Extraction Of Metal Ions Research Articles

Evaluation of a Phosphinate Functionalized Ionic Liquid for the Separation of Nb and Ta from Nitric Acid Feed Conditions.

A 'green' single-step separation process, involving a phosphonium phosphinate functionalized ionic liquid (FIL) in C8mim·NTf2, has been developed for highly encouraging improvements in the mutual separation of Nb and Ta with a maximum separation factor of ∼48 at 2 M nitric acid. The separation factor in C4mim·NTf2 was found to be somewhat lower compared to that seen in C8mim·NTf2. In C8mim·NTf2, the extraction proceeded via the neutral NbOF3(R4P+)(R2POO-) and TaOF3(R4P+)(R2POO-) species predominated by a 'solvation' mechanism at 2 M HNO3, where both the cationic and anionic parts of the FIL took part in the metal ion extraction. However, in the case of C4mim·NTf2, the extraction proceeded via a cation exchange mechanism involving the mono-positive species viz. [NbO(R2POO-)2]+IL, [TaO(R2POO-)2]+IL. Only the phosphinate group of the FIL was directly involved in the binding to the metal ion. The charge neutrality was maintained by the exchange of the C4mim+ ion from the ionic liquid phase to the aqueous phase. The processes were spontaneous, exothermic involving outer sphere complexation. The radiolytic stabilities of the C8mim·NTf2-based solvent systems were poorer than those of the solvents based on C4mim·NTf2. Aqueous solutions of EDTA-guanidine carbonate or DTPA-guanidine carbonate showed promising back extraction ability though three contacts of these organic phases were required for more than 99.99% stripping of the metal ion. The reusability of these solvent systems was evaluated. After four consecutive cycles, a maximum of only 8% reduction in the extraction efficiency of Ta was noticed, while for Nb it was less than 4% for Nb.

Possibilities for the nanotechnology sector development on the bases of primary and secondary resources in the Republic of Srpska

Republic of Srpska has significant unexploited sources of raw materials for the production of already widely known applicable nanomaterials, however, this potential has yet to be recognized. The potential of exploitation of several such raw materials is analyzed, as well as their availability in the field. The greatest potential lies in the mining industry waste and waste containing cellulose (sawdust, wood waste, fruit baskets, corn waste, etc.). Metal mines, both active and abandoned, are characterized by large amounts of accumulated sludge from which it is possible to extract metal ions. Later, these extracted ions can be used to produce metal nanoparticles that could have many applications. Utilizing standard processes, it is possible to produce activated nanoporous carbon from cellulose waste, known mostly as a material for filtration of contaminated water and air. From the available data on these resources, published by national and international organizations, this chapter strongly suggests that significant potential for industrial development in Republic of Srpska lies in the production of high-quality nanomaterials from waste materials. In addition to solving a number of environmental problems by reducing waste, the production of nanomaterials from domestic raw materials such as mining waste and cellulose waste materials, which are mostly discussed here, provides opportunities to stimulate local economic development. These industries could lead to the creation of new jobs, increase the efficiency in the use of raw materials by expanding the number of final products that could be produced in the Republic of Srpska with added value, much higher than the raw materials themselves.

Pickering Emulsion Polymerization Technology─Toward Nanostructured Materials for Applications in Metal Ion Extractions from Wastewaters

Pickering Emulsion Polymerization Technology─Toward Nanostructured Materials for Applications in Metal Ion Extractions from Wastewaters

Determination of Cr and Pb in edible vegetable oils by coupling of extraction induced by emulsion breaking with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry detection

This study presents an efficient method for the determination of chromium and lead in various edible vegetable oils by combination of extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) detection. The technique relies on the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion, achieved by introducing an extraction phase containing 20% (w/v) Triton X-100 and 1% (v/v) nitric acid. The metal ions were extracted to the aqueous phase through centrifugation of the resulting emulsion. Subsequently, the collected aqueous phase was mixed with dithizone, and the pH of solution was adjusted at 8 and 9 for Cr and Pb, respectively. Finally, DLLME was applied to concentrate the extracted metal ions, which were then quantified using FAAS. Various factors affecting the extraction efficiency of selected the metal ions were optimized using one-variable-at-a-time method. The estimated limit of quantifications were 5.0 µg/kg and 2.0 µg/kg for lead and chromium, respectively. The standard addition method was used to construct the calibration curves. The calculated relative recoveries for the spiked oil samples ranged from 94.0% to 98.0% for chromium, and from 92.0% to 96.4% for lead. The results showed that the proposed technique offers a simple and efficient analytical methods for the determination of lead and chromium in oil samples.

Sulfonato Complex Formation Rather than Sulfonate Binding in the Extraction of Base Metals with 2,2′-Biimidazole: Extraction and Complexation Studies

The application of a bidentate aromatic N,N’-donor ligand, 2,2′-biimidazole (BIIMH2), as an extractant in the form of 1-octyl-2,2′-biimidazole (OBIIMH) and related derivatives in the solvent extraction of base metal ions (Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) from an acidic sulfonate medium using dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid (DNNDSA) as a synergist was investigated. OBIIMH with DNNDSA as a co-extractant showed a lack of selectivity for base metals ions (Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) despite its similarity with a related bidentate aromatic ligand, 2,2′-pyridylimidazole, which showed preference for Ni(II) ions. The nickel(II) specificity, through stereochemical “tailor-making”, was not achieved as expected and the extracted species were isolated to study the underlying chemistry. The homemade metal sulfonate salts, M(RSO3)2·6H2O (R = Toluene and M2+ = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+), were used as precursors of the metal complexes of BIIMH2 using toluene-4-sulfonic acid as the representative sulfonate. Spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray analysis supported the formation of similar neutral distorted octahedral sulfonato complexes through the bis coordination of BIIMH2 and two sulfonate ions rather than the formation of cationic complex species with anion coordination of sulfonates. We attributed the observation of similar complex species and the similar stability constants of the bis-complexes in solution as the cause for the lack of pH-metric separation of the later 3d metal ions.

Precisely modulating covalent and coordination bonds in the porous network for highly selective metal ion extraction

Precisely modulating covalent and coordination bonds in the porous network for highly selective metal ion extraction

Phase equilibria and extraction of metal ions in systems based on mixtures of oxyethylated nonylphenols

Phase equilibria and extraction of metal ions in systems based on mixtures of oxyethylated nonylphenols

Triflimide Effect in Solvent Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements from Nitric Acid Solutions by TODGA

ABSTRACT Outer-sphere interactions play an important role in the liquid-liquid extraction and separation of metal ions and they could be used to tune the efficiency and selectivity of recovery. Here, we report the extraction behaviour and separation of trivalent rare-earth elements from aqueous nitric acid solutions with N,N,N’,N’-tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA), which was preliminarily contacted with an aqueous solution of N-H acid bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (triflimide, HTf2N; Tf = CF3SO2) resulting in an adduct TODGA⋅HTf2N. We examined in detail the extraction system composed of TODGA acidified with HTf2N and 1,2-dichloroethane as diluent. The effect of various experimental conditions such as the nature of diluent, aqueous nitric acid concentration, and TODGA⋅HTf2N concentration in the organic phase was studied. It has been found that the distribution coefficient values for metal ions are much greater, especially at low aqueous acidity in the extraction systems with the acidified organic solvent phase. Furthermore, the heavier lanthanides were effectively extracted and the intergroup lanthanide selectivity was greatly improved (separation factors for the Lu/La pair increased by 40 and 2 times for the two systems under study, respectively).

Synergistic Extraction of Lanthanides(III) from Acidic Aqueous Solutions with Mixtures of Bis(Diphenylcarbamoylmethylphosphine Oxide) Ligands and Dinonylnaphtalene Sulfonic Acid

ABSTRACT The extraction of lanthanides(III) from aqueous nitric acid solutions with mixtures of bis(diphenylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxides) (L) and dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (HDNNS) in organic diluents is studied. It is established that the efficiency of extraction of Ln(III) ions increases significantly when HDNNS is added to the organic phase containing L. The synergistic effect arises due to the higher hydrophobicity of the extractable Ln(III) complexes formed by the L ligand and DNNS− anions compared to those containing NO3 − ions as counteranions. The stoichiometry of the extracted complexes is determined, and the influence of the composition of the aqueous phase, the nature of the organic solvent, and the structure of the bis-CMPO ligands on the efficiency of the extraction of metal ions into the organic phase is considered. The synergistic effect during the extraction of Ln(III) from aqueous nitric acid solutions with mixtures of L and HDNNS weakens with increasing the acidity of the aqueous phase; however, it also holds in acidic media.

Extraction of ree(III) from nitric acid media with tetraoctyldiglycolamide into trioctylammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide

The effect of trioctylammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ionic liquid on the extraction of REE(III) with tetraoctyldiglycolamide from nitric acid solutions was studied. It was found that in the presence of an ionic liquid in the organic phase, the efficiency and selectivity of the extraction of metal ions from nitric acid solutions increases significantly. The influence of the acidity of the aqueous phase on the change in the distribution ratios of REE(III) was considered, and the stoichiometry of the extractable complexes was determined.

Application of Physicochemical Methods for Extraction of Nonferrous Metal Ions (Cu2+, Zn2+) and Carbon Nanomaterials

Application of Physicochemical Methods for Extraction of Nonferrous Metal Ions (Cu2+, Zn2+) and Carbon Nanomaterials

Book Review Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors: Module Fabrication, Design and Operation, and Potential Applications

The latest developments and applications of hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMCs) were discussed in this recent published book. Membrane contactor provides gas–liquid or liquid–liquid contact without dispersion of one phase in another, which gives a higher mass transfer coefficient compared to the conventional contactors. Using a microporous hydrophobic or hydrophilic membrane, one of the fluids is immobilized in the pores where the mass transfer is occurred based on the concentration gradient. HFMC technology has been implemented in various applications including gas separation, fermentation, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment, chiral separation, semiconductor manufacturing, carbonation of beverages, metal ion extraction, protein extraction, VOC removal from waste gas, and osmotic distillation.

Lower rim thiacalixarenes derivatives incorporating multiple coordinating carbonyl groups: Synthesis, characterization, ion-responsive ability and DFT computational analysis

Three novel tetra substituted p‑tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene derivatives (3, 4, and 5) with five coordinating carbonyl groups at the lower rims were synthesized. Accordingly, diethyl tetra-t‑butyl‑trihydroxy-tetrathia-tetrabenzenacyclooctaphanyl)oxy)malonate react with ethyl bromoacetate, phenacyl bromide and 2‑chloro-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide, to produce new p‑tert-butylthiacalix[4]arenes in of 60, 90, and 80% yields, respectively. The molecular structures of the products were verified using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Metal ions such as Na+, K+, Cs+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Ag+ are easily chelated by the new thiacalixarene derivatives using liquid-liquid extraction technique. These compounds surprisingly show high efficiency in liquid-liquid extraction of alkali, heavy, and transition metal ions. Uptake efficiencies of 71.00% (for Co(II)), 46.00% (for Cu(II), and 15.00% (for Hg(II)) were attained by thiacalixarene 3, 4, and 5. These derivatives were subjected to DFT-based computational analysis with the aim of increasing the efficiency with which thiacalixarene (as a nucleophilic) interacts with the metal ion (3, 4, and 5 in the role of electrophile).

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Metal Ions Using Aqueous Biphasic Systems

An investigation was conducted for the study of extraction of metal ions using aqueous biphasic systems. The extraction of iron, zinc and copper from aqueous sulphate media at different kinds of extractants SCN− , Cl- and I- , different values of pH of the feed solution, phase ratio, concentration of metals, concentration of extractant, concentration of polymer, and concentration of salt was investigated. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in the aqueous phase throughout the experiments. The results of the extraction experiments showed the use of SCN− as extractant, pH=2.5, phase ratio=1.5, concentration of metals 1g/l, concentration of extractant 0.06 %, concentration of polymer =50 %, and concentration of salt=20% gave the highest value of percent removed. Also increase of extractant concentration increases the percent removed. The results clarified that increasing the metal ions concentration in the aqueous phase causes to decease the percent removed. The addition of an inorganic salt (sodium sulphate) up to (20%) increased the dehydration of polymer chains and then increases the percent removed.

Highly Selective Transport and Enrichment of Lithium Ions through Bionic Ion Pair Receptor Nanochannels.

Inspired by ion pair cotransport channels in biological systems, a bionic nanochannel modified with lithium ion pair receptors is constructed for selective transport and enrichment of lithium ions (Li+). NH2-pillar[5]arene (NP5) is chosen as ion pair receptors, and the theoretical simulation and NMR titration experiments illustrate that NP5 has good affinity for the ion pair of LiCl through a strong host-guest interaction at the molecular level. Due to the confinement effect and ion pair cooperation recognition, an NP5-based receptor was introduced into an artificial PET nanochannel. An I-V test indicated that the NP5 channel realized the highly selective recognition for Li+. Meanwhile, transmembrane transport and COMSOL simulation experiments proved that the NP5 channel achieved the transport and enrichment of Li+ through the cooperative interaction between NP5 and LiCl. Moreover, the receptor solution of transmembrane transport LiCl in the NP5 channel was used to cultivate wheat seedlings, which obviously promoted their growth. This nanochannel based on the ion pair recognition will be much useful for practical applications like metal ion extraction, enrichment, and recycle.

Effect of bis(methylimidazolium) ionic liquid on the extraction of actinides and lanthanides with bis(carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide) extractant from nitric acid solutions

Abstract A novel bis(methylimidazolium) ionic liquid 3,3′-(pentane-1,5-diyl) bis(1-methylimidazolium) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonul)imide [C5(mim)2][Tf2N]2 has been synthesized. Its effect on the extraction of U(VI), Th(IV), Am(III), and lanthanides(III) from nitric acid solutions with a polydentate neutral bis(carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide) ligand L containing two bidentate fragments Ph2P(O)CH2C(O)NH–, interconnected by 4,7,10-trioxatridecane spacer through amide nitrogen atoms has been investigated. The efficiency of the extraction of metal ions with solutions of L in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) significantly increases in the presence of [C5(mim)2][Tf2N]2. A synergistic effect in the extraction of metal ions in this system has been explained with the high hydrophobicity of the Tf2N− anions, which are involved in the formation of extracted complexes as counterions. The value of the synergistic effect decreases with increasing acidity of the aqueous phase. The influence of the composition of the aqueous and organic phases on the efficiency of the extraction of metal ions into the organic phase is considered, and the stoichiometry of the extracted complexes is determined. The effect of the HTf2N coextraction with L on the extraction of metal ions in the L – [C5(mim)2][Tf2N]2 system is discussed. The synergistic effect in the extraction of Ln(III) from 3 M HNO3 solutions with the mixture of L and [C5(mim)2][Tf2N]2 in DCE is higher than that in the L – [C4mim][Tf2N] – DCE system.

Separation of Lithium and Transition Metals in Leaching Solution of Used Lithium Ion Battery with Sec‐octylphenoxyacetic Acid

AbstractThe recovery of critical metals from spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is important to sustainable development and environment protection. In this paper, sec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid (CA‐12) was first used to recover valuable metals in LIBs. The effects of phase modifier, initial feed pH, extraction kinetics and thermodynamics, CA‐12 concentration and saponification degree were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, 99 % of nickel, cobalt and manganese were co‐extracted to the organic phase, and the loss of lithium was 7 %. The extracted metal ions could be stripped with 0.04 mol/L HCl equivalently. In the spent LIBs powder leaching experiment, leaching efficiencies of all components were greater than 95 %. In the impurity removal stage, extractant N902 was used to remove copper, while iron and aluminum were eliminated by hydrolysis. After two‐stage extraction, the total extraction efficiencies of nickel, cobalt and manganese reached 99.7 %, 99.4 %, 98.45 %, respectively. Finally, lithium in the raffinate was precipitated by saturated Na2CO3, the purity of recovered Li2CO3 was up to 97.7 %. After 5 times cycles, CA‐12 still maintained excellent extraction capacity, showing its potential application prospects for recovering critical metals form spent LIBs.

Extraction of Actinides and Lanthanides(III) from Nitric Acid Solutions with Mixtures of N-(Diphenylphosphoryl)-N'-propylureas with ω-Nitrogen-Containing Groups and Dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic Acid

Extraction of uranium, thorium, and lanthanide(III) ions from nitric acid solutions with mixtures of dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid and N-(diphenylphosphoryl)-N'-n-propylureas containing imidazolyl, diethylamino, pyrid-2-yl, and 2-oxopyrrolidine fragments has been studied in organic solvents. Considerable synergetic effect on extraction of metal ions with mixtures of dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid and N-(diphenylphosphoryl)-N'-[3-(2-oxopyrrolidino)propyl]urea has been revealed. Stoichiometry of extracted complexes has been determined. Effect of extractant strucuture, organic diluent nature, and HNO3 content in aqueous phase on extraction efficiency of metal cations into organic medium has been accessed.

Оценка возможности использования отходов железо-магниевого производства для очистки сточных вод от тяжелых металлов (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+)

Relevant problems associated with treatment of industrial wastewater from heavy metal ions are considered. Due to industrial development, the amount of wastewater increases as well as the risks of heavy metals getting into surface and groundwater, accumulating in water bodies and becoming aggressive environmental pollutants, which affect the animal and human organisms. To assess the possibility of extracting metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) from industrial wastewater and their further treatment, studies were carried out on redistribution of heavy metals in the “wastewater – waste” system using iron-magnesium production waste. Samples of the investigated waste weighing 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 g were taken for wastewater volume of 50 ml per each subsample. Contact time varied from 5 to 180 min, waste fraction was 1 mm. The interaction process showed that the waste efficiently removes metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) from industrial wastewater. The efficiency of removing a pollutant from the solution depends on the weight of the waste subsample, initial concentration of metal ions, and contact time.

Rapid extraction of valuable metals from spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathodes based on synergistic effects between organic acids

The slow rate of organic acid leaching is the main factor hindering the ecological recycling of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials. Here, a mixed green reagent system of ascorbic acid and acetic acid is proposed to leach valuable metal ions from the spent LIBs cathode materials rapidly. In 10 min, 94.93% Li, 95.09% Ni, 97.62% Co, and 96.98% Mn were leached, according to the optimization results. Kinetic studies and material characterization technologies like XRD, SEM, XPS, UV–vis, and FTIR show that the “diffusion” and “stratification” effects of acetic acid contribute to the dual-function leaching agent ascorbic acid quickly extract metal ions from spent LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 (NCM532) materials at a mild temperature. In addition, the density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of spent NCM532 structural surfaces and leaching agents show that the fast leaching of valuable metal ions is due to the synergy between ascorbic acid and acetic acid. These results provided an approachable thinking for developing advanced and environmentally friendly strategies for recycling spent LIB cathode materials.