Extra Products Research Articles

Sustainable stabilization/solidification of electroplating sludge using a low-carbon ternary cementitious binder

Electroplating sludge (ES), due to its high dosages of heavy metals (HMs), is classified as hazardous waste, presenting risks to both health and environment. Stabilization/solidification (S/S) technology is extensively applied in ES treatment. This study designs a low-carbon ternary cementitious binder, limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), for S/S treatment of ES and investigates the immobilization mechanism of HMs in the crystalline products and calcium alumino-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) within LC3. Results show that CrO42- and Cd2+ are primarily stabilized in aluminate crystalline products by replacing SO42- and Ca2+ in the double-layered plate structure, respectively. The remaining CrO42- is captured by the (SiOOH)2AlCa⁺ groups in C-A-S-H generated from substitution of aluminum tetrahedra to bridging silicon tetrahedra. For positively charged Cd2+, it is mainly stabilized through ion exchange with Ca2+ on the C-A-S-H chains. The pozzolanic reaction of calcined clay increases the Al/Ca and Si/Ca atomic ratios in C-A-S-H, enhancing the immobilization efficiency of C-A-S-H to CrO42- and Cd2+. The synergistic effect of calcined clay and limestone, along with the dissolution of aluminosilicates in calcined clay, changes the structure and composition of hydration products, facilitating the chemical binding of CrO42- and Cd2+ by aluminate products. Moreover, the extra hydration products generated by the pozzolanic reaction and the formation of numerous carboaluminate phases strengthen the physical encapsulation performance to HMs. Regarding actual S/S performance, multi-scale evaluation results show that the designed LC3 binder achieves sustainable S/S of ES with high strength, low carbon emission, low cost, and low energy consumption.

Temperature Dependence of the Pre-Chromatographic ‘Lawrence’ Method for Bivalves Contaminated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins

Saxitoxins are potent neurotoxins originating the acute human neurological syndrome of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) via bivalve vectors. The official testing method in the European Union, commonly known as the ‘Lawrence method’, involves pre-column oxidation steps. The Portuguese monitoring adopted the hydrogen peroxide oxidation screening approach for bivalves contaminated with Gymnodinium catenatum toxins, which can quantify chromatographically at once 6 out of 10 analogues commonly found in bivalves. Seasonal fluctuation in the fluorescence yield of calibration curves was observed across years in a consistent manner. It correlated with fluctuations in average monthly air temperature in Lisbon, highlighting the importance of recording the room temperature during the oxidation steps as a matter of routine practice. Incubation experiments also showed an increase in fluorescence yield with temperature, more pronounced for the 11-hydroxysulphate analogues (dcGTX2 + 3, C1 + 2, GTX2 + 3) than for the 11-H toxins (dcSTX, GTX5[B1], STX). Temperature can be exploited to increase fluorescence yield, assisting in spectral confirmation, but must not exceed 40–50 °C to avoid toxin decomposition or production of extra oxidation products.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk terhadap Minat Beli Ulang yang Dimediasi oleh Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Produk Minuman Penambah Tenaga non Cair Extra Joss pada Mahasiswa program studi Manajemen

This study aims to determine the effect of product quality on repurchase intention mediated by customer satisfaction on non-liquid energy drink product extra joss, especially for students of management study program. The research instrument used has passed validity and reliability tests. This data collection tool is used to interview respondents aged 16-40 years who have experience consuming extra joss products. A total of 119 respondents participated in this study. The data collection method used is cross-sectional or one shot study. Data analysis was carried out using a quantitative descriptive approach, normality test, simple regression, multiple linear regression using SPSS version 24 software, and the use of the sobel test. Of the four hypotheses proposed, two of them are supported by empirical findings. The results of this study indicate that product quality has a direct effect on repurchase intention mediated by customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, other concepts that can directly influence repurchase intention can be explained by future research. The implications of these findings provide benefits for the company or product manager being evaluated, namely Extra Joss, and similar industries, related to designing relevant strategies to improve the quality of these attributes. Keywords: Product Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Repurchase Interest

Intra-species differences shape differences of enrofloxacin residues and its degradation products in tilapia: A precise risk assessment

The increasing use and abuse of antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture necessitates a more thorough risk assessment. We first advocate a precise assessment that subdivides the assessment scope from interspecies to intraspecific levels. Differences in ENR residues and degradation within the intraspecific category were simultaneously explored. This study chose red and GIFT tilapia, both belonging to the intra-specific category of tilapia, for an enrofloxacin (ENR) exposure experiment. Red tilapia had a lower area under the curve (AUC) representing drug accumulation, indicating a notably shorter withdrawal period (7 days) compared to GIFT tilapia (31.4 days) in the edible parts. While four potential transformation pathways were proposed for ENR in tilapia, red tilapia had fewer detected degradation products (6 items) than GIFT tilapia (10 items), indicating a simpler transformation pathway in red tilapia. Predictive assessments using the Toxtree model revealed that of the four extra degradation products in GIFT tilapia, two may possess carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Overall, differences were observed in ENR residues and degradation within the intraspecific category, with red tilapia presenting lower risks than GIFT tilapia. This work suggests a new strategy to perfect the methodology for antibiotic risk assessment and facilitate systematic antibiotic administration management in the future.

Identification and Separation of the Degradation Products of Vildagliptin Tablets and Raw Material using LC-MS and NMR, and then Exploration of the Corresponding Degradation Pathways

A gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of vildagliptin related substances. This method is based on using of RP-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm×5µm) and gradient elution with phosphate buffer and methanol as mobile phase. Various forced degradation studies were conducted to establish an impurity profile for vildagliptin in the tablet formula. Three degradation products were produced upon exposing vildagliptin to different degradation conditions (acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic, aqueous and thermal); their structures were characterized using LC-MS and NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR and DEPT) techniques. Some excipient components, examined in this study, had major effect towards producing any extra new degradation products.

Long-term deformation and mechanical properties evolution of cement paste with ultra-low water-to-cement ratio driven by water migration

Degradation of cement-based materials with ultra-low water-to-cement ratio may occur under water and drying conditions. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we compared the mechanical properties, deformation, and mass change of cement pastes with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.17, which had been cured in saturated calcium hydroxide solution, sealed, and drying conditions for one year. The results show that the compressive strength of the cement pastes enhances and afterwards degrades under the three curing conditions. In both self-desiccating and drying conditions, the non-uniform shrinkage induced by water consumption dominates the evolution of the mechanical properties. Hydration affected by water adsorption/desorption has a stronger influence on compressive strength development compared to the weakening effect induced by water adsorption/desorption itself. When there is enough additional space in cement paste, extra hydration products formed with the external water supply can repair defects and fill pores, increasing compressive strength. In contrast, in dense structures, further hydration can cause swelling, cracking, and reduction in compressive strength. This study also confirms the contribution of the swelling of the calcium-silicate-hydrates gel on the expansion of cement paste in saturated conditions.

Supply chain hoarding and contingent sourcing strategies in anticipation of price hikes and product shortages

In anticipation of price hikes and shortages caused by supplier disruptions and manufacturer production stops, customers might stockpile extra products. In the case of a supplier disruption, a manufacturer may decide to continue producing using a contingent source. Capturing the price dynamics in four disruption-related periods (i.e., responding, rising, recovering, and recovered), we derive optimal hoarding policies for customers. The results indicate that customer hoarding decisions fall into multiple patterns depending on the interactions between disruption events, market responses (quick and slow), and market recovery (instant, quick, slow, and never). We next present contingent sourcing tactics for manufacturers to mitigate disruptions with and without customer hoarding. We find that future price increases could induce contingent sourcing even if it is unprofitable to resume production during the price-responding phase. Our results offer recommendations regarding when and how to use hoarding and contingent sourcing accounting for uncertain disruption duration and asymmetric information along with disruption- and recovery-driven price dynamics. These recommendations can be of particular value for supply chain decision-making at times of growing inflation. We also demonstrate the impacts of customer hoarding and disruption information on the value of contingent sourcing.

Peculiarities of growth and further productivity of purebred and crossbred cows

Use of genetic specifics of pure breeding in animal husbandry allows cross breeders to produce herds that are completely of high breeding value, and also improve genetic potential of the best breeds. A relevant issue is determining the efficiency of crossbreeding of dairy breeds by analyzing the growth intensity of young bovine cattle, their reproductive ability and dairy productivity. We performed an analysis of experimental studies of using effective methods of selection, carried out a theoretical analysis, formulated hypotheses, used genealogical, biometrical and statistical methods, and assessed the productive properties of animals. We determined that the heifers from cross of the Ukrainian Red-Spotted cows with the sires of the Montbeliard breed – compared with the heifers from the Holstein bulls – had higher growth intensity and greater live weight during all the age periods. From birth until the age of one year, the Ukrainian Black-Spotted dairy heifers from the Holstein and Norwegian Red sires had no significant difference in weight. The heifers that resulted from cross of the Montbeliard and Ukrainian Red-Spotted dairy breeds had advantages over the purebred animals during all age periods, namely in the measurements of chest width, hook bone width, chest girth, ring metacarpal length. Body measurements of the replacement heifers, derived from the Norwegian Red and Holstein sires, varied within insignificant ranges depending on genotype, without significant difference. The animals were compact and proportionate; having received sufficient and complete diets, they had satisfactory weight categories. We determined that increase of the age of first insemination and first pregnancy was followed by decrease in the dairy productivity of cows. It ranged 0.021 to 0.064 in the bred heifers of different genotypes and breeds. There was observed an insignificant direct relationship between the abovementioned factors and the contents of fat and protein in milk. The shares of influence of age when the animals were first inseminated on milk yield accounted for 7.1% to 11.4%, 5.4–6.9 on fat content in milk, and 8.0–12.2% on protein fraction in milk. Crossbreeding can efficiently decrease the percentage of complicated deliveries and stillbirth rate, which in turn decreases the expenses for treatment of consequences of difficult calving, including the risk of decline in milk productivity and longer calving interval. However, there should be a careful approach to the selection of a breed, sire (preferably, its evaluation should be taken into account according to calving ease, especially when using the Montbeliard breed) and analysis of dams that are to be crossed with. Upgrading by mating to the Montbeliard and Norwegian breeds resulted in the crossbred cows that produced the greatest profit due to their heightened productivity. We should note that the estimated prices of extra products per cow give us grounds to state a positive effect from crossbreeding with the Montbeliard and Norwegian Red breeds. The performed studies confirm the benefits of identifying the efficiency of crossbreeding dairy breeds by an analysis of growth intensity of young bovine cattle.

Design and assessment of eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete with steel slag powder and recycled glass powder

An eco-friendly UHPC was designed by the modified Andreasen and Andersen packing model and prepared with cement partially replaced by steel slag powder (SSP) and glass powder (GP) at a fixed mass ratio of 2:1. An improved strengths and resistance to drying shrinkage was obtained with a combined replacement of SSP and GP, and the best one was achieved at the 20% replacement ratio. The leaching of Ca2+, Al(OH)4−, and SiO32− ions from SSP and GP promoted the hydration of cement. The potential cementitious activity of SSP and the pozzolanic activity of GP contributed simultaneously to the formation of extra hydration products, especially the high density C-S-H. As a result, the pore structure of the paste matrix was refined and the steel fiber/paste was enhanced. The UHPC developed with SSP and GP had lower carbon emissions and non-renewable energy consumption, which provides possibilities for its industrial application.

Public health impact of Aflatoxin

Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring food contaminant. The aflatoxins produced by aflatoxic fungi include B1, B2, G1 and G2, as well as two extra metabolic products, M1 and M2, which are significant as food and feed contaminants. The presence of aflatoxins in foods is also affected by insect activity, poor timing of harvest, heavy rainfall at harvest and post-harvest and inadequate drying of the crop before storage, as well as humidity, temperature, and aeration in the drying and storage process. This study aims to review the potential effects of aflatoxin on public health. People can be exposed to aflatoxins directly through consumption of contaminated foods or indirectly through eating foods derived from animals previously exposed to aflatoxins in feed. A contaminated aerosol can be inhaled as another exposure route. It has been reported that aflatoxin affects multiple organs and systems in the body. For a compound to be toxic, it has to undergo bio activation, which is mainly performed in hepatocytes. Bio activation is required to be toxic and this processing predominantly occurs in hepatocytes. According to the type, period and amount of exposure, toxicological effects include immunosuppression, impaired growth, and various types of cancer. Symptoms and the history of the individual (eating contaminated foods) are the most reliable diagnostic aids for aflatoxicosis. There is no specific antidote for aflatoxins. In addition to pre- and postharvest contamination, aflatoxin control should extend to all stages of the value chain. Because of their high toxicity and carcinogenicity, aflatoxins are a significant problem and among all the mycotoxins that cause worldwide contamination of foods and feeds. It is crucial to create awareness about aflatoxin contamination, its effect and its management.

THE EFFECT OF SPECIALIZED HYGIENE PRODUCTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SURFACE OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS USED AS THE BASES FOR REMOVABLE DENTURES

Despite the progress observed in implantology and the rapid evolution of preventive and treatment options employed to treat major dental issues, the number of patients who need prosthetics with removable dentures still remains high, with no decrease trend to be expected soon. Modern dentistry, when dealing with issues related to dentition restoration, makes full use of basic thermoplastic polymers incorporating injection molding technology, whereas the said polymers can boast of such properties as biological inertia, proper aesthetics, strength, flexibility, resistance to external effects, lightness and elasticity. The conventional techniques used for cleaning and disinfecting removable dentures made of thermoplastic polymers fail to be up to the respective advanced requirements – such dentures create environments that are favorable for adhesion and microbial colonization. Aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of the modern means used for cleaning and disinfecting removable denture structures based on thermoplastic polymers, there was a study carried out to investigate the surface of 60 experimental samples of Acry-free ® thermoplastic, including methods of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. To analyze the effect that cleaning and disinfecting agents work on the hygienic status of partially removable dentures made of thermoplastics (manufactured for 74 patients suffering from partial adentia), the Ambjornsen E. questionnaire was employed. The developed original set of preventive measures involved thorough oral hygiene activities with a manual toothbrush and mouthwash balms, as well as a consistent use of a special toothbrush and gel paste to take care of the removable dentures, followed with ultrasonic treatment and cleansing with effervescent tablets. The data of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that using the original set of preventive measures resulted in improved quality of the thermoplastic polymers surface – by 1.1 – 1.5 times, if compared with conventional hygiene and disinfection products. As the data of sociological monitoring reveal, 12 into using the developed preventive measures, over 69% of patients were satisfied with the aesthetic properties of their dentures based on thermoplastics; as for the patients sticking to the practice relying on traditional hygiene and disinfection products, the similar indicator would not exceed 25%. In order to prevent the occurrence of major dental issues, as well as to increase the useful life of dentures made of thermoplastics and used by patients with partial adentia, it is wise to employ an individual approach to the selection of preventive measures that involve specialized extra hygiene products.

Utilisation of persistent chemical pollutant incorporating with nanoparticles to modify the properties of geopolymer and cement concrete

The majority of industrial products are identified as persistent organic pollutants after their date of expiry, which is highly harmful to the ecosystem and human health and also going to be banned around the world. Paint latex is one of those pollutants which become a hazardous waste material after stocking for a long time. Approximately 20% of color paints do not get used for their desired purpose after getting sold out and end up in a landfill. Now a day's construction industry is inclining towards the various types of geo-polymer concrete since it does not require cement. But that geo-polymer concrete has too much less workability as compared to the same grade of control cement concrete. To achieve the desired workability as well as other properties of geo-polymer concrete by using waste paint latex as performance improving admixture is the main motive of the present research. Fourteen different mixes of control and calcined clay-based geo-polymer concrete have been prepared by adding up to 3% waste paint latex of weight of cementitious materials and a detailed study has been done on various properties such as workability, rheology, shrinkage, strength and its microstructure. The presence of nanoparticles of TiO2 in waste paint latex has helped to produce extra hydration products, by which the mechanical properties, durability and microstructure of both traditional and geo-polymer concrete have increased. It has been concluded that a higher dose of waste paint latex improves the workability but the strength and durability properties of traditional and geo-polymer concrete improve up to 2–2.5% of waste paint latex replaced to water.

Global forest products markets and forest sector carbon impacts of projected sea level rise

Sea level rise (SLR) is among the climate-change-related problems of greatest concern, threatening the lives and property of coastal residents and generating far-reaching economic and ecological impacts. We project that SLR will lead to an increase in the rate of new housing construction to replace destroyed structures, impact global wood products supply and demand conditions, and cause changes in global forest sector carbon mitigation potential. Findings indicate that 71 million new units will be built by 2050 to accommodate the SLR-affected global population. More than two-thirds of these new units are projected to be in Asia. The estimated extra wood products needed to build these new residential units is 1,659 million m3, assuming that all these structures would be built mainly with wood, representing a 4 % increase in total wood consumption, compared to projected reference level global wood products consumption. Increased timber removals to meet this higher construction wood demand (alternative scenario) is shown to deplete global forest carbon by 2 % by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. However, all such projected declines in forest biomass carbon could be more than offset by increased carbon sequestration in harvested wood products, avoided emissions due to substitution of wood for non-wood materials in construction, and biomass regrowth on forestland by 2050, with an estimated net emissions reduction benefit of 0.47 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood used in SLR-related new houses over 30 years. The global net emissions reduction benefit increased to 2.13 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood when price-induced changes in forest land area were included.

Association of Obesity with Food Choices among Children Between Age Group of 5 To 12 Years in Different Areas of Lahore

The relationship between the socioeconomic status (SES) of parents and the effect of socio-economic status on the food intake pattern of their children was examined in this study. Children of low SES generally have poorer diets than children of high SES. Objective: To observe the association of child obesity with food choices in different areas of Lahore Methods: Data were collected from 38 participants, from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan. From which 20 were female and 18 were male children. Their parents were requested to solve a questionnaire which comprised of different questions related to child age, height, weight, eating habits and parent’s socioeconomic status and their education. Results: Study showed that children growing up in families with a lower SES had a higher body mass index (BMI), lower quality of life, less healthy nutrition, and less physical activity as compared to children growing up in families with a higher SES. The food frequency questionnaire showed that children belonging to lower SES consumed 17% grains, 18% dairy sources, 16% vegetables, 12% pluses and lentils, 0% meat, 11% fruits, and 13% tea and coffee in a day. While children belonging to higher SES consumed 17% grains, 29% dairy sources, 6% vegetables, 2% pulses and lentils, 13% meat, 13% fruits, and 7% tea and coffee daily. Conclusions: SES has an exquisite impact at the food alternatives and food intake among college-going youngsters. Lower SES children devour greater veggies, less meat, and dairy products at the same time as better SES kids devour fewer vegetables and extra meat and dairy products. Children from DHA were more obese and they were consuming more protein based diet and practicing sedentary life style.

Arbitrary high-order linearly implicit energy-preserving algorithms for Hamiltonian PDEs

In this paper, we present a novel strategy to systematically construct linearly implicit energy-preserving schemes with arbitrary order of accuracy for Hamiltonian PDEs. Such a novel strategy is based on the newly developed exponential scalar auxiliary variable (ESAV) approach that can remove the bounded-from-below restriction of nonlinear terms in the Hamiltonian functional and provides a totally explicit discretization of the auxiliary variable without computing extra inner products. So it is more effective and applicable than the traditional scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) approach. To achieve arbitrary high-order accuracy and energy preservation, we utilize symplectic Runge-Kutta methods for both solution variables and the auxiliary variable, where the values of the internal stages in nonlinear terms are explicitly derived via an extrapolation from numerical solutions already obtained in the preceding calculation. A prediction-correction strategy is proposed to further improve the accuracy. Fourier pseudo-spectral method is then employed to obtain fully discrete schemes. Compared with the SAV schemes, the solution variables and the auxiliary variable in these ESAV schemes are now decoupled. Moreover, when the linear terms have constant coefficients, the solution variables can be explicitly solved by using the fast Fourier transform. Numerical experiments are carried out for three Hamiltonian PDEs to demonstrate the efficiency and conservation of the ESAV schemes.

Development of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete by utilizing hazardous industrial waste materials

The main objective of this researchstudy is to address the usage of industrial waste materials to increase the environmental friendlygeopolymer concrete (GPC), includingincinerated bio-medical waste ash (IBWA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). GGBFS based geopolymer concrete blend was produced and the impact of incorporating IBWA as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% replacement by mass of GGBFS, on setting time, flow of concrete, density, air content, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength have been examineduntil the age of ninety days. The results indicate that the setting time and concrete flow are increased and density is decreased with improved utilizationof IBWA. However, in contrast to GGBS, IBWA was able to improve the concrete's mechanical properties so that it could be used to act as a substitute for conventional cement and help to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. IBWA's inclusion resulted in negative results above theoptimum content of 30%. Moreover, due to the coexistence of geopolymerization products with extra calcium-based hydration products, the microstructure study's findings indicate a compact and denser geopolymer concrete micrograph at 30% IBWA. The experiments showed that the presence ofIBWA could be partly replaced with source material for Geopolymer Concrete. This research may have an effect on the deployment of the hazardous IBWA as a building material.

Experimental investigation on the effect of incorporating nanomaterials on some properties of self-compacting cementitious mortar

Currently, there is a need to reduce wastes as much as possible in order to develop the concept of sustainability. Self-compaction mortar is one of the most important materials that used in the repair and rehabilitation works of damaged concrete structures. The goal of this study was to investigate the influences of nano TiO2 and nano calcined clay as a sustainable material on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting mortar. Investigations were carried out to assess the flowrate of self-compacting mortar using the mini flow table and mini-V-funnel tests. The hardened properties were: compressive strength, flexural strength, dry density, water absorption in addition to microstructural properties (as determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy; SEM). Results showed that the addition of nano TiO2 and nano calcined clay was of importance in all properties investigated, by increasing compressive strength by 13, 20 and 22 % for NCC, and by 16, 25 and 29 % for TiO2 respectively at 28-days. According to SEM micrographs, part of the new born CSH crystals was found to be diffused into the matrix pores and were found to densify the interfacial transition zones which caused tendencies toward increased the ultimate strength. So, black pores were filled with extra hydration products and hence, increasing the healing ability of microcracks associated with strength enhancement.

Unique thermal and combustion behaviors of composite propellants containing a high-energy insensitive nitropyrimidine derivative

Owing to the novel insensitive high-energy-density material 2,4,6-triamino-5-nitropyrimidine-1,3-dioxide (ICM-102) has lower sensitivity and higher energy(see in Table S1, Supporting Information), it has great advantages in the application of low-vulnerability propellants. In this paper, the evaluation of ICM-102-containing composite propellants has been carried out, where the decomposition and combustion performances of these propellants have been comprehensively investigated. It has been shown that the main exothermic decomposition peak temperature can be increased from 235 ºC to 350 ºC, when 6 to 10 wt% of ICM-102 was used to replace RDX, but heat release rate was largely increased. Moreover, the burning rate of ICM-102 containing propellants at 3 MPa is in the range of 6.97–7.75 mm•s − 1, depending on its content. The pressure exponent (0.5–3 MPa) is between 0.34–0.44. Compared with the typical propellants with RDX, the burn rate and the flame temperature of ICM-102- containing propellants are higher. In addition, the particle size distributions of condensed combustion products of ICM-102 propellants are narrower and smaller than that of RDX-based one. It also shows that extra products such as aluminum carbide (Al20C) and aluminum oxide nitride (Al5O6N) were produced once ICM-102 was used.

Molecular dynamics investigation on supercritical water oxidation of a coal particle

The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a technology with very low environmental impact and significant economic benefits. In present paper, the micro-scale dynamics and the kinetic reaction mechanism of the SCWO of a coal particle is investigated by the reactive force-field (ReaxFF) method for the first time. Comparisons between experimental and analytical results on the activation energy show the coal particle model and the ReaxFF MD can successfully reproduce the SCWO process. Results on the atomistic scale conversion ways of O2, CO2, H or H2 and H2O show the SCWO is not simply the gasification plus the combustion. In SCWO, the direct combustion of the coal is weakened apparently due to the existence of the water, the oxidation reaction between the water or H radicals and the oxygen to generate OH plays an important role in coal conversion. The oxidation between carbon structures and OH to generate CO2 and H2O has substituted for the direct combustion reaction with the oxygen to be the dominant way in coal conversion. This process contains the characteristics of both combustion and gasification process. The role of water molecules is something similar to the catalysis. It is converted to OH radicals first in a series of gasification and oxidation processes, then the OH radicals turn into H2O in the following oxidation reactions. After that, the effect of reaction conditions and the transition of N on the SCWO process are studied. Comparing to the single supercritical water gasification, N2 and NO are found to be the extra products in SCWO. CN, CHN and CHON are the dominant N-containing products before they are converted to N2 and NO. The results in present work give insight into the oxidation mechanism of the coal particle, and the SCWO can effectively reduce the pollution emission in a much cleaner way compared with the conventional coal-fired mode.

The Impact of Willingness to Engage in NeWOM and Brand Attitudes on Purchase Intention Mediated by Company Mitigation Responses: A Case Study of The Energy Drink in Central Java

The aims of this study were to determine the impact of willingness to engage in negative eWOM from and brand attitudes on purchase intention of Joss extra energy drink products mediated by mitigation responses of companies in Central Java. The method in this is descriptive and verification. This study used a purposive random sampling technique with a total sample of 167 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the Brand Attitude variable has nonsignificant effect on Repurchase Intention, the negative brand experience sharing (NBES) variable has nonsignificant effect on engaging in NeWOM, the negative electronic review (NER) variable has a significant effect on engaging in NeWOM, the variable involved in NeWOM has a significant effect on Brand Attitude, the variables involved in NeWOM have no significant effect on Repurchase Intention, and the CMR variable has not been proven to be successful in mediating the relationship between engaging in NeWOM and Repurchase Intention. This study also contributes to the meaning of strategic management, by empirically proving the importance of mediation of social networking sites and company mitigation responses variables and their role in influencing NBES and negative electronic reviews, negative electronic word of mouth on repurchase intention. The managerial implications to determine behavior and actions in assessing the performance of the company to seek the efforts made in dealing with the negative impact of NeWOM.