External State Research Articles

Impact of external heating and state of charge on discharge performance and thermal runaway risk in 21700 Li-ion batteries

This study investigates the combined effects of external heating and State of Charge (SOC) on the discharge performance and thermal runaway risk of 21700 Li-ion batteries. Experiments subject commercially available 21700 cylindrical cells to various external heating conditions at different SOC levels (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 %) while measuring discharge performance and thermal behavior at different discharge rates (0.2, 0.5, 1, and 1.5C). The study emphasizes the significance of Li-ions' spatial arrangement and maintaining electrical charge in the electrolyte to evaluate battery performance. Numerical simulations are then conducted to complement the experimental data and provide deeper insights. The results reveal a significant degradation in discharge performance with increasing external heat, characterized by voltage drops and reduced capacity. Cells with higher SOC levels exhibit more severe exothermic reactions during external heating, leading to a higher likelihood of thermal runaway. Cells operated at a moderate SOC of 40 % demonstrate a significantly lower risk of thermal runaway under similar heating conditions. The rapid rise in temperature at 100 % SOC of batteries showed a sharp increase of over 20 °C per second. Temperature spikes were noted at specific time intervals corresponding to different SOC levels: 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20. At this critical point, temperatures ranged from 135 to 182 °C, indicating potential thermal issues from internal short circuits causing separator melting. These findings highlight the critical role of SOC management in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of 21700 Li-ion batteries, particularly in applications involving elevated temperatures.

Normative and Security Challenges of Transborder Ethnic Kinship in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia

Abstract This article extends the study of securitization of cross-border ethnicity beyond its conventional European focus, by analyzing ongoing security challenges surrounding ethnic Somalis in Ethiopia and their relationship to neighboring Somalia. In methodological terms, it looks beyond the irredentist prism through which this case is usually considered, applying newer conceptual and normative frameworks on cross-border ethnicity developed in a European context and assessing their applicability to Africa. Applying Brubaker's “triadic nexus' concept to the Ethiopian case, I discuss how the conclusion of the Ethiopia-Somalia war and Somalia's collapse as an external kin state did not end the securitization of cross-border Somali kinship, but merely repackaged it in new forms. In this regard, the article highlights a continued need to ensure the human security of Somalis in Ethiopia by recognizing and accommodating them as a cross-border ethnic group. From the standpoint of contemporary norms on the regulation of minority issues in interstate relations, the federalization model adopted by Ethiopia after 1991 seems to provide a promising foundation. Thus far, however, the hegemonic nature of the federal project has failed to grant Somalis an appropriate measure of internal self-determination.

Implications of TRPM3 and TRPM8 for sensory neuron sensitisation.

Sensory neurons serve to receive and transmit a wide range of information about the conditions of the world around us as well as the external and internal state of our body. Sensitisation of these nerve cells, i.e.becoming more sensitive to stimuli or the emergence or intensification of spontaneous activity, for example in the context of inflammation or nerve injury, can lead to chronic diseases such as neuropathic pain. For many of these disorders there are only very limited treatment options and in order to find and establish new therapeutic approaches, research into the exact causes of sensitisation with the elucidation ofthe underlying mechanisms and the identification of themolecular components is therefore essential. These components include plasma membrane receptors and ion channels that are involved in signal reception and transmission. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family are also expressed in sensory neurons and some of them play a crucial role in temperature perception. This review article focuses on the heat-sensitive TRPM3 andthe cold-sensitive TRPM8 (and TRPA1) channels and their importance in sensitisation of dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons is discussed based on studies related to inflammation and injury- as well as chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.

Легитимность насилия в техногенном обществе

The author examines the transformation of violence as a way of survival into “violence of power”, characteristic of modern civilization, the legitimacy of its legitimization, the use of resources of the information network society, technogenic civilization to regulate internal and external state relations, and new management perspectives. The legitimacy of the activities of states that claim the right to identify weak, dying or failed states as the source of modern political violence, instability and threats, and to carry out "humanitarian missions" against them, is called into question. The types of violence that are logically built into the development system of modern technogenic society, such as economic, institutional, and informational, are considered. Attention is drawn to the effectiveness of new technologies for the introduction of military innovations and the development of military potential in support of external legitimate state violence. The inability of modern society to control and regulate increasingly complex information systems and the tendency of the authorities to proactively assess negative consequences and prevent the possibility of their occurrence are emphasized. The mechanisms of a technogenic society contribute both to the control of the legitimacy of power and provide the power with the opportunity to control society. Therefore, a culture of peace can serve as a new trend in the development of humanity.

A non-isothermal breakage-damage model for plastic-bonded granular materials incorporating temperature, pressure, and rate dependencies

Plastic-bonded granular materials (PBM) are widely used in industrial sectors, including building construction, abrasive applications, and defense applications such as plastic-bonded explosives. The mechanical behavior of PBM is highly nonlinear, irreversible, rate dependent, and temperature sensitive governed by various micromechanical attributions such as grain crushing and binder damage. This paper presents a thermodynamically consistent, microstructure-informed constitutive model to capture these characteristic behaviors of PBM. Key features of the model include a breakage internal variable to upscale the grain-scale information to the continuum level and to predict grain size evolution under mechanical loading. In addition, a damage internal state variable is introduced to account for the damage, deterioration, and debonding of the binder matrix upon loading. Temperature is taken as a fundamental external state variable to handle non-isothermal loading paths. The proposed model is able to capture with good accuracy several important aspects of the mechanical properties of PBM, such as pressure-dependent elasticity, pressure-dependent yield strength, brittle-to-ductile transition, temperature dependency, and rate dependency in the post-yielding regime. The model is validated against multiple published datasets obtained from confined and unconfined compression tests, covering various PBM compositions, confining pressures, temperatures, and strain rates.

A micro-macro mechanism of hydraulic fracturing with initial stress state effect of brittle rock

The external initial stress state seriously affects the hydraulic fracturing process of rocks. However, the external initial stress effect on the mechanical relationship between the hydraulic pressure and the internal microcrack extension in brittle rocks is rarely studied. This paper proposes a micro-macro mechanical model for predicting the hydraulic fracturing process of brittle rock under compressive stress. Based on the correlation of the stress intensity factor at the tip of the extended micro-cracks, the hydraulic pressure, and the force characteristics of the cracks inside the brittle rock, the evolution law of the hydraulic pressure with the wing crack length is determined. The effects of confining pressure, axial pressure, stress difference, initial crack angle, initial crack length, initial crack density and rock fracture toughness on the hydraulic initiation stress and peak stress are discussed. The rationality of hydraulic fracturing models is verified by experimental comparison. With the increase of axial pressure, stress difference, fracture toughness, initial crack length and initial crack density, the hydraulic initiation and peak stress of rock decrease, and with the increase of confining pressure and fracture toughness, the hydraulic initiation stress and peak stress of rock increase. The study results optimize the parameters such as pre-crack angle, pre-crack length, and external loading conditions based on rock characteristics. It helps to grasp the progress of hydraulic fracturing according to the nature of rock and the degree of hydraulic pressure change, improve the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing, and enhance economic benefits.

The Polish Armed Forces as an element of crisis management in Poland

This article aims to characterize and analyze crisis management in Poland, and the participation of the Armed Forces in the crisis management system. The first part of the article presents how the crisis management system was shaped in Poland and what situations influenced its increase in importance. The next part focuses on the characteristics of crisis management, tasks and crisis management bodies based on currently applicable legal acts. The main part presents the role of the Polish Armed Forces as an element guaranteeing Poland's external and internal security. The main research problem was formulated: What role do the Polish Armed Forces play in the Polish crisis management system? The following hypothesis was adopted for the formulated research problem: The Polish Armed Forces are a very important element of the Polish management system, which increases its potential, they take part in preventing and combating potential threats to internal securityand the external state. The study used qualitative methods, and the main source of information was the analysis of legal acts covering the issue of crisis management and the analysis of selected literature, documents and Internet sources.

Selecting, avoiding, disconnecting: a focus group study of people’s strategies for dealing with information abundance in the contexts of news, entertainment, and personal communication

ABSTRACT Information abundance has become a defining characteristic of digital media environments. Today, people have to deal with a vast amount of news, entertainment and personal communication. This study investigates the strategies that people use to do so. Conceptually, we propose to understand information abundance as a macro-level phenomenon, i.e., an external state, which is neither positive nor negative per se. However, it may be experienced differently by individuals depending on what strategies they have to navigate abundance. Information abundance can be observed at the levels of content, sources, and devices as well as across the different media contexts of news, entertainment, or personal communication. Empirically, we conduct focus group discussions with 40 participants from Switzerland and examine what strategies people use to manage or withdraw from information abundance. The findings show that the strategies of selection, avoidance, and disconnection are applied similarly across the three media contexts, both temporarily and habitually, preventively and interventively, and are often used in tandem. Our findings also reveal that all strategies are used at the content, source, and device levels, which is important to consider because avoidance or disconnection from devices can inevitably affect media use more generally. The use of strategies seems to impact how individuals experience abundance, supporting previous research that avoidance and disconnection can mitigate information overload and enhance well-being. The study contributes to a better understanding of the multifaceted application of strategies as individual responses to the increase of information supply and the blurring boundaries between different media contexts.

Beating the Standard Quantum Limit Electronic Field Sensing by Simultaneously Using Quantum Entanglement and Squeezing.

Quantum entanglement and quantum squeezing are two typical approaches to beat the standard quantum limit (SQL) for the sensitive phase estimations in quantum metrology. Each of them has already been utilized individually and sequentially to improve the sensitivity of electric field sensing with the trapped ion platform. However, the upper bound of the demonstrated sensitivity gain is still limited, i.e., the theoretical 6dB and experimental 3dB over the corresponding SQL, for electric field sensing. By simultaneously using the internal (spin)-external (oscillator) state entanglement and the oscillator squeezing to effectively amplify the accumulation phase, we show here that such a theoretical sensitivity gain upper bound can be significantly surpassed. The proposal provides a novel approach to implement the stronger beat of the SQL and even approach the Heisenberg limit, for the sensitive sensings of the desired electric field and also the other metrologies.

External debt, state ownership and technical efficiency: A stochastic frontier analysis of emerging economies

External debt, state ownership and technical efficiency: A stochastic frontier analysis of emerging economies

Properties and Processing of Aviation Exhaust Aerosol at Cruise Altitude Observed from the IAGOS-CARIBIC Flying Laboratory.

The characteristics of aviation-induced aerosol, its processing, and effects on cirrus clouds and climate are still associated with large uncertainties. Properties of aviation-induced aerosol, however, are crucially needed for the assessment of aviation's climate impacts today and in the future. We identified more than 1100 aircraft plume encounters during passenger aircraft flights of the IAGOS-CARIBIC Flying Laboratory from July 2018 to March 2020. The aerosol properties inside aircraft plumes were similar, independent of the altitude (i.e., upper troposphere, tropopause region, and lowermost stratosphere). The exhaust aerosol was found to be mostly externally mixed compared to the internally mixed background aerosol, even at a plume age of 1 to 3 h. No enhancement of accumulation mode particles (diameter >250 nm) could be detected inside the aircraft plumes. Particle number emission indices (EIs) deduced from the observations in aged plumes are in the same range as values reported from engine certifications. This finding, together with the observed external mixing state inside the plumes, indicates that the aviation exhaust aerosol almost remains in its emission state during plume expansion. It also reveals that the particle number EIs used in global models are within the range of the EIs measured in aged plumes.

Africans sub-regional blocs challenges in coordinating collective security amidst the influence of external state powers in African security governance: The case of ECOWAS and the roles of Nigeria, France, and the UNSC in the civil wars of Liberia and Mali

Africans sub-regional blocs challenges in coordinating collective security amidst the influence of external state powers in African security governance: The case of ECOWAS and the roles of Nigeria, France, and the UNSC in the civil wars of Liberia and Mali

Regularity of sorption-oxidative destruction of wastewater substrate in attached biocenose

This paper presents the justification of the regularity of the sorption-oxidation destruction of the wastewater substrate in the attached biocenosis, as the kinetics of multiphase biochemical decomposition for effective design, construction and operation of wastewater treatment facilities. The approaches of various authors to the kinetics of multiphase biochemical decomposition of the substrate in wastewater were analyzed. The technological parameters that affect the efficiency of wastewater treatment with an attached biocenosis are given. The connection between them for the oxidation and sorption of polluted wastewater is presented, expressed by a graphic image and a mathematical model. It was established that the main external parameter that affects the speed of the enzymatic reaction is the temperature of wastewater. It is described how a change in the temperature of wastewater affects the external state of microorganisms - indicators and enzymes as a whole, and how it affects the speed of biomass destruction, that is, it changes the sludge index.

Mathematical Models of Migration Balance and Migration Attitudes in Armenia

The purpose of the study is to provide a quantitative explanation of the migration balance and migration attitudes in Armenian society. A linear regression model has been constructed to explain the dependence of the migration balance on variables at the macro level, including annual GDP growth, the internal and external political state of Armenia. Data from the Armenian Statistical Service on statistics of border movements and annual GDP growth were used. The foreign policy state is represented by a variable taking the values “Truce”, “War”, and “Intense War”. The internal political state is represented by a variable taking the values “Open conflict”, “Latent conflict”, “Balanced”, “Positive expectations”, and “High expectations”. Based on the model, an estimate of the migration balance for 2023 was calculated. According to a sociological survey conducted in November 2022 using the structural modeling method (Structural Equation Modeling), two models were built that explain migration attitudes in society through the socio-economic characteristics of the respondent and characteristics of his political culture, including: the presence of a labor migrant in the family, the age of the respondent, approval of the 2018 revolution in Armenia, the realization of expectations from the revolution, a sense of political competence, political subjectivity and patriotism. The results of the study can be used to forecast the migration balance and migration attitudes in the society, as well as strategic planning and management of migration processes in Armenia.

Using Digital Financial Assets as Investments: Problems of the Legal Regulation

Introduction: the paper examines the problems with the legal regulation of using digital financial assets as investments. The emerging problems, according to the authors, are primarily related to the legal means inherent in the mechanism of the legal regulation of emerging legal relations, as well as to the significant specifics of relations arising on the Internet and other information and communication networks. Purpose: the purpose of the work was to identify the specific features of this relationship concerning the impossibility of geographically determining the residence of the party to the relationship and, as a result, determining the national law to be applied in relation to investing digital financial assets. Methods: the specifics of legal relations arising in the information and communication network between investors in digital financial assets and other entities have led to the use of special research methods. Among the general scientific tools, along with analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction, the empirical method of legal modeling was used. Specific scientific methods were also used: dogmatic (formal-logical) and formal-legal, as well as the methods of legal forecasting, legal analogy, and technical-legal. Results: the paper substantiates the complex composition of legal relations, the parties to which are both “legal” and “technical” entities. The interrelationship between the actions of the parties causing legal consequences is shown. It is proposed to classify the parties to legal relations arising in the virtual network in the process of investing digital financial assets into the main ones, whose actions generate legal consequences, and the auxiliary (additional) ones, whose actions provide the possibility of legal consequences. It is argued that the process of emerging legal relations is influenced by the actions of all parties, both basic and auxiliary. An important problem of interaction in the virtual network in the process of investing digital financial assets is the identification and authentication of the parties. This complexity is directly related to the definition of the nationality of the party to the legal relationship and the definition of national law to be applied. It is indicated that in the Russian Federation, this issue has been practically resolved with the creation of a Unified identification and authentication system. However, in international and interethnic relations, it still needs to be worked out. Several ways to solve the problem of unified legal regulation of relations involving the investment of digital financial assets are analyzed. There are four main models that currently exist. First of all, it concerns the convergence of the national laws of different states. The disadvantages of this approach are indicated. The second model is related to the creation of a unified international regulation. The arguments “for” and “against” are given. The problem of creating a polycentric or decentralized law is considered. The third model is related to the use of technical norms in the regulation of relations along with the legal ones. The fourth approach justifies the existence of two levels of regulation: external and internal. Conclusions: the authors have proposed the fifth model of the legal regulation of relations for the investment of digital financial assets, characterized by the legal regulation of individual objects of digital communication, a combination of external state regulation with self-regulation, as well as the possibility of creating an information platform for its own legal regulation within the system (the intra-system regulation or platform law). The problem of the existence of internal local regulation of legal relations for investing digital financial assets is analyzed. The conclusion is made about the formation of a local platform law. The polycentricity of the supra-platform law is substantiated. The problem of prohibiting the counter-provision of a digital financial asset is solved. It is proposed to replace this ban with a ban on the use of a digital financial asset as a means of payment.

Risk-based approach in external migration public management

The presence of risks emergence problem of socio-political conflict, threats to the preservation of Russian identity in the process of including foreign cultural groups of international migrants in Russian society is a consequence of public administration insufficient efficiency when implementing state migration and national policy. Applying the structural-functional method, the authors study public administration in the external migration sphere for compliance with its essential characteristics. The predominant focus of state management in the migration sphere on ensuring the human resources component of the Russian labor market, as well as on control over migration flows is combined with the state management model shortcomings in the sphere of migrants’ inclusion in the host community. External migration state management should be aimed at solving the socio-economic development problems in Russia and ensuring national security and at the same time should minimize potential risks of social and cultural nature. The authors propose a risk-oriented approach in the migration processes state management, based on a comprehensive consideration of tensions that arise both in the labor market of foreign workers and the foreigners’ inclusion in the Russian society. In order to implement the proposed method, it is advisable to define a single subject of state management, which will be able to exercise authority considering the migration process integrity.

Implementation of External Budgetary Control over Business Partnerships and Entities with Regional Participation in Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation

The paper analyzes the reasons for external state financial control over the activities of business partnerships and business entities with participation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the specifics of inspections of such business entities performed by regional control and accounting authorities. Based on the study of federal and regional regulatory legal acts, acts of the control and accounting bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the practice of courts and the activities of control and accounting bodies, the author defines the problems of such control and analyzes the arguments of the audited entities used to protect their rights during control and the assessment of these arguments by the courts. The author concludes that it is necessary to include a list of objects controlled by sub-federal control and accounting bodies in Federal Law No. 6‑FZ dated 07.02.2011 «On General Principles of Organization and Activities of Control and Accounting Bodies of Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation, Federal Territories and Municipalities» in order to unify the approach to external budget control. The paper substantiates that finances, property and activities of these legal entities are subject to control exercised by regional bodies of external budget control due to the importance of these resources in the process of generating budget revenues of the relevant public legal entities, and the inspectors act primarily as representatives not of the shareholder or participant, but of public legal entities protecting public interest. It also gives them the opportunity to suggest ways to improve the regulatory framework of the region and the management processes of individual legal entities.

Well-posedness of evolutionary differential variational–hemivariational inequalities and applications to frictional contact mechanics

In this paper, we study the well-posedness of a class of evolutionary variational–hemivariational inequalities coupled with a nonlinear ordinary differential equation in Banach spaces. The proof is based on an iterative approximation scheme showing that the problem has a unique mild solution. In addition, we established the continuity of the flow map with respect to the initial data. Under the general framework, we consider two new applications for modeling of frictional contact for viscoelastic materials. In the first application, we consider Coulomb’s friction with normal compliance, and in the second, normal damped response. The structure of the friction coefficient μ is new with motivation from geophysical applications in earth sciences with dependence on an external state variable α and the slip rate | u · τ | .

The Current State and Prospects of State financial Control Bodies Digitalization in the Russian Federation

Digitalization of state (municipal) financial control is a permanent process caused by the digital transformation of public administration. Choosing the approaches to solve this problem optimally and comprehensively is extremely important owing to the significant number of financial control bodies. The subject of the study is the activities of external and internal state (municipal) financial control bodies in terms of digitalization. The study’s goal is to develop the most effective approaches and recommendations for implementing the activities of digitalization of state (municipal) financial control bodies. The conditions and features of state (municipal) financial control bodies’ digitalization are determined. The author revealed the essence of the digitalization concept. The paper analyzed the approaches to digitalization used by the Federal Treasury and the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. The analysis reveals that the Federal Treasury and the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation have used approaches to digitalization that are based on the use of vertically centralized and integrated approaches as well as providing of services.

Bisubstantive Sentences with Semantics of External Characteristics and Object State in Russian

The article examines bisubstantive sentences, whose grammatical subject is represented by a concrete-nominal noun, while the prepositional-case combinations of the noun in the copulative-substantive predicate represent the meanings of external characteristics and object state. The means of expressing the characteristics of color and shape of an object, the size of an object (dimensional meaning), the material from which an object is made (fabricative meaning), distinctive details of an object (their presence or absence), structural features of an object, patterns on the surface of an object, and external coating of an object are identified, systematized, and described. Two varieties of object state meaning are analyzed: external state and existential-functional state. It is emphasized that these meanings often turn out to be syncretic, indicating a change in the semantics of prepositional-case forms when they perform a predicative function and confirming the tendency to separate some of them from the system of grammatical forms of a noun.