Extra Text Research Articles

FAPM: Functional Annotation of Proteins using Multi-Modal Models Beyond Structural Modeling.

Assigning accurate property labels to proteins, like functional terms and catalytic activity, is challenging, especially for proteins without homologs and "tail labels" with few known examples. Previous methods mainly focused on protein sequence features, overlooking the semantic meaning of protein labels. We introduce FAPM, a contrastive multi-modal model that links natural language with protein sequence language. This model combines a pretrained protein sequence model with a pretrained large language model to generate labels, such as Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms and catalytic activity predictions, in natural language. Our results show that FAPM excels in understanding protein properties, outperforming models based solely on protein sequences or structures. It achieves state-of-the-art performance on public benchmarks and in-house experimentally annotated phage proteins, which often have few known homologs. Additionally, FAPM's flexibility allows it to incorporate extra text prompts, like taxonomy information, enhancing both its predictive performance and explainability. This novel approach offers a promising alternative to current methods that rely on multiple sequence alignment for protein annotation. The online demo is at: https://huggingface.co/spaces/wenkai/FAPM_demo. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Compositional Kronecker Context Optimization for vision–language models

Context Optimization (CoOp) has emerged as a simple yet effective technique for adapting CLIP-like vision–language models to downstream image recognition tasks. Nevertheless, learning context with satisfactory base-to-new, domain and cross-task generalization ability simultaneously while adapting to new tasks is a challenge. To tackle such a challenge, existing methods mainly exploit knowledge distillation with auxiliary text data written by human experts. However, we instead explore a new technique route by structuring the prompts without resorting to extra text data. As a result, we obtain a new lightweight yet generalizable approach termed Compositional Kronecker Context Optimization (CK-CoOp). Technically, the prompt’s context words in CK-CoOp are learnable vectors, which are crafted by linearly combining base vectors from a dictionary. These base vectors consist of a non-learnable component obtained by quantizing the weights in the token embedding layer, and a learnable component constructed by applying Kronecker product on several learnable tiny matrices. Intuitively, the compositional structure mitigates the risk of overfitting on training data and the Kronecker product breaks the non-learnable restrictions of the dictionary, thereby enhancing representation ability with minimal additional parameters. Extensive experiments confirm that, compared with existing methods, CK-CoOp can not only achieve comparable or even better performance under base-to-new, domain and cross-task generalization evaluation without the help of auxiliary text data, but also has the merits of fewer learnable parameters and efficient training and inference speed.

Alignment-Enriched Tuning for Patch-Level Pre-trained Document Image Models

Alignment between image and text has shown promising improvements on patch-level pre-trained document image models. However, investigating more effective or finer-grained alignment techniques during pre-training requires a large amount of computation cost and time. Thus, a question naturally arises: Could we fine-tune the pre-trained models adaptive to downstream tasks with alignment objectives and achieve comparable or better performance? In this paper, we propose a new model architecture with alignment-enriched tuning (dubbed AETNet) upon pre-trained document image models, to adapt downstream tasks with the joint task-specific supervised and alignment-aware contrastive objective. Specifically, we introduce an extra visual transformer as the alignment-ware image encoder and an extra text transformer as the alignment-ware text encoder before multimodal fusion. We consider alignment in the following three aspects: 1) document-level alignment by leveraging the cross-modal and intra-modal contrastive loss; 2) global-local alignment for modeling localized and structural information in document images; and 3) local-level alignment for more accurate patch-level information. Experiments on various downstream tasks show that AETNet can achieve state-of-the-art performance on various downstream tasks. Notably, AETNet consistently outperforms state-of-the-art pre-trained models, such as LayoutLMv3 with fine-tuning techniques, on three different downstream tasks. Code is available at https://github.com/MAEHCM/AET.

The Polemic of the Validity of Naskh Intra-Qur’an and Extra-Qur’an

The Polemic of the Validity of Intra-Qur'an and Extra-Qur'an Texts. Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Jakarta State University. Two texts are polemic in this discussion, namely intra-Qur'anic texts (deletion between verses) and extra Qur'anic texts (deletion of the Koran on previous holy books and religions). The naskh polemic occurred because of the uncertainty about whether any verses of the Qur'an were in the text, some acknowledged. Still, others rejected, for various reasons, the mansukh of the poetry of the Qur'an. The term naskh, which means "annulment", was initially used to describe fiqh/Islamic law issues but later developed into the cancellation of pre-Qur'an revelations. Based on this, this study intends to reveal whether the revelation of the Qur'an replaces or cancels all other disclosures so that the concept of naskh is associated with Muhammad's apostolic position regarding the success of saving other monotheistic traditions. The results of this discussion reveal that the focus of the text is not on the cancellation of the verses of the Qur'an (Intra Qur'an). Still, the cancellation of the previous law or sharia (syar'u ma qoblana), either partially or entirely by Islamic law as stated by Al-Jabiri, so that the latter is called the extra text of the Qur'an. However, in general, for the two types of texts, there is still an assumption that the abolition of the previous verse or treatise means denying some of the rules of the text theory itself. It is even considered the same as rejecting the poetry of the Qur'an as the best teaching of religion, as in the QS verse. Al-Baqarah [2]: 106 only expresses the presupposition, not the necessity of the text. Meanwhile, all of the verses of the Qur'an are still valid and cooperative. Even if there is a contradiction, it must be understood proportionally based on socio-historical conditions, not by eliminating verses (Intra-Qur'an texts).

MAGIC: Multimodal relAtional Graph adversarIal inferenCe for Diverse and Unpaired Text-Based Image Captioning

Text-based image captioning (TextCap) requires simultaneous comprehension of visual content and reading the text of images to generate a natural language description. Although a task can teach machines to understand the complex human environment further given that text is omnipresent in our daily surroundings, it poses additional challenges in normal captioning. A text-based image intuitively contains abundant and complex multimodal relational content, that is, image details can be described diversely from multiview rather than a single caption. Certainly, we can introduce additional paired training data to show the diversity of images' descriptions, this process is labor-intensive and time-consuming for TextCap pair annotations with extra texts. Based on the insight mentioned above, we investigate how to generate diverse captions that focus on different image parts using an unpaired training paradigm. We propose the Multimodal relAtional Graph adversarIal InferenCe (MAGIC) framework for diverse and unpaired TextCap. This framework can adaptively construct multiple multimodal relational graphs of images and model complex relationships among graphs to represent descriptive diversity. Moreover, a cascaded generative adversarial network is developed from modeled graphs to infer the unpaired caption generation in image–sentence feature alignment and linguistic coherence levels. We validate the effectiveness of MAGIC in generating diverse captions from different relational information items of an image. Experimental results show that MAGIC can generate very promising outcomes without using any image–caption training pairs.

Modular End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition Framework for Acoustic-to-Word Model

End-to-end (E2E) systems have played a more and more important role in automatic speech recognition (ASR) and achieved great performance. However, E2E systems recognize output word sequences directly with the input acoustic feature, which can only be trained on limited acoustic data. The extra text data is widely used to improve the results of traditional artificial neural network-hidden Markov model (ANN-HMM) hybrid systems. The involving of extra text data to standard E2E ASR systems may break the E2E property during decoding. In this paper, a novel modular E2E ASR system is proposed. The modular E2E ASR system consists of two parts: an acoustic-to-phoneme (A2P) model and a phoneme-to-word (P2W) model. The A2P model is trained on acoustic data, while extra data including large scale text data can be used to train the P2W model. This additional data enables the modular E2E ASR system to model not only the acoustic part but also the language part. During the decoding phase, the two models will be integrated and act as a standard acoustic-to-word (A2W) model. In other words, the proposed modular E2E ASR system can be easily trained with extra text data and decoded in the same way as a standard E2E ASR system. Experimental results on the Switchboard corpus show that the modular E2E model achieves better word error rate (WER) than standard A2W models.

Socio-Scientific Issues in Didactic Books of Elementary Science: What Are the Goals?

In this article, we discuss the approach and the objectives of Socio-Scientific Issues in the content of textbooks of Science in Elementary School II. Thus, we analyze the structure of the works and the objectives: i) relevance, ii) motivation; iii) communication and argumentation; iv) analysis and v) understanding. It is about a documentary research of a qualitative approach, the data were analyzed through the Discursive Textual Analysis of the authors Roque Moraes and Maria do Carmo Galiazzi, published in 2007, by the publisher of UNIJUÍ/ RS. It was possible to identify that the Socio-Scientific Aspects are present throughout the texts of the chapter and in extra sections, boxes and text boxes, contemplating different objectives. In this context, the objectives presented in the excerpts made it possible to identify the potentialities of the Socio-Scientific Aspects approaches in the process of critical formation of students, as well as, in the development of discussions about the impacts of science and technology in society.

The action heroes of Bengali cinema: industrial, technological and aesthetic determinants of popular film culture, 1980s–1990s

ABSTRACT​In this article, I attempt to understand the emergence of a new form of masculinity, class character and gendered bodies of Bengali film heroes during the1980s and 1990s. The article reads the industrial, technological and aesthetic determinants of this figuration of action heroes in the 1980s–1990s and demonstrates how through this figuration, the representations of class in popular Bengali cinema attained a complex phase. A study of these figures reveals how the masculinity and gendered bodies of Bengali action heroes are indicative of broader changes in sociopolitical conditions of West Bengal and changes in the Bengali film industry. But since films like any other cultural texts are not overdetermined by history, the figuration of action heroes of Bengali cinema also accommodated the materiality of the filmic medium. Furthermore, several extra filmic texts and efforts brought newer imaginations of masculinity which functioned as important determinants in the constructs of film heroes. The article will demonstrate how the figuration of heroes in Bengali popular cinema during this period brought a new filmic language and formulated new film aesthetics.

Educational Management Planners' Scaffolding of Model Lead and Teaching Delivery Strategy in Secondary Education

Introduction We begin by domesticating scaffolding within the context of our discourse. Here is a process of enabling students to accomplish what is normally beyond their abilities. Scaffolding means providing help so students can succeed with a task that otherwise would be impossible. This is supporting students before, during and after they read. Here is a variety of literacy-related instructional strategies that assist content-area learning. The provided instructional strategies are designed for use by all content area teachers, as well as English language arts teachers, remedial reading and language arts teachers, literacy specialists and literacy coaches. They are designed for implementation by those teaching Basic 9 and above level of learners up to the Post Graduate stage. The instructional strategies presented are not reliant on extra texts, supplies or funding. . Variety is key. The instructional strategies are grouped by support for: comprehension, vocabulary, fluency and spelling. The provided instructional strategies should be used with diverse fictional and nonfiction texts; should be used before, during and after reading; should be used as preand post-assessments, and should be used with students independently, in pairs, in small groups and as a whole class

Increasing the response rate of text messaging data collection: a delayed randomized controlled trial

Abstract Objective To test the effectiveness of multiple interventions on increasing the response rate of text messaging for longitudinal data collection. Methods Our cohort included 283 caregivers of children aged 6–12 months who were participating in an anemia program in rural China. Using text messages to collect data on anemia medication adherence, we conducted a delayed randomized controlled trial to test multiple interventions (an additional four reminders; a ¥5.0 (US$0.79) credit reward for replying; and a feedback text message). After a 6-week pilot study with week 7 as the baseline measurement, we randomly allocated all participants into two groups: group 1 (n = 142) and group 2 (n = 141). During weeks 8–11, we introduced the interventions to group 1, and in weeks 12–15 the intervention was introduced to both groups. We compared the response rates between groups and explored factors affecting the response rate. Results During weeks 8–11, the response rates in group 1 increased and were significantly higher than in group 2 (p<0.05). During weeks 12–15, the response rate increased significantly in group 2 (p>0.05) and slightly decreased in group 1. Younger participants or participants who had children with lower hemoglobin concentration were more likely to reply (p = 0.02). Sending four reminders on the second day contributed to only 286 (11.7%) extra text messages. Discussion Our study showed that multiple interventions were effective in increasing response rate of text messaging data collection in rural China. Conclusions Larger multi-site studies are needed to find the most effective way of using these interventions to allow usage of text messaging data collection for health research.

Partitioning of feature space by iterative classification for degraded document image binarisation

Proper partitioning of feature space into text and background regions is very important in document image binarisation. This study presents an iterative classification algorithm that efficiently partitions a two-dimensional feature space into text and background regions. It uses the result of Niblack's binarisation algorithm as training data and employs its characteristics to define classification rules. In each iteration, it labels only some points of the feature space, which can be classified reliably and leaves the classification of other points to the next iterations. The classification result of a point in current iteration affects the classification of its neighbours in the next iterations and makes them more probable to be classified correctly. After a few iterations, it partitions the feature space into two regions associated with the text and background pixels. After partitioning, two global thresholding methods were used as an extra text class refinement to make the proposed algorithm robust against bleeding-through and shadow-through degradations. Finally, each pixel is labelled as either text or background according to its corresponding region in the feature space. The authors’ binarisation algorithm demonstrated superior performance against six well-known algorithms on three datasets. It is appropriate for various types of degraded images.

Sixty five years of Weather

Sixty five years of Weather

Audit of treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia

Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. National guidelines recommend that a minimum of 14 days of antibiotics should be used to treat uncomplicated bacteraemia. Five hospitals in the East Midlands region conducted a retrospective audit to assess compliance to these guidelines before and after the introduction of extra text to laboratory reports of S. aureus bacteraemia advising clinicians on the minimum length of treatment. Introduction of this extra text resulted in an increase in compliance with the national recommendation from 44% to 60%. This increase in compliance was noted in both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (45% versus 58%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (42% versus 62%) bacteraemia. This audit demonstrated a simple and effective intervention that has improved the treatment of this potentially life-threatening condition.

Curating Gothic Nightmares

This review takes the occasion of a workshop given by Martin Myrone, curator of Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake, and the Romantic Imagination (Tate Britain, 2006) as a starting point to reflect on the practice of curating, and its relation to questions of the verbal and the visual in contemporary art historical practice. The exhibition prompted an engagement with questions of the genre of Gothic, through a dramatic display of the differences between ‘the Gothic' in literature and ‘the Gothic' in the visual arts within eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century culture. I also address the various ways in which 'the Gothic' was interpreted and reinscribed by visitors, especially those who dressed up for the exhibition. Finally, I consider some of the show's ‘marginalia' (specifically the catalogue), exploring the ways in which these extra events and texts shaped, and continue to shape, the cultural effect of the exhibition.

Five Interpolated Romances from the Lancelot Compilation edited by David F. Johnson and Geert H. M. Claassens (review)

DAVID F. JOHNSON and GEERT H. M. CLAASSENS, eds., Five Interpolated Romances from the Lancelot Compilation. KATTY DE BUNDEL and GEERT PALLEMANS, ass't. eds. Arthurian Archives x, Dutch Romances Vol. III. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2003. Pp. 761. ISBN: 0-85991-792-4. $110 / £ 60. What if in 1664 Peter Stuyvesant, the governour of New Netherland, had had full and unrestrained support from the Dutch West Indian Company in his struggle to oppose the seizure of New Amsterdam by the English, and what if he had not antagonized the burghers of the city to the extent that they decided to abandon the use of Dutch with the coming of the new rulers? For one thing, a modern map of the world's major languages might have presented an entirely different picture. In that case also Noam Chomsky would have presented his linguistic theories in, and on the basis of, Dutch. And hundreds of American medievalists would have dedicated their research interests not to Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, but to the fascinating Middle Dutch compilation often Arthurian texts, known as the Lancelot Compilation, which would then have held the position which it so rightly deserves, in the center of the field where the scholarly debate takes place. But, in spite of what Guillaume de Lorris says about them, we know 'qu'en songes/ n'a se fables non et menconges,' and the Middle Dutch texts have mostly remained at the periphery of Arthurian studies due to the inaccessibilty of the material. But that situation is rapidly changing, thanks to the energetic efforts of David F. Johnson and Geert Claassens. After they had first published new editions with parallel translations of two individual Arthurian romances, the Roman van Walewein by Pennine and Pieter Vostaert (dated to c.1230-60), an original Dutch creation, and the slightly older, French-based Ferguut (Arthurian Archives vi and vu, Dutch Romances Vois 1 and 11. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000) they apparently felt they were ready to embark on the gigantic project of editing and translating the entire Middle Dutch Lancelot Compilation. The scope of such an enterprise can hardly be overestimated: the so-called Lancelot-codex, in which the text has been preserved (The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek MS 129 A 10) is a three-column manuscript of 480 folio pages, containing 87,296 lines of rhymed couplets, which is only the second part of what must have been a two-volume Middle Dutch translation of the most important Old French Arthurian romances. In its original form the text possibly comprised translations of the three parts of the Old French Lancelot en prose, the Lancelot propre, Queste del Saint Graal and Mort le roi Artu, preceded by Middle Dutch versions of Joseph d'Arimathie and texts from the Merlin cycle. But as if this were not enough, the Dutch compiler/adaptor added no fewer than seven new romances to this collection, two between the Lancelot propre and the Queste del Saint Graal, and another five between the latter and the Mort le rot Artu. The text in the Hague manuscript begins at about the last third of the Lancelot propre, but all the other romances have been preserved in their entirety (for more detailed information on the manuscript, see Bart Besamusca, The Book of Lancelot. The Middle Dutch Lancelot Compilation and the Medieval Tradition of Narrative Cycles. Trans. Thea Summerfield. Arthurian Studies LIII. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2003: pp. 8-14). It goes without saying that scholars have tried to find reasons why the compiler decided to include so many extra texts in his already bulky collection. …

The digital auteur: Branding identity on the Monsters, Inc. DVD

Recently, Pixar and Disney parted ways, severing a very profitable partnership. The authors of this study argue that this business split is anticipated in and facilitated by the extra textual features included with DVD releases of Pixar films. To illustrate, the authors examine extra features accompanying Pixar’s DVD release of Monster’s, Inc. This examination identifies how Pixar strategically excluded Disney from such material while at the same time positioning itself as a corporate auteur capable of delivering high quality family friendly entertainment of the kind for which Disney has been famous. This study thus highlights the commercial implications of DVD extra text.

An accessible method of hiding HTML content

Though somewhat rare, there are occasions when the accessibility needs of screen reader users appear to be at odds with the needs of visual users. This kind of conflict occurs when Web developers put form elements inside of a data table matrix, when they want to use images as headings instead of text, and in other situations. Adding extra text helps screen reader users, but can complicate the visual layout, thus reducing understandability. One solution is to use CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to hide the text from sighted users in a way that is still accessible to screen readers. The details of this technique are discussed, along with the technical reasoning behind it.

Hiding homoeroticism in plain view: the Fight Club DVD as digital closet

–The DVD format has emerged as the dominant digital means of repackaging films for home consumption. In this essay, we theorize this new viewing experience and identify some of the challenges it poses for the media critic. We argue that the additional material DVDs typically offer, coupled with the format's interactivity, constitute a rhetorically powerful means of directing the consumer's viewing experience and protecting the commercial viability of the product. To illustrate, we offer a critical analysis of the DVD release of the controversial film Fight Club. Our analysis suggests that Fight Club's DVD “extra text” dissuades the viewer from acknowledging the film's homoerotic elements as representing homosexual experience.

Pain patterns in lumbar disc hernia Drawings compared to surgical findings in 159 patients.

We compared preoperative pain-drawing patterns of 159 patients with findings at lumbar disc surgery. Disc pathology was classified into 2 groups: intact anulus (negative exploration and protruding disc) and ruptured anulus (subligamentary perforation and sequestrated hernia). Patients with intact anulus drew fewer modalities, but more often marked pain in the trunk, neck and upper extremities, than those with ruptured anulus. Certain pain-drawing patterns--e.g., extra text, arrows and nonanatomical pain distribution--have previously been shown to correlate to unfavorable pathological traits in psychometric tests in populations of patients with chronic low back pain. In our study, most of these so-called nonorganic pain-pattern items occurred equally often in the 2 groups. In fact, one third of the patients with ruptured anulus produced pathological drawings according to the scoring system designed by Ransford et al. (1976). Although pain drawings help the investigator to obtain a rapid overview of the patient's pain pattern, the use of penalty points as a preoperative psychological screening instrument in patients with pain that is not chronic may be questioned.