Extracurricular Engagement Research Articles

An analysis of high school students perceptions of school culture under the new general education program with emphasis on academic achievement, extracurricular participation, and career guidance: A case in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

This study examines the viewpoints of public high school students in Ho Chi Minh City regarding the culture of their school under the implementation of the new General Education Program (the 2018 General Education Program) with a specific focus on several aspects of their educational surroundings. The participants consist of students from diverse backgrounds, including different schools and exhibiting varying degrees of academic and extracurricular engagement. The study revealed that 59.8% of pupils obtained remarkable academic outcomes, whereas 33.5% received exemplary achievements. Just 6.5% were considered to be qualified, while a slight 0.1% were considered to be unqualified. The training results revealed that 75.7% of pupils were categorized as distinguished, 20.4% as good, and 3.9% as qualified. With regards to extracurricular involvement, 13.7% of students assumed the role of class officials, 20.5% were club members, 8.3% held the post of youth union secretary, and 8.1% held numerous roles. Nevertheless, 49.4% of individuals were not involved in any official roles. The evaluation of students' learning culture indicated favourable perceptions, namely in regard to the esteem of educators and classmates, as well as the mindset towards independent study and continuous learning. Several aspects, such as the process of selecting a suitable profession and making decisions regarding elective topics, received a lower score of 2.23, suggesting that there is a need for enhancing career advising. The results emphasize both the positive and negative aspects of the school culture in public high schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. They stress the importance of constantly improving educational strategies, career guidance, and the fair allocation of resources in order to enhance the learning environment and promote student development, specifically in the 2018 General Education Program.

Analysis of the Effect of Islamic Character Education, Multicultural Learning, and Extracurricular Activities on the Character Building of Pesantren Students in Central Java

This study explores the influence of Islamic character education, multicultural learning, and extracurricular activities on the character building of students in Islamic boarding schools in Central Java. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a survey method to collect data from 150 students. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicated that Islamic character education, multicultural learning, and extracurricular activities all had significant positive impacts on character building, with path coefficients of, respectively. The model explained 52% of the variance in character building. These findings underscore the importance of integrating religious teachings, multicultural perspectives, and extracurricular engagement in educational curricula to foster the holistic development of students. The study offers valuable insights for educators and policymakers in enhancing character education programs within Islamic boarding schools.

An Analysis of Role of Extracurricular Activities (ECA) in Higher Education

Extracurricular activities (ECA) are invaluable for fostering holistic development and enhancing personal growth (Lamaey, 2022). Beyond the confines of academia, these activities provide fertile ground for individuals to cultivate essential skills such as leadership, teamwork, and time management (Soe, 2014). Aresearch tells that by participating in ECA, individuals not only diversify their skill set but also nurture passions and interests outside the classroom (Hart, 2010). Moreover, these activities serve as platforms for social interaction, fostering friendships and teaching invaluable interpersonal skills. Whether through sports, clubs, or community service, extracurricular engagement promotes physical health and well-being, while also instilling a sense of responsibility and empathy towards others (Wilson, 2009). Additionally, extracurricular involvement enriches resumes and college applications, showcasing an applicant's initiative, commitment, and diverse interests (Stevenson, Sealey & Clegg, 2011). So, this study tries to analyze the role of ECA in flourishing the higher education with the help of literature review a qualitative research approach.

Student Innovation Performance: Underpinning Theories

This study explores the relationship between extracurricular activities and student innovation performance, drawing on various theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. Through a comprehensive literature review, the study examines the impact of extracurricular activities on students' development of critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration skills—essential components of innovation. The TRIZ innovation theory and social cognitive career theory provide theoretical underpinnings for understanding how participation in extracurricular activities fosters innovation skills among students. Additionally, the study presents a literature review matrix summarizing key findings from previous research on extracurricular activities and their effects on student development. The findings suggest that participation in extracurricular activities significantly enhances students' capacity for innovation by cultivating higher-order thinking skills and providing opportunities for real-world problem-solving. Moreover, the study discusses the implications of extracurricular engagement for students' future career success and organizational innovation. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for comparative studies across diverse student populations, in-depth analyses of specific types of extracurricular activities, and exploration of cultural differences in attitudes toward extracurricular involvement. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of how extracurricular activities influence student innovation performance and provides insights for educators and policymakers seeking to enhance innovation capabilities among young professionals

Comparative Study of School Discipline and Environment Regarding Student Personality : A Case Study of Governments Schools in Punjab, Pakistan

This study explores the intricate interactions that exist between learning parameters, student personality development, and school discipline in government schools located across the Punjab, Pakistan. With a case study approach, the research uses a mixedmethods technique to investigate in detail the formal and informal components of disciplinary actions as well as the educational environments that shape students personalities. In an effort to clarify the nuances of disciplinary strategies, the study examines both official disciplinary regulations and routines in government schools. It also explores the many aspects of the educational setting, such as extracurricular engagement, teacher-student relationships and interactions in the classroom. Through the use of psychological frameworks, the study seeks to evaluate the impact of various instructional strategies and disciplinary settings on student’s personalities, including resilience, self-worth and social skills. It is anticipated that the results of this comparison study would provide important new perspectives on the situation of classroom management and learning environments in Punjab government schools at the moment. Moreover, the study provides actionable suggestions to improve the effectiveness of disciplinary tactics and encourage supportive learning environments that support the development of students' whole personalities. This study has consequences that go beyond the local environment, giving rise to evidence-based practices and policies in education that may be implemented in a variety of contexts. The results of this study are intended to provide complex understandings that are relevant not just to Punjab but also to guide educational policies and practices in many international contexts.

Influential Factors on Entrepreneurial Competencies in Thai Community Development Program Students: A Study in Higher Education Institutions

While there has been growing interest in fostering entrepreneurial skills among students, research is scant on the factors influencing these competencies in Thai higher education settings. To address this gap, this study focused on 198 community development majors at Rajabhat University in southern Thailand. It examined the impact of individual characteristics and engagement in extracurricular activities on their entrepreneurial competencies. The study posed two hypotheses: 1) Individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and family income, influence the entrepreneurial skills of these students; 2) There is a positive correlation between students' engagement in learning-enhancing activities and their entrepreneurial skills. Data were collected through a survey, distributed via stratified sampling, and analysed using a range of statistical methods including t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Chi-square tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.The findings revealed high levels of student engagement in extracurricular activities such as club membership and event attendance. Performance metrics indicated strong entrepreneurial competencies among the students. Factors like age, gender, academic performance, family income, educational environment, and chosen field of study were found to significantly influence these competencies. Importantly, a strong correlation was observed between students' engagement in extracurricular activities and competencies like innovation, risk-taking, proactivity, competitiveness, and work independence. This study offers valuable insights into the roles of individual characteristics and extracurricular engagement in shaping entrepreneurial competencies among Thai university students.

Co-Creation in Contextual Competences for Sustainability: Teaching for Sustainability, Student Interaction and Extracurricular Engagement

Due to the need to achieve the sustainable development of society, the importance of sustainable development competences has reached unprecedented heights. This paper constructed an SEM model and considered the factors of contextual competence for sustainability from teaching, student interaction and extracurricular engagement, by conducting a questionnaire survey among 786 Chinese engineering undergraduates. The results indicated a significant and direct positive influence of teaching on contextual competences for sustainability. In addition, there is an indirect effect on contextual competence for sustainable development through student interaction and extracurricular engagement. An examination of the interlocking mediating effects of student inter-action and extracurricular engagement revealed that student interaction contributes to the development of students’ contextual competence for sustainable development through its positive influence on extracurricular engagement. This paper provides a reference for the cultivation of contextual competences for sustainability from both theoretical and practical perspectives.

How reasons for entering higher education shape academic and extra-curricular engagement: the case of Russian highly selective universities

ABSTRACT Student engagement is a widely used approach for evaluation of the quality of higher education in many countries, because it is considered as a proxy for student learning and academic outcomes, especially when direct measures are unavailable. Pre-college characteristics can affect student engagement and should be taken into account when this approach is employed. However, little is known about how such pre-college characteristics, like reasons to enter higher education, affect student engagement at university. The article is aimed to explore the links between reasons for university enrolment and two types of academic engagement (class engagement and disengagement), and two types of extra-curricular engagement (organisational work and research engagement). The data of an undergraduate survey conducted at eight highly selective Russian universities (n = 4926) is utilised. Our research found that reasons related to job placement and becoming a professional positively correlate with a student’s commitment to academic work, while extracurricular engagement is associated with intrinsic motives, social reasons, and desire for career promotion. Educational policy for enhancing student engagement should meet the students’ diverse goals at university and provide them with the intrinsic value of extracurricular experience, particularly when curricular activities are limited to preparation for narrow specialisation.

Patterns of resilient functioning in early life: Identifying distinct groups and associated factors.

Resilience, the capacity to maintain or regain functionality in the face of adversity, is a dynamic process influenced by individual, familial, and community factors. Despite its variability, distinct resilience trajectories can be identified within populations, yet the predictors defining these distinct groups remains largely unclear. Here, using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ages 0-18), we quantify resilience as the remaining variance in psychosocial functioning after taking into account the exposure to adversity. Growth mixture modeling identified seven distinct resilience trajectories, with over half of the study population maintaining resilience throughout early life. Factors increasing the likelihood of resilient trajectory membership included a less emotional temperament, high cognitive abilities, high self-esteem, low levels of autistic social traits, strong sibling relationships, high maternal care, and positive school experiences. Among the socioeconomic factors considered, maternal education - a significant indicator of socioeconomic status - and birth-order were associated with resilient trajectories. Our findings underscore the importance of fostering cognitive abilities, self-esteem, social relationships, positive school experiences, and extracurricular engagement to bolster resilience in adversity-exposed individuals and communities. This research informs resilience-focused interventions in mental health, education, and social policy sectors, and prompts further exploration of socioeconomic influences on resilience trajectories.

Socio-Economic Background Impacts Academic Goals, Performance, and Achievements among Private University Undergraduates in Chittagong, Bangladesh

Purpose: The study aims to examine the impact of socioeconomic status the academic performance of undergraduates in private universities in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It aims to understand the impact of family financial background on students'' academic goals, results, and activities, as well as the role of family, social, and institutional issues in students'' choices and decisions. The study also aims to test students'' understanding and identification of social challenges.
 Methodology: A mixed-method study in Chittagong City, Bangladesh, examined students'' attitudes on the socioeconomic background’s impact on academic aspirations and performance. The study with mixed method strategy collected data from 206 undergrad students at private universities, focusing on academic performance, engagement, and personal lives.
 Findings: The study found that socioeconomic factors impact students'' academic performance at private universities, with middle-class students from Bangladesh enrolling to complete their education. However, tuition costs and family influences can lead to part-time employment, starting businesses, or discontinuing studies. Institutions and students'' personal desires can help improve academic performance. While some students use the financial crisis of family as inspiration, they lack the necessary tools to manage difficulties and participate in university activities Family socioeconomic background significantly impacts students'' academic performance and extra-curricular engagement, especially in private universities. Poor students face financial constraints and struggle to navigate academic environments. Institutional environments, personal life, and part-time jobs can hinder motivation.
 Recommendations: The study suggests addressing psychological issues among socioeconomically weak private university students, involving parents, personal lives and studying public-private university challenges. It also recommends interviewing scholarship recipients and training higher education teachers to provide personal guidance and consultancy for students facing mental stress. Soft Hands from families, teachers, peers, and an appropriate institutional environment can improve performance.

The medical humanities at United States medical schools: a mixed method analysis of publicly assessable information on 31 schools

IntroductionThere have been increasing efforts to integrate the arts and humanities into medical education, particularly during undergraduate medical education (UME). Previous studies, however, have focused on courses and curricular programming without rigorous characterization of the associated paracurricular environment or infrastructure enabling or facilitating these offerings.MethodsTo assess opportunities for students to engage the arts and humanities during their medical education as well as the institutional resources to support those opportunities, we developed the Humanities and Arts Programming Scale (HARPS): an 18-point scale involving eight sub-domains (Infrastructure, Curricular Opportunities, Extracurricular Engagement, Opportunities for Immersion, Faculty Engagement, Staff Support, Student Groups, and Scholarship). This scale was used to evaluate the top-31 ranked United States medical schools as determined by US News and World Report’s (USWNR) Medical School Research Rankings using information derived from public-facing, online information.ResultsMean cumulative HARPS score was 11.26, with a median score of 12, a standard deviation of 4.32 and a score range of 3–17. Neither USWNR ranking nor private/public institution status were associated with the cumulative score (p = 0.121, p = 0.739). 52% of institutions surveyed had a humanities-focused center/division with more than 70% of the schools having significant (> 5) faculty engaged in the medical humanities. 65% of schools offered 10 or more paracurricular medical humanities events annually, while 68% of the institutions had more than 5 medical humanities student organizations. While elective, non-credit courses are available, only 3 schools required instruction in the arts and humanities, and comprehensive immersive experiences in the medical humanities were present in only 29% of the schools.ConclusionsAlthough there is a significant presence of the medical humanities in UME, there is a need for integration of the arts and humanities into required UME curricula and into immersive pathways for engaging the medical humanities.

Исследование отношения между музыкальной вовлеченностью, интеллектом и успешностью обучения у студентов с разной профессиональной специализацией

We investigated the relationship between music engagement, academic success and intelligence in non-musical students (N = 136). Currently, there is a lack of understanding to the extent in which individual leisure interests and extracurricular engagement influence academic success in different subject areas, as well as the relationship between fluid intelligence and crystallized experience. Clarifying these questions we formed the aim of this study. To diagnose musical engagement and intelligence we used the approved psychometric techniques - Gold-MSI v1.0 “Active engagement” scale, Raven's test, Amthauer's test. We checked the assumptions that musical engagement influences the strength of the correlation between fluid and crystallized intelligence and that the relationship between musical engagement and academic success is determined by the level of fluid intelligence on the one hand, and the degree of homogeneity of the subject areas of engagement on the other. The results of the study showed that musical engagement may play a significant role in predicting the academic performance of non-musicians as well as in the development of crystallized experience. The hypothesis that musical engagement, being a non-relevant behavioral activity in relation to general educational experience and competence, contributes to a decrease in the strength of the link between fluid and crystallized intelligence was confirmed. The other hypothesis was partially confirmed, as it was found that the relationship between musical engagement and academic success is mediated by the fluid intelligence factor, but this mediation is specific to groups with different professional skills. There is a non-linear relationship in the humanities group: the best learning performance is achieved by students with intermediate levels of engagement. In the group of "precise" occupations, the relationship between the variables is linear and negative. The findings are interpreted in terms of modern models of intelligence and subjectoriented knowledge models. The results contribute to improving the quality of prediction of learning success and professional realization, and contribute to elucidating the psychological mechanisms of engagement.

All carrot – no stick: an alternative award framework to enhance ‘international’ students’ sense of belonging and engagement in the extracurricular

A sense of belonging and feeling at home at their institution are key factors in student success at university. Engaging with extracurricular activities is part of this dynamic, and an area in which ‘international’ students face additional barriers. These include institutional and psychological barriers to belonging, resulting in a shortage of meaningful opportunities to belong and a lack of motivation to take part. Increased belonging uncertainty and negative stereotype threat are among the potential concerns for such students. In response, we have developed the Student Extracurricular Engagement Award for pre-sessional undergraduate students at the University of Leeds Language Centre, UK. This scheme draws on theoretical approaches related to co-construction, participation, identity, opportunity and motivation. This innovative educational intervention seeks to address the issues affecting belonging by providing encouragement and guidance in engaging with the university’s extracurricular activities. By validating activities in areas other than academic language and literacies, the award raises student awareness of the value of their successes in those areas. This more holistic and rhizomatic approach to student learning is argued to bring a greater sense of belonging to ‘international’ students.

"A sorely neglected field": A multisite study of self-reported humanities exposure among emergency medicine residents.

The Association of American Medical Colleges has identified the humanities as fundamental to medical education across all specialties. Evidence from undergraduate medical education (UME) demonstrates the humanities' positive impacts on outcomes that could be relevant to patient care and trainee well-being in emergency medicine (EM) residency training. However, less is known about the humanities' role in graduate medical education (GME). The objectives were to describe EM residents' self-reported exposure to the humanities and its relationship with their empathy, tolerance of ambiguity, and patient-centeredness, and to assess their attitudes toward the humanities in GME. This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted at six U.S. EM residency programs in 2018-2019. Quantitative analyses included linear regressions testing for trends between humanities exposures and outcomes, adjusted for sex, year in training, and clustering within programs; adjunct analysis of free-text responses was performed using an exploratory constructivist approach to identify themes about views on the humanities' role in medicine. Response rate was 54.8% (153/279). A total of 65% of respondents were male and 28.1% of respondents had a preceding humanities degree. Preceding humanities degree and current self-reported humanities exposure were positively associated with performance on empathy subscales (p= 0.02). Seventy-five percent (n= 114) of respondents agreed humanities are important in GME; free-text responses revealed perceived positive impacts of humanities on generating well-rounded clinicians and enhancing patient care. Engagement with the humanities may be associated with empathy among EM residents. Although the magnitude of associations was smaller than that seen in UME, this study demonstrates resident interest in humanities and suggests that extracurricular engagement with the humanities may be insufficient to prolong positive impacts seen in UME. Further research is needed to explore how to sustain these benefits through integration or addition of the humanities in existing GME curricula.

Predictors of student engagement: the role of universities’ or importance of students’ background?

ABSTRACT The study aims to disclose the role of the universities and students’ backgrounds in predicting student engagement. The study uses Monitoring of Education Markets and Organizations (MEMO) of 2015 and 2017, which is hierarchical nationally representative data set of 5,251 undergraduate students nested into 135 universities in Russia. Four indices were developed to measure student engagement based on behavioural approach, namely, class engagement, learning engagement, research engagement, and extracurricular engagement. The mixed-effects multilevel modelling was used to test the hypotheses on university roles and students’ background characteristics. Students’ parental family characteristics did not appear to have a strong influence on student engagement except mothers’ higher education. High school achievements are very important for further student engagement. The findings highlight the importance of motivation and career ambitions of students. Plans to work within the field of study or to pursue further studies to obtain a MA or Ph.D. degree positively associated with student engagement. The results confirmed that the academic environment is the strongest predictor of student engagement. Universities need to develop active teaching practices to improve the academic environment and increase student engagement.

Creating Study-Specific Tools to Increase Community and Student Engagement

The Boulder Apple Tree Project (BATP) at the University of Colorado agglomerates ecological, historical, and genetic information regarding apple trees in Boulder County, Colorado with the assistance of community members, undergraduates, and researchers. Our goal is to map and measure historic apple trees in Boulder to find the varieties that were planted as part of Boulder’s unique apple industry in the early 1900s. These trees are of interest to historians, horticulturalists, cider makers, and ecologists wishing to preserve heritage varieties and to better understand the ecology of urban apples. Combining the efforts of the campus community with the contributions of community members has allowed us to locate and measure more than 700 individual trees in the past four years, which are displayed in the interactive map showing locations and morphological measures of each tree. Harnessing this interest in local apple trees has allowed the project to provide educational opportunities to the community and undergraduates regarding the services that urban trees provide. Undergraduate computer science students built the interactive map to display tree locations and a mobile phone app designed for collecting and visualizing data in real time. These digital products will allow the broader population to engage in locally relevant research. This paper is a case study that focuses on curricular and extracurricular engagement of undergraduate students, application design, and the contributions of these efforts to the scientific community.

An extra-curricular art engagement for Irish secondary school students within the context of the Covid-19 pandemic

An extra-curricular art engagement for Irish secondary school students within the context of the Covid-19 pandemic

Undergraduate research as a student engagement springboard: Exploring the longer-term reported benefits of participation in a research conference

ABSTRACTBackground: Undergraduate research is evident in many forms across higher education: in journals, at conferences and on research placements. It is widely reported that undergraduate research can encourage the development of discipline-specific and transferable communication skills and, in some cases, a more complex development of higher-order critical appraisal. Recent studies of extracurricular undergraduate research conferences have also found that participants report a development of self-authorship and an appreciation of the conference as liminal and transformative space. With many published studies measuring immediate feedback surrounding conference events, there is also a need to explore participants’ reflections over a longer term period of time.Purpose: This small-scale project investigated participants’ self-report of whether and in what ways participation in a non-assessed, extracurricular undergraduate research conference had impacted their academic and professional practices, one year after their involvement in the conference.Method: The qualitative study took place over two academic years with participants from an undergraduate conference which was held annually. The investigation adopted an action research methodology and completed two cycles of research. Data were collected firstly through an online survey with open questions, yielding feedback from 44 respondents. Focus groups were then conducted with nine of these students to explore this data further. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data.Findings: The two cycles of data collection and analyses resulted in the identification of four central themes: (1) general positive impact on studies or career; (2) the development of presentation skills and personal confidence; (3) the development of research skills and perspectives; (4) an increased engagement with extracurricular opportunities.Conclusions: Overall, our analysis identified that participants reported a development in communication skills and an enhanced relationship with the concept of ‘research’ and self-authorship. Students’ report that participation directly led to increased engagement with additional extracurricular activities is particularly noteworthy, as it contributes something new to the growing body of literature surrounding undergraduate research. More widely, the study suggests the potential for undergraduate conferences to act as springboards for increased extracurricular engagement.

Может ли вовлеченность студентов во внеучебные мероприятия способствовать развитию мягких навыков?

Такие навыки, как критическое мышление и работа в команде, приобрели особую важность в XXI веке. Они считаются основополагающим условием успеха на рынке труда и важным аспектом учебной программы в университете. Во всем мире педагоги и политики в сфере образования ищут пути развития и совершенствования этих навыков у студентов, например, вовлекая их в различные мероприятия, реализуемые на базе университета. Цель данного исследования — оценить вклад участия студентов во внеучебных мероприятиях в развитии навыков межличностного общения и работы в команде.
 Данное исследование было проведено в рамках проекта «Студенческий опыт в исследовательском университете» (SERU). В выборку вошли студенты-бакалавры разных направлений подготовки, проходящие обучение в российском национальном исследовательском университете в 2016/2017 учебном году (N = 3 344 респондентов). Для оценки вклада студенческой вовлеченности во внеучебные мероприятия в развитии навыков межличностного общения и работы в команде используется бинарная логистическая регрессия. Полученные результаты подтверждают наличие статистически значимых различий в приросте навыков межличностного общения и работы в команде у студентов, участвующих во внеучебной деятельности и не участвующих.
 Задача данной работы — показать, что вовлечение студентов в деятельность, выходящую за рамки образовательного процесса, происходящего в аудитории, но тесно связанную с ним, способствует росту их человеческого и социального капитала до уровня, требуемого высшим образованием. Вовлечение студентов во внеучебную деятельность университетом способствует развитию у них навыков межличностного общения и работы в команде. Полученные результаты призваны мотивировать преподавательский и административный состав университета на создание и продвижение площадок, на которых студенты могли бы лучше понять изученный материал, соотнести имеющиеся и полученные знания, а также практиковать новые навыки.

Curricular and Co-curricular Coverage of Leadership Competencies and the Influence of Extracurricular Engagement on Leadership Development

Objective. To evaluate coverage of leadership-related competencies in a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum and the impact of co-curricular and extracurricular experiences on students' leadership perceptions and self-efficacy. Methods. Course syllabi were used to comprehensively map the PharmD curriculum to 11 competencies related to the Leadership CAPE outcome. A survey was developed and administered to all first year through fourth year pharmacy (P1-P4) students to evaluate their leadership experience and engagement, and to assess their attitudes and self-efficacy in 11 leadership competencies. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate student level of engagement in leadership activities and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare students' attitudes and self-efficacy based on the extent of leadership engagement. Results. Curriculum mapping revealed that all competencies were covered in at least one course at the introductory or reinforce levels. There were 362 students (68% of all PharmD students) who completed the survey. When responses from students who reported active engagement in pharmacy student organizations (defined as e-board member or chair of committee, N=142 or 39% of respondents) were compared to the rest of the cohort, statistically significantly better attitudes and self-efficacy were seen in 7 of 11 competencies. Perceptions and self-efficacy of the 72 students (19.9%) who reported active engagement in non-pharmacy organizations did not significantly differ from those not actively involved in any organizations. Conclusion. The leadership competencies curriculum mapping exercise was useful in identifying gaps in coverage and depth of coverage, inconsistencies in course objectives accurately reflecting coverage of leadership topics and competencies, and considerations that should be given to co-curricular leadership development. Active leadership engagement in pharmacy student organizations should be encouraged because of associated improved leadership perceptions and self-efficacy.