Extraction Of Cellulose Research Articles

Extraction of Cellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse Across Agricultural and Forestry

This study investigates the sustainable cellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse across agricultural, forestry, and plantation sectors. Sugarcane bagasse, a by-product of sugar production, emerges as a promising source of cellulose, offering avenues for value addition and waste reduction within these industries. Three extraction methods were evaluated: soxhlet extraction using ethanol, kraft pulping with NaOH/Na2S, and iCEL machine producing cellulose, extractive, and lignin. Quantitative analysis reveals that soxhlet extraction yields the highest purity of cellulose (75.86±1.54%), followed by the iCEL machine (50.20 ± 12.49%), while kraft pulping shows comparatively lower purity (48.42±3.95%) due to incomplete delignification. Morphological examination indicates that soxhlet extraction preserves cellulose’s native properties, including its white colour and fibrous morphology akin to raw cotton. In contrast, kraft pulping induces degradation, leading to yellowing and lignification of the cellulose. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of characteristic cellulose peaks in all samples, with additional peaks indicating residual non-cellulosic components, especially in kraft cellulose. Soxhlet extraction is optimal due to its simplicity, higher purity, and non-destructive nature. Despite its industrial prevalence, kraft pulping exhibits lower efficiency in cellulose extraction. While the iCEL method shows promise, further optimization is needed to enhance consistency. Future research directions may include adapting soxhlet parameters for nanocellulose production and characterizing material properties for diverse applications. Economic feasibility and environmental impact assessments are crucial for the commercialization of lab protocols, thereby supporting sustainable cellulose production from abundant agricultural residues like sugarcane bagasse. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of exploring efficient and sustainable methods for cellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse, with implications for promoting circular economy principles and fostering sustainable development across agricultural, forestry, and plantation sectors.

Cellulose extraction from red sage fiber, Prosopis Juliflora fiber, vegetable waste filler: Applications in PLA based bio composites

In this research, two natural fibers Red Sage Fiber (RSF) and Prosopis Juliflora Fiber (PJF) were extracted using water retting process and chemically treated for improving the properties. It was found with significant improvement in cellulose content for both RSF (60.75 %) and PJF (56.62 %) by NaOH treatment at 2 wt%. The surface treatment in natural fibers improved the tensile strength (TS) of RSF (133.4–161.8 MPa) and PJF (149.9–182.3 MPa). The Crystallinity index (Crl), Crystallite size (CrS) of 74.8 %, 4.3 nm was observed in vegetable waste filler (VWF) after acid and alkali treatments. The high concentration of fiber treatment (6 wt%) could create high porosity in the structure with surface deformations, decreasing the TS of PLA composites. The PJF up to 15 wt% increased the TS of composites from 50.24 to 51.71 MPa. All the combinations with PLA observed better TS than neat PLA. The incorporation of RSF (5–15 wt%) enhances the flexural strength (FS) (75.95–78 MPa). It was clearly observed significant reduction in water absorption property of PLA composites with increase in contact angle from 62° to 84° with treated filler.

Natural Fibers from Vietnam Coffee Grounds as a Potential Reinforcement for Biocomposite Materials

Coffee grounds were a common agricultural byproduct available in large quantities in many countries, containing a relatively high cellulose content of approximately 26.6–31.3%. Extracting cellulose fibers from coffee grounds was therefore both economically and environmentally significant. This study aimed to extract cellulose fibers from coffee grounds using a non-toxic and cost-efficient alkaline hydrogen peroxide extraction method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results indicated that, after being dried, the cellulose fibers tended to aggregate into bundles, with no individual fibers observed. The extraction yield was found to be 63.24%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed absorption peaks at wavenumbers corresponding to O-H, C-H, and C-O-C group vibrations, characteristic of the chemical structure of cellulose. The crystallinity index determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique of the extracted cellulose fibers was 38.9%, higher than that of the raw coffee grounds. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) result indicated that the thermal stability of the obtained cellulose fibers was relatively lower than that of the coffee grounds. The obtained cellulose fibers have potential application as a reinforcing agent for biocomposite materials.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cellulose from Aloe Vera Plant Residue and Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels.

Biomass valorization and bio-based material development are of major research interest following the spirit of the circular economy. Aloe vera cultivation is a widespread agricultural activity oriented toward supplement production because of its well-known antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Aloe vera juice production also produces a large amount of biomass byproducts that are usually landfilled. On the other hand, cellulose nanocrystals are widely used in several applications, such as biomaterials, bio-compatible polymers, nanocomposites, food packaging, medicines, cosmetics, and sensors, due to their unique physical, mechanical, optical, electrical, and healing properties as well as their compatibility with biological tissues. This study introduces a novel approach combining the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of cellulose from this residue with the subsequent isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The MAE process, which exhibits a rapid heating and penetrating ability, was optimized to maximize the cellulose yield under various conditions (microwave power, solvent ratio, and time). Analysis using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DMA indicated that isolated pure cellulose nanocrystals and a stable PVA-CNC porous hydrogel network were produced. The PVA-CNC hydrogel was synthesized to enable the formation of a semi-crystalline network that imparts the material with enhanced mechanical properties. Both final products of this study could potentially be used for various applications.

A facile and cost‐effective method for crystalline cellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse applied to remove crystal violet dye from solution

A facile and cost‐effective method for crystalline cellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse applied to remove crystal violet dye from solution

Green-Chemical Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Pineapple Cores using Microfluidization

The production of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from pineapple cores (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) involves green-chemical cellulose extraction followed by microfluidization. The chemical composition of pineapple cores was initially analyzed to assess their suitability for cellulose production. The analysis revealed that the pineapple cores contained 94.18 ± 0.20 % insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), while soluble dietary fiber (SDF) comprised only 0.31 ± 0.01 %, and consequently suitable for cellulose extraction. The cellulose extraction from pineapple cores involved removing non-cellulosic components: 1) Control (washed with water), under a green-chemical method with 0.1 M citric acid for 20 min at different temperatures, 2) Boiling (100 °C), and 3) Autoclaving (121 °C). Autoclaving with citric acid achieved the highest cellulose content (72.77 %), with minimal hemicellulose (21.44 %), lignin (13.33 %), galacturonic acid (3.42 %), and residual total sugar (1.82 %). The short extraction duration of only 20 min produces high-purity cellulose comparable to that obtained through alkaline and bleaching methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that this method effectively removed non-cellulosic materials, increasing fiber porosity. The cellulose was then microfluidized at 25,000 psi (172 MPa) through 1 - 5 cycles, reducing the fiber diameters from 80.25 to 62.46 nm. Rheological testing revealed that NFC exhibited a higher storage modulus (G') than loss modulus (G''), suggesting gel-like behavior. NFC suspensions at 0.5 and 1 % concentrations showed viscosities of 3.35 - 3.85 cPs and 3.75 - 4.40 cPs, respectively. Therefore, NFC can function as a stabilizing agent for food without significantly altering the viscosity. HIGHLIGHTS Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was efficiently extracted from pineapple cores using a green-chemical cellulose extraction method followed by microfluidization, offering an environmentally friendly alternative. Cellulose extraction via autoclaving with citric acid yielded the highest cellulose content (72.77 %) in a 1-step process and demonstrated superior purification efficiency. The rheological properties of NFC revealed gel-like behavior, indicating its potential as a stabilizing agent in food systems without significantly altering the viscosity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Impact of Alkali Concentration in Delignification Treatment for Cellulose Extraction from Rice Straw

Rice straw is an abundant agricultural byproduct with great potential as a sustainable source of cellulose. This study investigates the effect of sodium hydroxide concentration on the extraction of cellulose from rice straw through alkali delignification. Sodium hydroxide concentrations ranging from 3% to 11% were applied at a constant temperature of 60 °C for 60 minutes. The objective was to assess the impact of alkali concentration on cellulose yield and structural properties. Results showed that increasing alkali concentration led to a reduction in cellulose yield. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the effective removal of lignin, hemicellulose, and impurities across all concentrations. Additionally, the crystallinity index (CI) increased from 47.85% to 51.37% as alkali concentration rose, indicating successful delignification. However, a balance must be considered, as lower alkali concentrations, while environmentally friendlier and yielding more cellulose, resulted in lower purity, with FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses revealing residual impurities in the extracted cellulose. This eco-friendly process offers a promising method for converting agricultural waste into valuable cellulose, contributing to sustainable industrial practices.

Non-wood Plants as Sources of Cellulose for Paper and Biodegradable Composite Materials: An Updated Review

Background: Non-wood plant parts provide unique opportunities for cellulose for paper manufacture and offer advantages over wood, such as less harsh chemicals and lower lignin content. Objective: This review examined several cellulose extraction procedures from non-wood sources, such as leaves, stems, grass, straw, fruit peels, and husks. Methods: Acid and alkali extraction, oxidation, and bleaching were the main techniques used. Corresponding mechanical properties of cellulose derivatives were also reviewed, with tensile strength being the most reported property, with variability among the species and products. Additives were also explored to improve the properties of non-wood paper. Results: Further processing of cellulose into nanocrystalline cellulose enabled the manufacture of biodegradable composites with a wide range of utilities in wastewater treatment, reinforcing materials, alternatives to plastics and circuit boards for nanotechnology applications. Various methods now available for cellulose extraction provide scientists with several efficient options for different plant materials with beneficial properties. Conclusion: Non-wood cellulose has found its uses in several industries, but further research may consolidate these attempts.

Bacterial cellulose: A versatile biomaterial for biomedical application

Bacterial cellulose, a unique biomaterial produced by several bacteria, has garnered biomedical interest to its versatility. This could be used in healthcare packaging, and textiles. Bacterial cellulose extraction is effective and affordable since it lacks lignin and hemicellulose. In wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine, this material’s unique properties have drawn interest. Bacterial cellulose has been studies as a skin substitute for severe burns and non-woven bandages for persistent wounds. In addition, bacterial cellulose has been used to make artificial skin, blood arteries, and wound dressings. Bacterial cellulose is ideal for biopolymer production due to its clean chemical composition, nano-fibrillar structure, and crystalline characteristics. This review explores the processing, content, characteristics, and applications of bacterial cellulose, revealing its function in tissue regeneration and disease resistance. Through careful inquiry and analysis, this work seeks to comprehend bacterial cellulose and its impact on biomedical research and technology.

Extraction and characterization of biomass microcrystalline cellulose from Terminalia catappa leaves for food packaging applications

Extraction and characterization of biomass microcrystalline cellulose from Terminalia catappa leaves for food packaging applications

Augmentation of cellulose extraction from oil palm empty fruit bunch via rapid and energy-saving deep eutectic solvent-pulsed electric field pretreatment

Augmentation of cellulose extraction from oil palm empty fruit bunch via rapid and energy-saving deep eutectic solvent-pulsed electric field pretreatment

Extraction of Lignocellulose from Rice Straw and Its Carboxymethylation When Activated by Microwave Radiation.

The paper presents the process of cellulose extraction from rice straw using water-alkaline solution treatment and the subsequent process of carboxymethylation of the obtained product when activated by microwave radiation. After mercerization of rice straw, the obtained product contained 89.2% cellulose and 6.7% lignin. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained lignocellulose shows three diffraction peaks in the region typical for the polymorphic modification of cellulose Iβ (2θ = 15.50(78), 21.70(145), 34.70(52)). The degree of crystallinity was 65%. The product was heat-stable up to 247 °C. The synthesis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) based on the obtained product included successive processes of thermostating in alcohol-alkali solution and cellulose esterification reaction using monochloroacetic acid. To activate the carboxymethylation process, microwave radiation was used (350 W for 90 s), which made it possible to reduce the reaction time by more than 100 times. Functional group analysis of the carboxylated lignocellulose from rice straw was carried out using an FTIR spectrometer. In the IR spectra, a band with a maximum of 1742 cm-1 was recorded, corresponding to stretching vibrations of >C(O)OH groups. The degree of polymerization was recorded by mass spectrometry.

Nipah Frond Waste as a Renewable Source for Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Nipah frond is one of the wastes that has not been widely utilized by community. Nipah frond contain a relatively high cellulose content that can be used as renewable source for carboxymethyl cellulose production. This research focus on the extraction of cellulose from nipah fronds, followed by synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose through alkalization and carboxymethylation processes. In the process of the synthesis carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose was carried out by alkalization and carboxymethylation using sodium hydroxie (NaOH), and trichloroacetic acid. Characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The degree of substitution (DS) was determined using the rasio of -OH and ether absorption. The effect of various concentrations of trichloroacetic acid on the DS of CMC was analyzed. DS of CMC obtained through variations in trichloroacetic acid concentration shows a decreasing trend in DS value due to the formation of by-product that inhibit the carboxymethylation. The maximum DS of 0.92 was obtained when the carboxymethylation process with 15% of trichloroacetic acid. The result of the analysis using FT-IR spectrophotometer showed there is a stretching O-H group at the wave number of 3333 cm-1, and supported with the ether vibration in the 1024 cm-1 and the presence of the carbonyl group COO- at 1601 cm-1.

Choice of an environmentally friendly method of producing cellulose from flax biomass (<i>Linum usitatissimum linaceae</i>) grown in different regions of the Volga region

The experimental assessment of prospects of receiving cellulose material on the basis of use of vegetable raw materials – straw of a flax-dolgunetc is carried out. Results of researches showed a possibility of application for extraction of cellulose of the water solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, hydroxide and sodium bisulfite in the conditions of high-temperature influence within 2 hours with receiving the technical cellulose suitable for production of cardboard and packaging materials. For purification of technical cellulose, it was carried out additional processing by solution of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in similar parametrical conditions that allowed to receive a target product with high extent of maintenance of the main substance, at insignificant amount of the accompanying impurity. The presented results show a possibility of the solution of questions of environmental safety at the organization of process of receiving cellulose on the basis of renewable vegetable raw materials with use of the chemical reagents which are not containing compounds of sulfur.

Energy balance in innovative biopolymers production for sustainable 3D printing using lignocellulosic feedstocks

Abstract This study, developed within the PRIN (Nation Relevant Research Projects) project BIOforTE, investigated the production of a bio-composite for 3D-printing systems. The raw material employed in the experimental campaign was Cynara Cardunculus (var. sylvestris) which was processed by organosolv method for the extraction of high-purity cellulose and technical lignin. The high-purity cellulose was used for the production of PLA and CNCs. The bio-composite for 3D-printing consisted of the uniform dispersion of technical lignin and CNCs in the thermoplastic biopolymer PLA. The preliminary results of the mass and energy flows were investigated, collecting the input data from the experimental campaigns, such as mass flows (reagents, solvents, water, etc.), energy flows (process temperature, electricity consumption, heating, cooling, etc.) and output flows (process yield, products, by-products, waste streams, residual energy, etc.). The collected data of the pathway aims at optimizing the energy and environmental performances of each phase. All stages of the process chain, from the biomass treatments and fractionation to the biopolymeric material production and its use for 3D printing will be analysed to create a database for the development of the inventory and the evaluation of the LCA. First pathway results are presented in form of energy consumption, chemicals, and water use, intermediate bioproducts and final bio-composite mass efficiency.

Isolation and extraction of microcellulose from Alpine galanga fiber

Bleaching and alkalization techniques enhance cellulose isolation and extraction, leading to higher yields and improved quality, but may cause inconsistencies in production and quality.This study investigates the extraction, characterization, and thermal properties of Alpine galanga fiber (AGF), a byproduct of traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. Utilizing hydrothermal bleaching and alkali treatments, the cellulose content in AGF was significantly enhanced, achieving a purity of up to 73%. These treatments effectively removed contaminants, improved fiber crystallinity as shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and enhanced surface features observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) identified several stages of thermal decomposition, with treated fibers exhibiting increased thermal resistance. The findings indicate that bleaching and alkalization techniques enhance the yield, quality, and chemical properties of AGF, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. Further optimization and focused investigations are recommended to fully exploit AGF in the development of biocomposites and environmentally friendly materials.

Integrated formic acid and deep eutectic solvent mediated sustainable synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from Sterculia foetida shells

The present study reports the green synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from the shells of Sterculia foetida (SFS) cellulose. Three different methods, alkali, acid and organic acid, were screened for the maximum cellulose extraction. A maximum cellulose yield, 30.6 ± 0.84 w/w, was obtained using 90% formic acid at 110 °C in 120 min. The extracted cellulose was characterized and identified by instrumental analyses. SEM analysis showed skeletal rod-like microfibril structures and similar intra-fibrillar widths. CP/MAS 13C NMR and FTIR spectrum revealed the purity of cellulose and the absence of other components like hemicellulose and lignin. XRD study revealed a cellulose crystallinity index of 88.07%. BET analysis showed a good surface area (3.3213 m2/g) and a micro-pore area of 1.871 m2/g. The cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized from the extracted cellulose using deep eutectic solvents (DES), choline chloride and lactic acid (1:2 ratio). The cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) synthesized from DES-based exhibited zeta potential and particle size of −16.7 mV and 576.3 d.nm. DES-synthesized cellulose nanocrystals were spherical-like shapes, as observed from TEM images. The present results exposed that formic acid is an effective and green catalyst for the extraction of cellulose and DES for the sustainable synthesis of CNC.

Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibers From Sunflower Seed Husks via Formic Acid Hydrolysis

ABSTRACTNanocellulose has garnered great interest among researchers because of its biodegradability, renewability, biocompatibility, high strength and versatile functionality. The present study focuses on the development of an eco‐friendly, benign method to extract cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from waste sunflower husks (SFHs) using formic acid hydrolysis. Both CNFs and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were obtained in high yields from SFHs. The enhanced colloidal stability of CNFs was evident from the ζ potential values, which ranged from −11.8 to −19.6 mV. Varying yields of CNFs were obtained by differing reaction times, though all were found to be thermally stable. SEM and TEM were used for the morphological analysis. The removal of non‐cellulose constituents was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The enhancement of crystallinity upon treatment was examined using XRD analysis. The thermal stability of the cellulose extracted was checked via TGA. The present method of extraction of CNFs and MCC from waste SFHs using formic acid could open a new way of bulk production of nanocellulose fibers for the manufacture of green, value‐added products in high‐end fields, including electronics, agriculture and biomedicine, among others.

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Cellulose Micro/Nanofibers from Lygeum spartum Through a Chemo-Mechanical Process.

Recent studies have focused on the development of bio-based products from sustainable resources using green extraction approaches, especially nanocellulose, an emerging nanoparticle with impressive properties and multiple applications. Despite the various sources of cellulose nanofibers, the search for alternative resources that replace wood, such as Lygeum spartum, a fast-growing Mediterranean plant, is crucial. It has not been previously investigated as a potential source of nanocellulose. This study investigates the extraction of novel cellulose micro/nanofibers from Lygeum spartum using a two-step method, including both alkali and mechanical treatment as post-treatment with ultrasound, as well as homogenization using water and dilute alkali solution as a solvent. To determine the structural properties of CNFs, a series of characterization techniques was applied. A significant correlation was observed between the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The FTIR results revealed the elimination of amorphous regions and an increase in the energy of the H-bonding modes, while the XRD results showed that the crystal structure of micro/nanofibers was preserved during the process. In addition, they indicated an increase in the crystallinity index obtained with both methods (deconvolution and Segal). Thermal analysis based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed improvement in the thermal properties of the isolated micro/nanofibers. The temperatures of maximum degradation were 335 °C and 347 °C. Morphological analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) showed the formation of fibers along the axis, with rough and porous surfaces. The findings indicate the potential of Lygeum spartum as a source for producing high-quality micro/nanofibers. A future direction of study is to use the cellulose micro/nanofibers as additives in recycled paper and to evaluate the mechanical properties of the paper sheets, as well as investigate their use in smart paper.

Life Cycle Assessment of Extraction of Cellulose from Date Palm Biomass Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) via Microwave-Assisted Process

This study investigates the extraction of cellulose from Saudi Arabia-based date palm biomass utilizing a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) integrated with a microwave-assisted process. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted in accordance with the ISO 14040 standard, encompassing four key stages: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and interpretation. The analysis was confined to a gate-to-gate boundary in which two impact assessment methods, namely, ReCiPe Midpoint (H) 2016 and ILCD 2011 Midpoint, were used to assess the environmental impacts. The OpenLCA software (version 2.1.1) with the European Life Cycle Database 3.2 (ELCD 3.2) was used in the study. The ReCiPe method identified impact categories such as fossil resource scarcity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, water consumption, human carcinogenic toxicity and marine ecotoxicity. Conversely, the ILCD method identified freshwater ecotoxicity, water resource depletion, mineral, fossil and resource depletion, human toxicity and cancer effects. The results indicate that freshwater ecotoxicity presents the most substantial environmental impact across both assessment methods, surpassing other categories. Fossil resource scarcity, even though originally appearing impactful, demonstrated a relatively lower normalized score compared to freshwater ecotoxicity. Terrestrial ecotoxicity and water consumption were found to be negligible in their impact. Our findings provide important insights into sustainable material science and waste management, affording potential applications for biomass utilization in the Gulf region.