-3 level in P group is lower than in K group. This study proved that the ethanol extract of black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) has potential as an anticancer breast as indicated by decreased level of serum CA 15-3

Identification and Characterisation of “Black Sticky Rice” (Oriza Sativa Glutinosa) as Photosensitizer in Development of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

It has successfully conducted a research to identify and characterize extract of black sticky rice (Oryza Sativa Glutinosa) as photosensitizers in making of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). Samples were made in the sandwich structure of couple of working electrode and counter electrode. The extraction process of dye in the black sticky rice was stirred for 1 hour and then allowed to stand for 24 hours. Identification of samples using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) to determine the chemical bond formed in the sample. Test the absorbance of the sample using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Lambda 25 test and characterization of current and voltage (I-V) using a Keithley 2602A. The results showed maximum absorbance black rice extract appears in two peaks namely at = 324 nm and = 477 nm. While the I-V curve measurements indicate the efficiency of the resulting large black rice extract was 0.028% on a 12-hour soaking period and 0,032% in 24 hours soaking time. These results indicate that longer soaking could increase the efficiency of the resulting value.Keywords: Ketan Hitam (Oriza Sativa Glutinosa), DSSC,FTIR, UV-Vis, Keithley

Goat milk kefir with black rice extract reduced insulin resistance through suppressing RBP4 expression in diabetic rats

Goat milk kefir with black rice extract reduced insulin resistance through suppressing RBP4 expression in diabetic rats

Efek Ekstrak Etanol Oryza sativa L. indica terhadap Aktivitas Protein Kinase B dan Kadar CA 15-3 Serum pada Tikus Sprague dawley Betina

Oryza sativa L. indica or black rice is a food containing high level of polyphenol and anthocyanin that has potency as anticancer and prevent resistance of doxorubicin therapy as a result of phosphatydil-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) hyperactivation. This study aimed to analyze the potency of black rice to inhibit the PI3K pathway. The study was done on March-June 2016 at faculty of veterinary Universitas Airlangga using 30 female Sprague dawley rats aged 7-8 weeks. Breast cancer induced by 7,12- dimethylbenz(α)anthracene(DMBA) and estrogen. Rats were divided into three groups: K1 (placebo), K2 (doxorubicin), and P (doxorubicin and black rice ethanol extract). Black rice ethanol extract was given with dose of 75mg/kg weight/day for six weeks. Parameters used in this study were the activity of PKB and CA 15-3 serum level, The results showed that there was significant difference in activity of PKB and CA 15-3 serum level between the groups (p < 0.05). The group of rats that treated by combination doxorubicin and black rice ethanol extract had the lowest activity of PKB and CA 15-3 serum level among the other groups. The conclusion of the study is that black rice ethanol extract can decrease the activity of PKB and CA 15-3 serum level in white rat modelled breast cancer.

Neuroprotective Effect of Rice and Corn Extracts Against H2O2-Induced Neurotoxicity in HT22 Murine Hippocampal Neuronal Cells

Oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage, mediated by the cellular accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was reported to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Rice and corn may serve as sources of antioxidants with the presence of phytochemicals such as melatonin and tryptophan, for fighting against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin are known to upregulate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene for enhancement of the nerve cell function and mediation of the anti-aging effect of the brain cells. The present study aimed at determining the effect of white rice, brown rice, black glutinous rice, sweet corn and baby corn extracts against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and their underlying mechanisms in the mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Following pretreatment of the HT22 cells with individual extract for 24 hrs and subsequent challenge with H2O2 for 24 hrs, cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular ROS and BDNF gene expression were measured. Rice and corn extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activities and the levels of tryptophan and melatonin. Characteristics of H2O2-induced neurotoxicity included decreased cell viability, increased cellular ROS and decreased BDNF expression. Pretreatment with rice and corn extracts significantly attenuated H2O2-induced neurotoxicity, and also significantly decreased ROS production. Pretreatment with these extracts could also upregulate the expression of BDNF mRNA and protein, which may be contributed by their melatonin and tryptophan contents. Therefore, rice and corn extracts may protect HT22 cells against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity by inhibition of ROS production and modulation of BDNF expression.

Germinated Thai Black Rice Extract Protects Experimental Diabetic Rats from Oxidative Stress and Other Diabetes-Related Consequences.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 DM (T2DM), is one of the most common metabolic disorder worldwide. The prevention measures and treatment strategies for DM are improving steadily. The current study explains the impact of germination on phytochemical content of Thai black rice (BR), and the influence of germinated BR extract (GBRE) supplementation on diabetic conditions in rats. Methods: BR was germinated and the phenolic, anthocyanin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of the extract were analyzed using HPLC and spectrophotometric methods. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were supplemented with high and low doses of GBRE. The plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, antioxidant status, and antioxidant enzyme levels of treated animals were assessed using ELISA and spectrophotometric methods. Results: Germination enhanced the GABA content of BR, and GBRE intervention improved the total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes levels in diabetic rats. The plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were reduced, and the degree of insulin secretion in rat plasma was significantly increased upon GBRE treatment. Both pre and post-treatment approaches showed the anti-diabetic ability of GBRE. In most of the analyzed parameters, GBRE was quite equal to the performance of drug-metformin. Conclusions: GBRE supplementation helps prevent and manage the consequences of DM.

Black Rice Bran Extracts and Fractions Containing Cyanidin 3-glucoside and Peonidin 3-glucoside Induce Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Cells

Anthocyanin of pigmented rice inhibits the growth of cancer cells. The cytotoxicity and apoptosisinducing properties of local black rice (cv Cempo Ireng) extracts and fractions, which contain anthocyaninincluding cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside, on human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cells) hasbeen evaluated. The pigmented rice bran was extracted and fractionated using methanol-HCl. The MTT testwas performed on HeLa cell cultures to observe the IC50 value. Preparative TLC was performed to obtain thefractions of black rice bran. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside were identified in the pigmentedrice bran extract and fractions using UHPLC. Flowcytometry analysis was performed to measure the percentageof apoptotic cells. Our results suggest that the fractions are more toxic than the methanolic crude extract withIC50 values of 85.95 ± 5.56 μg/mL (the lowest one) and 408.13 ± 51.9 μg/mL, respectively. The concentration ofcyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside in the methanolic extract were 1.89 and 0.84 μg/mg, respectively.The apoptosis induction by fractions F2 and F4 (52 and 55%) were significantly higher compared to fractionF3 and F5 (30 and 33%) and doxorubicin (21%). Cyanidin 3-glucoside was detected in F4 (0.14 μg/ml) whilepeonidin 3-glucoside in F2 (0.012 μg/ml), however both were not detected in F3 and F5.

Extraction and Identification of Black Rice Polyphenolic Compounds by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Seven kinds of phenolic compounds in black rice were isolated and identified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proanthocyanidins glucoside which has the strongest ability of antioxidant and free radical scavenging was tentatively identified in black rice for the first time. By mass spectrometry in negative ion mode, three types of phenolic acids compounds which were caffeic acid hexose, procyanidinB2-3-O-gallate hexose, epiafzelchineepicatechin-O-dimethylgallate were first confirmed. In this experiment, liquid–mass spectrometry model was established to detect traces of polyphenolic compounds in black rice. This model can increase the efficiency of electron capture and the sensitivity of mass spectrometry detection. The sensitivity, mass accuracy legitimated the identification of phenolic compounds present in black rice extract. So the method of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can rapidly detect traces of unknown phenolic compounds in grain. Practical Applications The plant phenols possess the ability to scavenge both active oxygen species and electrophiles. They are the most important group of natural antioxidants because of their diversity and extensive distribution. The interest in the exploitation of novel antioxidants from black rice is increasing accordingly due to abundant contents of polyphenols. Black rice which is a kind of typical whole grain is considered a good source of fiber, minerals, and phytochemicals as well as basic nutrients.

Germinated waxy black rice extract inhibits lipid accumulation with regulation of multiple gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects of germinated waxy black rice (GWBR) extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The inhibitory effect of GWBR extract against adipocyte differentiation was evaluated using Oil Red O staining and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) assay. GWBR extract inhibited adipocyte differentiation, but was not found to elicit any cytotoxicity. The mRNA levels of adipogenic transcriptional factors such as C/EBP-α and -β, PPAR-γ, and SREBP-1c, as well as adipogenic enzymes, including aP2, LPL, and FAS were significantly downregulated by treatment with GWBR extract compared to untreated control cells. However, mRNA levels of lipolytic genes such as HSL and ATGL, β-oxidation related genes CPT1, and UCP2 involved in thermogenesis were significantly up-regulated by treatment with GWBR extract. These data suggest that GWBR extract may be a potential functional food, and may have pharmacological applications in both the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Influence of anthocyanin co-pigment on electron transport and performance in black rice dye-sensitized solar cell

This work reports the novel contribution of chlorophyll b as natural anthocyanin co-pigment in unpurified black rice extract for improved electron transport and performance of natural dye-sensitized solar cell. The dyes are extracted as prominent photosensitizers by considering the concentration, the dye electronic structure, the extraction, and immersion time. The anthocyanin dye containing 1.92 mM cyanidin-3-O-glucoside structure has been extracted without purification. Interestingly, 0.33 mM chlorophyll b is found as a natural co-sensitizer in unpurified anthocyanin. The role of chlorophyll b supporting the electron transfer of anthocyanin dye will be investigated for improved cell performance. Both purified and unpurified dyes are compared in the same anthocyanin concentration. The combined Tauc plot and voltametric method will be conducted to show the interfacial electronic band edges of TiO2-dye-electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method will investigate electron transfer dynamic in both cell systems. As a result, chlorophyll b has dominantly acted as two intermediate states in boosting electron injection and dye regeneration to improve cell efficiency from 1.31 to 2.17 % due to the narrower LUMO–TiO2 conduction band gap and the narrower HOMO-iodide (I −) potential gap, respectively. According to the electron transport, the co-sensitizer contributes to the smaller transport resistance (R t = 21.9 Ω), the higher chemical diffusion coefficient (Dn = 1.696 × 10−3 cm2/s), the higher chemical capacitance (Cμ = 14.32 μF), and the faster electron transport (τd = 39.88 μs).

Black Rice (Oryza Sativa, Heukmi) Extracts Stimulate Osteogenesis but Inhibit Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 Cells

We investigated the effects of BREs named Heukmi on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. BREs stimulate osteogenesis, enhancing the mRNA expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), increasing ALP protein expression and cellular enzyme activity, thus elevating intracellular calcium deposition. BREs also suppressed adipogenesis by downregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, C/EBPδ and C/EBPα, major regulators in adipogenesis. In cells stimulated with BREs, the rate of fatty acid synthesis was significantly decreased, while there was no effect on the rate of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. This reciprocal regulation of osteogenesis and adipogenesis by BREs correlated with the regulation of Wnt signaling pathway. BREs enhanced the expression of genes in Wnt signaling pathway, including Wnt3a and β-catenin. Together, these results suggest that BREs may enhance osteogenic differentiation and suppress adipogenic differentiation via Wnt signaling. Practical Applications Black rice (Oryza sativa, Heukmi) is a colored rice strain with several known biological effects including anti-obesogenic activity. Black rice extract regulates cell differentiation thus suppresses adipogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of black rice extract on the differentiation of MSCs. In MSCs, the suppression of adipogenesis could promote osteogenic differentiation program and facilitates bone formation. The present study attempts to shed some light on the questions whether black rice extract induces osteogenesis in MSCs with suppression of adipogenesis. The results of the study could be a basis for further research on this precious rice strain and also to promote its consumption on a large scale.

Bread fortified with anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice as nutraceutical sources: Its quality attributes and in vitro digestibility

Anthocyanin-rich black rice extract powder (ABREP) as a nutraceutical source was fortified into bread. The quality and digestibility behaviors of bread with ABREP were evaluated through instrumental and in vitro digestion studies. The quality of bread with 2% of ABREP was not significantly (p>0.05) different from the control bread; however, increasing the ABREP level to 4% caused less elasticity and higher density of bread. A mathematical model was further developed to systemically describe the trajectory of bread digestion. The digestion rates of bread with ABREP were found to be reduced by 12.8%, 14.1%, and 20.5% for bread with 1%, 2%, and 4% of ABREP, respectively. Results of the study suggest that the fortification of anthocyanins into bread could be an alternative way to produce functional bread with a lower digestion rate and extra health benefits.

Determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity: Application of artificial neural networks

A new computational approach for the determination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) in food is reported, based on the concept of machine learning. Trolox standard was mix with DPPH at different concentrations to produce different colors from purple to yellow. Artificial neural network (ANN) was trained on a typical set of images of the DPPH radical reacting with different levels of Trolox. This allowed the neural network to classify future images of any sample into the correct class of RSA level. The ANN was then able to determine the DPPH-RSA of cinnamon, clove, mung bean, red bean, red rice, brown rice, black rice and tea extract and the results were compared with data obtained using a spectrophotometer. The application of ANN correlated well to the spectrophotometric classical procedure and thus do not require the use of spectrophotometer, and it could be used to obtain semi-quantitative results of DPPH-RSA.

Reducing Effects of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Extract on Body Fat Weight in Ovariectomized Rats

Reducing Effects of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Extract on Body Fat Weight in Ovariectomized Rats

Suppression of Inflammatory Responses by Black Rice Extract in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells via Downregulation of NF-kB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways.

Anthocyanin, a phenolic compound, has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced changes in immune cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory effects. Few research studies have concerned the anti-inflammation properties of colored rice extract as a functional material. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine anti-inflammatory effects of the polar fraction of black rice whole grain extracts (BR-WG-P) that features a high anthocyanin content. Our results showed that BR-WG-P significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro- inflammatory mediators, including production of NO and expression of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 was also significantly inhibited. Moreover, BR-WG-P and anthocyanin inhibited NF-kB and AP-1 translocation into the nucleus. BR-WG-P also decreased the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK in a dose dependent manner. These results suggested that BR-WG-P might suppress LPS-induced inflammation via the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway leading to decrease of NF-kB and AP-1 translocation. All of these results indicate that BR-WG-P exhibits therapeutic potential associated with the anthocyanin content in the extract for treating inflammatory diseases associated with cancer.

PENGARUH UKURAN PARTIKEL BERAS HITAM (Oryza sativa L.) TERHADAP RENDEMEN EKSTRAK DAN KANDUNGAN TOTAL ANTOSIANIN

Black rice has been tested for its high anthocyanin content. Black rice can be one of the potential sources of anthocyanin. Particle size is one of factors which influences amount of isolated biocompound in maceration process. Decreasing particle size can increase the amount of isolated biocompound and extract yield value. The high value of extract yield shows effectiveness of maceration process. In this research, particle size variation has been done maceration process for investigating its influence on black rice extract yield and total anthocyanin content of maceration result. This study used black rice ( Oryza sativa L.) from Beringharjo market, Yogyakarta. Maceration with solvent of ethanol 96% add ed HCl 37% until pH 1,0(1:6) is done for 6 x 24 hours, with particle size variation: mesh 20/40, 40/60 and whole bran of black rice. Data of extract yield and total anthocyanin content are analyzed by using one-way ANOVA with confidence level 95%. The results revealed that extract yield and total anthocyanin content of black rice extract with particle size variation: mesh 20/40, 40/60 and whole bran of black rice intact 6%; 16%; 11,26%; and 30,76 mg/100 g; 1167,80 mg /100 g; 322,23 mg/100 g, respectively. There is significant difference between tested groups (P< 0,05). We concluded that particle size of black rice influences extract yield and total anthocyanin content of maceration result.

Effect of GABA Extract of Black Sticky Rice with Giant Embryo on Alcohol-Related Indices After Acute Alcohol Intake in Social Drinkers.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect and safety of a high-gamma-aminobutyric acid-containing extract (GABA extract) of black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGE) on alcohol-related indices after acute alcohol intake in social drinkers. Subjects were randomized to the GABA extract (G) group, GABA extract and alcohol drinking (GA) group, or placebo intake and alcohol drinking (PA) group in a double-blind design. All subjects were administered GABA extract (200mg GABA) or placebo at 9 am on study days 2 and 3, respectively. Subjects in the GA and PA groups were administered an equivalent dose of alcohol that was diluted in a drinking beverage for a total amount of 240ml at 11 am on day 3. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale were measured just before alcohol drinking, and 6 times after alcohol drinking. The peak and area under the curve (AUC) of the total stimulation scale score after alcohol intake in females were significantly higher in the GA than in the PA group, whereas no significant difference was found between the 2 groups in males. The peak and AUC of the total score on the sedation scale after alcohol intake in males were significantly lower in the GA than in the PA group, whereas both were significantly higher in the GA than in the PA group of females. The AUC for BAC in males was significantly lower in the GA than in the PA group, whereas no significant difference was found in females. No adverse events were reported in any of the groups including the G group. Coadministration of a GABA extract to social drinkers while drinking alcohol is supposed to affect alcohol-related indices in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and did not induce any adverse events.