Extra Cash Research Articles

Valuing Attribution and Publication in Intellectual Property

Despite considerable research suggesting that creators value attribution -- that is, being named as the creator of a work -- U.S. intellectual property (IP) law does not provide a right to attribution to the vast majority of creators. On the other side of the Atlantic, however, many European countries give creators, at least in their copyright laws, much stronger rights to attribution. At first blush it may seem that the U.S. has gotten it wrong, and the Europeans have made a better policy choice in providing to creators a right that they value. But for reasons we will explain in this Article, matters are much more complicated.This Article reports a series of experiments that are the first to attempt to measure quantitatively the value of attribution to creators. In previous research, we have shown that creators of IP are subject to a that results in their assigning substantially higher value to their works than neoclassical economic theory predicts. The first two experiments reported in this Article suggest a way that the creativity effect may be reduced: creators are willing to sacrifice significant economic payments in favor of receiving attribution for their work. The value to creators of attribution raises the question whether U.S. IP law should be restructured to provide attribution as a creator's default right.The third and most important experiment reported here casts doubt on the value of giving creators such a default right, because creators value attribution differently depending on whether the legal rule gives it to them as an initial entitlement or not. When creators are given a right to attribution as a default, they value credit four times higher than when attribution is not the default option. Our findings make clear that creators value attribution, and that the prospect of obtaining it can lead to a more efficient level of transacting. At the same time, paradoxically, our findings suggest that we should exercise caution before we restructure U.S. law, which provides no right to attribution for the vast majority of creators. Indeed, it is possible, under conditions that we will describe, that providing creators with a default right to attribution will result in less efficient transacting.Finally, our findings have implications for property theory which are broader than IP law or attribution rights. Our third experiment suggests that a party who enjoys a default legal right as part of her initial complement of rights will tend to treat that legal right in a fashion similar to any other form of initial entitlement, and overvalue it relative to what neoclassical theory would predict. This suggests a principle regarding how to efficiently structure default rules in any setting. All other factors being equal, an efficiently structured default rule will locate the initial legal entitlement in the party who is either less likely to overvalue the entitlement, or, if overvaluation seems inevitable regardless of where the initial entitlement is placed, is likely to overvalue it less.INTRODUCTIONImagine that you are a young and as yet unknown author. You have been contacted by a publishing company that wants you to assist a famous politician in writing her memoirs. The company gives you a choice between two contracts: the first will pay you $25,000 but your name will not appear anywhere on the book, while the second will pay you $10,000 but your name will appear as a second author on the book's cover and title page. If you are like most people, you are certainly attracted to the extra cash. But credit is probably also worth something to you as well. You may value being named as an author because you feel it is morally right that you get credit, or because it will enhance your reputation and social standing, or because it could help you receive other, more lucrative writing contracts in the future. Would you be willing to take the smaller payment in exchange for having your name on the book? …

Salaries and Compensation Practices in Public Health, Environmental, and Agricultural Laboratories

The public health, environmental, and agricultural laboratory (PHEAL) workforce is a key component of the public health infrastructure. The national laboratory workforce faces an ongoing challenge of recruitment and retention of workers often related to pay and other compensation issues. To collect information on laboratory salaries and laboratory compensation practices using a national compensation survey targeting the PHEAL workforce. Seventy-three of 109 (67%) PHEAL directors in the 50 states and District of Columbia collectively employ 3723/4830 (77%) PHEAL employees in the United States. A standardized survey was developed and administered in 2010. Compensation data were compiled by job classification, geographic region, laboratory gross operating budget size, laboratory staff size, and laboratory type. Laboratory staff size ranged from 3 to 327 individuals (mean = 74 and median = 51). Median base salaries were lowest in the Southwest and South and highest in the Mountain and Pacific regions. Mean and median laboratory gross operating budgets for all participating PHEALs were $8 609 238 and $5 671 500, respectively. Extra cash compensation, used by 8 of 60 (13.3%) PHEALs, was more likely to go to a scientist-manager or scientist-supervisor. In 2010, a standardized national compensation survey of technical and scientific public health employees working in 73 PHEALs was effective in collecting previously unavailable data about laboratory salaries, laboratory budgets, and payroll practices. Laboratory salaries varied by geographic region and there was an uneven distribution of extra cash compensation among job classifications. The compensation data collected may be useful in characterizing and improving laboratory salary structures and practices to better support workforce recruitment and retention.

Disconnect by L. Peterson

Peterson, Lois. Disconnect. Victoria, BC: Orca Book Publishers, 2012. Print. Fourteen-year-old Daria has just relocated from Calgary, Alberta to Delta, British Columbia and she’s not happy about the move! Determined to stay connected with her old friends, Daria’s cellphone becomes an almost permanent extension of her arm, frustrating her parents, teachers and classmates. Quirky Cleo, another new kid in town, tries to connect with Daria, but to no avail. Cleo suggests that Daria may be addicted to technology, but who's listening? Desperate to earn some extra cash so that she can return to Calgary for March Break, Daria reluctantly takes an after-school job as a babysitter. Although she’s supposed to be watching out for Emmy and Caden, her two young charges, Daria has other things on her mind, with fateful consequences. This is a timely and engaging story, simply told. Disconnect is one of the Orca Currents series of books for reluctant middle-school readers. Its short chapters, controlled vocabulary, limited number of characters and contemporary themes will have broad appeal, especially for those reluctant readers who seldom choose a novel. Although the story is somewhat didactic, middle-school students will easily recognize at least one of their friends in the self-absorbed, technology-obsessed character of Daria. The situation she finds herself in is entirely plausible, and Peterson's first-person narration, texting shorthand and true-to-teenagers dialogue create a sense of “being there.” Although initially a writer of adult fiction, Lois Peterson now writes for children and teens. She has written 7 books for Orca Book Publishers, including one other designed specifically for struggling readers. Disconnect would be an excellent addition to any public or middle school library collection. In our increasingly “connected” world, this novel raises some disquieting questions about technology’s impact on the quality of our connection to ourselves and others. A great discussion starter with strong curriculum ties to digital citizenship. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Terri Hayes Terri Hayes is a teacher and student, currently completing a Master of Education in Teacher-Librarianship at the University of Alberta. Terri has been a voracious reader ever since her introduction to Dick & Jane at the age of six. Luckily, the quality of books for children has improved tremendously since those days, and now, one of her primary goals is to instill that same love of reading in her students. When she’s not scouring the local library for her next great read, Terri can usually be found reading to her grandchildren or hopping a plane to some destination she’s read about in a book.

Trade-Offs Between Biodiversity Conservation and Economic Development in Five Tropical Forest Landscapes

This study explores how conservation and development are interlinked and quantifies their reciprocal trade-offs. It identifies interventions which hold a promise to improve both conservation and development outcomes. The study finds that development trajectories can either be at the cost of conservation or can benefit conservation, but in all cases sustained poverty negatively affects conservation in the long term. Most scenarios with better outcomes for conservation come at a cost for development and the financial benefits of payments for environmental services (PES) are not sufficient to compensate for lost opportunities to earn cash. However, implementation of strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in locations with low population densities come close to overcoming opportunity costs. Environmental services and subsistence income enhance the attractiveness of conservation scenarios to local people and in situations where these benefits are obvious, PES may provide the extra cash incentive to tip the balance in favor of such a scenario. The paper stresses the importance of external factors (such as industrial investments and the development of the national economy) in determining landscape scale outcomes, and suggests a negotiating and visioning role for conservation agencies.

Community perspectives on parental influence on engagement in multiple concurrent sexual partnerships among youth in Tanzania: Implications for HIV prevention programming

Although concurrent sexual partnerships (CPs) have been hypothesized to be an important risk factor for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, the social and cultural factors that encourage CPs are not well understood. This study explored the community's perspectives on the role that parents can play in influencing their children's decision to engage in CPs. We conducted 16 in-depth interviews, 32 focus group discussions, and 16 key informant interviews with 280 adult participants in Tanzania. Data were coded; findings and conclusions were developed based on themes that emerged from coding. Three parental influences on CPs emerged: parent–child communication about sex, both silent and explicit encouragement of CPs, and parental behavior modeling. Parents are typically either too busy or too “embarrassed” to talk with their children about sex and CPs. The information parents do give is often confusing, fear-based, inadequate, and/or only focused on daughters. Parents themselves also encourage CPs through complicity of silence when their daughters come home with extra cash or consumer goods. In some cases, parents overtly encourage their children, particularly daughters, to practice CPs due to the promise of money from wealthy partners. Finally, when parents engage in CPs, the children themselves learn to behave similarly. These results suggest that parents can influence their children's decision to engage in CPs. HIV prevention interventions should address this by promoting parent–child communication about sexuality; associated disease risks and gender-equitable relationships; promoting positive parental role modeling; and educating parents on the implications of encouragement of CPs in their children.

How to spend your Pupil Premium…

The Pupil Premium marked its first anniversary in April. What have primary heads done with the extra cash and is it making a difference? Nick Bannister reports

Examining auditing fees change from free cash flow viewpoint

This research mainly aimed at examining the relationship between free cash flow and auditing fees. It is required to mention that the mangers of free cash flow do not invest the commercial units in projects with positive NPV based on the theory of contradictory interests of managers and owners. In this research, the companies were divided into two lower and upper classes and model of auditing fees and artificial variable of free cash flow (FCF) and debt ratio of divided interest was used. In order to collect the required data and test the hypotheses, information stipulated in financial statements and notes of 50 companies and market information, Rahavard Novin software, Tadbir Pardaz softer, Sahra softer, stock organization library and stock sites such as www.rdis.ir and www.irbourse.com were used. Accessible extra cash amounts for investment is effective and agency problems of free cash flow damage the value as a result of probable increase in investment. Also, the contradiction of the interests between shareholders and managers may be intensified in companies with high free cash flow and low growth view. Obligations may result in increasing auditors’ attempts, auditing risk and effort, auditing fees, and applying them may raise some questions about management credit. This research provided a good chance for examining the effect of some charges of free cash flow agency regarding auditing wage. Meanwhile, it took into consideration whether other control mechanisms such as debt divided interest have any effect on auditing fees and auditors or not. Key words: Auditing fees, free cash flow, agency problems.

£28 million extra cash for dentistry

£28 million extra cash for dentistry

Hong Kong Residents' Adoption of Risk Reduction Strategies in Leisure Travel

ABSTRACT For decades risk has been identified as a major concern for traveling. Although some recent studies focused on studying consumers' perceived travel risks, only a few prior studies literally discussed consumers' risk reduction strategies in the context of travel-related services. To fill this gap, this study aims to investigate the travel-related risk reduction strategies that Hong Kong residents adopt to strengthen their confidence during leisure travel. This study also explores if travelers of different travel-related and sociodemographic characteristics adopt different risk reduction strategies. Among different risk reduction strategies—“purchase travel insurance,” “bring extra cash,” and “search for latest information about the destination”—are the ones which Hong Kong residents are likely to adopt when they travel for leisure. Results revealed that travel-related and sociodemographic characteristics influenced travelers' likelihood to risk reduction strategies differently. Specifically, travel experience of travelers, age, and household income displayed significant differences in the likelihood of adopting most of the risk reduction strategies.

Costly External Finance, Liquidity Risk, and Default Risk

I use the 2007-2008 financial crisis to gauge how internal financial resources and external financial constraints mitigate or worsen the impact of the crisis on default risk of US industrial firms. I identify heterogeneity in short-term funding needs at the onset of the crisis by exploiting ex-ante variation in long-term debt structure. I also compute excess cash reserves with pre-crisis data to measure exogenous cross-firm variations in internal financial resources. A differences-in-differences method is implemented to assess the mitigating effect of internal financial resources during the crisis, controlling for firm fixed effects and firm characteristics related to default risk. Consistent with the predictions in He and Xiong (2010) and Morris and Shin (2009), the results show that firms that need not to refinance long-term debt in 2008 see an increase of 104 basis points in CDS spreads following the onset of the crisis, while firms, which need to refinance long-term debt equivalent to 4.6% of total assets, experience an additional 53 basis point increase. Holding extra cash reserves equivalent to 9.6% of total assets dampens the increase by 28 basis points. In addition, the impact of the crisis is substantially severe for financially constrained firms. A financially constrained firm that needs not to refinance long-term debt in 2008 sees an additional increase of 129 basis points in CDS spreads comparing to a similar but financially unconstrained firm. Moreover, the relation between pre-crisis internal financial positions and post-crisis default risk becomes stronger for financially constrained firms. That same financially constrained firm, if needs to refinance long-term debt equivalent to 5.1% of total assets, will experience an additional 117 basis point increase in CDS spreads.

Ireland defends research from cuts

Government promises that despite massive deficit, last year's science budget fall will be offset by extra cash.

How to boost your income

Nurses have transferable skills and experience that can be used to earn extra cash

John Hope Franklin: A Legacy of Excellence

John Hope Franklin: A Legacy of Excellence Loren Schweninger (bio) In March 1946, after being recommended by Arthur Schlesinger, one of his mentors at Harvard, John Hope Franklin accepted an offer from Roger Shugg, historian and editor of the College Department at Alfred Knopf, to write a history of the Negro in America. It was not an easy decision. He had, over a four-month period, pondered whether he should take time away from his current research project, a study of the martial South. (The book was later titled The Militant South). Not only that, but he considered himself a historian of the South, not of the Negro; and he felt that the recent publication of his dissertation “The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790 to 1860” was a contribution to Southern history. In addition, there was a question of time and money. Knopf promised a small advance but wanted a manuscript by 1947, preferably in the spring. Professor Franklin was teaching a heavy load of courses in American and European history with more than 100 students each quarter at North Carolina College for Negroes in Durham (now North Carolina Central University). His wife of five years, Aurelia Whittington Franklin, held a position as a librarian in the law school at the college. But even with their combined salaries they had little extra cash for research trips, even if he were able get away. It was not as though he was not prepared to undertake the challenge. He had taught courses in Negro history; he had read the works of Carter Woodson, Lorenzo Johnston Green, Luther Porter Jackson, Charles Wesley, Rayford Logan; and only a year before, while perusing the stacks of the College library, he had come across the remarkable two-volume History of the Negro Race in America by George Washington Williams. But how could he find the time and wherewithal to write the 150,000 words that editor Shugg requested? As was the case many times during his life, it was Aurelia Franklin who suggested a solution to his dilemma. She urged him to take an unpaid leave from the college during the fall quarter, journey to Washington D.C., find a study carrel at the Library of Congress, and spend several months researching and writing. Her salary, combined with a $250 advance from Knopf, could sustain them for this period. Her gift was later referred to as a subvention from the “Aurelia Franklin Foundation.” [End Page 1] Thus Franklin began to write in earnest, sending five chapters off even before classes ended in the spring, writing furiously through the summer and traveling to the Library of Congress in the fall. As he worked, he kept several goals paramount: he would put the history of African Americans in a broad context, not only of United States history but also of African, South American, Caribbean, and North American history; he would use the most up-to-date political, economic, social, and cultural studies to substantiate his arguments; he would show how, in order to understand American history, it was necessary to recognize the importance of race, slavery, segregation, and, as W. E. B. Du Bois put it, the “two-ness of black Americans”; and he would write, as he later said, “to be read”—in jargon-free, straightforward prose. Still, he wondered whether he would be able, even with his best efforts, to meet the deadline now set for April 1, 1947. He worked at a frenzied pace—he later recalled it as the busiest thirteen months of his life—and by the winter of 1947 he had completed thirty chapters. The manuscript was now 240,000 words. This was all the more extraordinary because, as he was finishing the manuscript and readying it for publication, he spent a good deal of time assisting his older brother, Buck Colbert Franklin Jr., who was suffering from depression because of his experiences during World War II under a white sergeant who vowed to make the existence of this “smart Negro” miserable. His brother’s death, a short time after falling from the second storey of a Richmond, Virginia, hotel, was emotionally draining for John Hope. Nonetheless, he was able to...

Virtual Intermediaries II - Canadian Solutions (Drop Shipments) Compared with US, Japanese & EU Approaches

Virtual travel agents are opportunistic internet-based travel agents. They are intermediary businesses that create mutually beneficial three-party transactions that secure accommodations for a traveler that: (a) meet the basic needs of the traveler (at a discount), (b) fills vacant room for accommodation retailers with guests that pay below market, but above standard costs, and (c) profit from the extra cash, the margin in the transaction. The virtual intermediary’s eye is always on the discount and the cash flow. One of the things that catches their attention are the accommodation taxes which they collect from the traveler in advance and remit to the accommodation retailer when they are invoiced for the room. Needless to say, there are incentives to minimize consumption taxes on the part of the intermediary just as there are counter-incentives on the part of revenue authorities to prevent revenue losses. Unclear statutes exacerbate these problems. Canada is unique among the system considered, and their experience with intermediaries is very informative. It is the only system considered here where there are consumption taxes on accommodations at three levels of government (federal, provincial and local). A considerable amount of Canadian thought has gone into how to harmonize these taxes, how to deal with compliance and enforcement issues, as well as what to do about the very difficult problem of the non-resident, non-registered intermediary engaged in reselling accommodations at a discount. Only Canada analyses this problem triangularly. The model adopted federally in the GST/HST and in the Province of Quebec is a drop shipment model. The Canadian approach is similar to the way California handles drop shipments. The paper concludes by applying Canadian and European insights to this problem, and suggests statutory approaches to this issue in the US and Japan.

My Life Among the Bodies

My Life Among the Bodies Breja Gunnison (bio) Guilt is like this: you're eating breakfast and the oatmeal doesn't taste like anything, so you add more jam, and it's your grandma's black raspberry jam, from when she was still alive, there's still jars and jars of it. You put your spoon down and rub the scruff on your chin and it hits you, that image again, her silent shriveled face, that gape. I ask her does she want a Popsicle, she hasn't eaten or drank anything besides ice in days, and she can't talk anymore, but I think I see her chin move, and I rush over to the freezer, which flavor, which flavor, I don't have time to ask her, time to wait for an answer, a nonanswer. I pick the red because it's my favorite, and Gil and Irene knock and then come in, they're the main hands on our dairy farm, and we cut off pieces of it with a butter knife and stick them between her teeth and leave the rest melting in a bowl, all of us with chairs pulled up around her, watching her not move, she's the goddamn baby Jesus dying in a manger. And the guilty part is, I had asked my grandma what she was hanging on for, anyways. Just days before. And I told her I didn't respect her. And once when we were coming back from the hospital, I missed an exit and got us lost, and we ended up going right by a restaurant where she and Grandpa ate on their honeymoon. I took her in, and she ordered all this food and then didn't eat it. I guess the food had gotten worse through the years. I was annoyed, and flicked a french fry at her, all covered in ketchup. And I'm a grown man. It bounced off her glasses. And you know how good she is? She didn't say a word. Irene brings a Crock-Pot of chili for me, and when their baby turned out to have a genetic disease, I didn't give them anything. I thought about it, but I couldn't figure out what to give that fit right with the situation. So now I say I'm sorry I'm sorry I'm sorry, to my oatmeal. That's what guilt's like. [End Page 137] Even though this is a family farm, my mom disappeared on the Pacific Whale, a cruise liner, when I was nine. They believe she fell overboard. Now that Grandma's gone, it's just mine. I know it's me that drove my mom away. She had me so young anyway, it's really my grandparents that raised me. Grandpa died of a heart attack when I was still in middle school. I woke up in the middle of it, and heard him sort of choking. I could even picture him on his hands and knees. I knew he was dying but I thought I was dreaming, so I went back to sleep. And when I woke up again we were taking him to the hospital. I donate plasma twice a week for extra cash, and when they stick the needle in my arm, I think of how Grandpa died with a needle in his arm. The doctor was putting a catheter up Grandpa's arm into his heart to see what the deal was, but before he could find out, Grandpa died on us. I imagine his shoulders stiffening up while that tube's snaking through his body, and then his eyes glaze over and they begin to look like tomato soup when you haven't stirred it for a few minutes. Except instead of orange, blue. I wish I had just woken up the first time. A farm needs kids, and animals. I've had a few pets but they don't last, and Gil and Irene have a kid but she has that genetic disease I was talking about. She gets fed through a tube in her belly button. They're afraid to have more. They help...

Creeping towards the abyss

In the heady days of Prime Minister Blair ‘spraying’ extra cash into the NHS, he used to talk about the unavoidable ‘hard choices’ that NHS managers would have to make as they used increasing flows of new, real resources.

Nursery Equipment: Fundraising - A piece of cake

Nursery WorldVol. 2009, No. 4 FeatureNursery Equipment: Fundraising - A piece of cakeKaty MortonKaty MortonSearch for more papers by this authorKaty MortonPublished Online:4 Mar 2014https://doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2009.28.4.1092797AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View articleAbstractFor those nurseries in need of extra cash, rattling the tin is a vital source of income. Katy Morton presents a six-step guide to holding a successful fundraiser. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 April 2009Volume 2009Issue 4ISSN (print): 0029-6422ISSN (online): 2059-9358 Metrics History Published online 4 March 2014 Published in print 1 April 2009 Information© MA Education Ltd

Opening Up Pandora’s Box: The Effect of Gender Targeting and Conditionality on Household Spending Behavior in Mexico’s Progresa Program

Summary This paper evaluates the behavioral impact of conditionality and gender targeting on spending behavior in the Progresa conditional cash transfer (CCT) program from rural Mexico. Results indicate that transfer income is not spent differently from general income, suggesting that transfers exert only an income effect. In addition, women who have increased control over their extra cash are not significantly more likely to spend it in a “family-friendly” way than they do household earned income. Both features entail significant costs to beneficiaries and program budgets; our results indicate that further evidence is needed to confidently advocate for their inclusion in cash transfer (CT) programs.

Shopping around School deals

Angela Youngman profiles a new website set up to help schools get an extra cash boost through highstreet stores.

Bordersploitation: Hollywood Border Crossers and Buddy Cops

Bordersploitation:Hollywood Border Crossers and Buddy Cops Camilla Fojas (bio) Hollywood 1980s films are so distinctive that we can identify them immediately, partly for their aesthetic but mostly for their mood, for the reassuring tone of family-centered stories with clear moral lessons. These kinds of films provided reassuring dramas in the midst of cultural unrest and political uncertainty. The 1980s were an era of major transformations: increased immigration and transit across the border, the rise of globalization, military defense build-up, the waning of the Cold War, and the US-backed wars in Central America. It was a time troubled by the recent past of the Vietnam War, Watergate, assassinations of public figures, and the revolution in social attitudes wrought by the civil rights era, feminism, gay and lesbian rights, and by the health care crises related to HIV/AIDS and Medicare/Medicaid. Hollywood border films are symptoms of this cultural morass; they stage immigrant disruptions to national identity in story lines drawn from a cinematic repertoire of "American" good guys: vigilantes, cowboys, and buddy cops. The bad guys are the male border crossers who infiltrate the national body as carriers of cultural, economic, and political ills. These Hollywood narratives provide or suggest solutions that double as fantasmatic resolutions and templates for public policy. Several border films work together to form a coherent cultural response to crises of the 1980s: Borderline (1980) with Charles Bronson, The Border (1982) with Jack Nicholson, and Flashpoint (1984) with Kris Kristofferson. These films have fast-paced buddy-cop plots full of chases and intrigue, desire for the forbidden immigrant (but no contact), plenty of double-crossing and risky business, and reminders of traumatic events of US history, particularly Vietnam. In Borderline, Charles Bronson's character is a veteran cop who goes off on his own path of justice for an attractive young Mexican woman whose child was killed while crossing the border. In the process, he discovers that his partner's murderer is a Vietnam veteran who has created a big business with corporate [End Page 80] sponsorship of running undocumented immigrants across the border, using the skills he learned in Vietnam to evade the border guards. This plot is revisited in The Border where Charlie, a border agent with a heart of gold, makes it his personal mission to help an attractive young Mexican woman reunite with her child who was seized by corrupt border officials. Charlie falls in with the corrupt border guards who aid the coyotes, immigrant smugglers, in return for extra cash, but eventually exposes this corruption. British director Tony Richardson, perhaps because of his vantage point outside of the US and Hollywood, offers a rather scathing critique of the emptiness of American consumerism and pop culture; nonetheless, the story relapses into the messianic nationalism inherited from the Western. Flashpoint unfolds in a more complicated series of events that invokes two unincorporated traumas of US history: the assassination of JFK and the Vietnam War. The story is about two maverick Texas border guards and best friends—Logan, a Vietnam veteran and Green Beret hero, and Wyatt, a young idealistic rookie—who find a large amount of cash along with the remains of a man buried in the desert, evidence which turns out to be related to the assassination of JFK—a fact that federal agents will do anything to suppress. These films work and play well together because they all flirt with a liberal critique of government, but remain faithful to the conservative conventions of the Hollywood border genre. They traffic in nostalgia for the era prior to the consolidation of the liberal policies of globalization, for the good old days of the early Westerns populated by wrangling and free-wheeling cowboys, morally upright law enforcers, and virtuous women—best iconized by blonde ingénue Grace Kelly in High Noon (1952). The border film provides symbolically rich material for managing the contradictions and uncertainties of this transitional moment in history. Beyond the Border Principle Since Touch of Evil (1958), the Hollywood border is represented as a lawless place ruled by a dark mythology, and home to every illicit sexual activity and industry, from sex-trade to drug-trade. The...