External Settings Research Articles

Multi-scale friction modeling for sheet metal forming: The mixed lubrication regime

A mixed lubrication friction model is presented to accurately account for friction in sheet metal forming FE simulations. The advanced friction model comprises a coupling between a hydrodynamic friction model and a boundary lubrication friction model, based on the lubricant film thickness. Mixed lubrication interface elements are introduced to solve the governing differential equations. The interface elements have been implemented in FE forming software. Two deep-drawing applications are discussed to demonstrate the performance of the friction model. Results show friction coefficients that vary in space and time, and depend on external process settings like the amount and type of lubricant. A comparison with experimentally obtained punch-force displacement diagrams is made to prove the enhanced predictive capabilities of FE forming simulations.

Multi-epitope peptide vaccines for human lymphatic filariasis

The rise of drug-resistant tuberculosis threatens the very fabric of traditional tuberculosis control efforts, particularly in South Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. Initial complacency was guided by laboratory observations which suggested that drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are less transmissible than drug-susceptible “wild-type” strains. However, the fact that young children in close contactwith adult drug-resistant tuberculosis patients frequently became infected and/or diseased, usually with the same strain, provided clear evidence of transmissibility. Advanced genomic analysis has since provided novel insight into the evolution and spread of drugresistant strains, highlighting unique epidemiological features related to programmaticmanagement in specific geographic areas. Young children and immune compromised individuals are at high risk todevelopactive tuberculosis following close contactwith a drug-resistant source case. Although observational data demonstrate clearbenefit fromcontextualizedpost-exposureprophylaxis, formal guidance remains limited pendingmore robust information from large field trials. Wide scale roll-out of the MTB/RIF Xpert® test has facilitated early diagnosis of cases with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Multiple challenges such as high cost, technical and maintenance issues, result interpretation, false positive read-outs and misassignment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) status in cases with rifampicin mono-resistance remain, especially in resource-limited settings. In addition, MDR treatment programs are inadequate and heavily dependent on external donor funding inmost settings, this restricts treatment access and threatens the sustainability of programs.

Lessons Learned and Future Directions

Lessons Learned and Future Directions

The Relationship Between Counselors and Their State Professional Association: Exploring Counselor Professional Identity

A state’s counseling association conducted a study to explore characteristics of its licensed mental health counselors. Responses were collected regarding employment, priorities for the state professional association, competence in professional activities, and sources of professional support. The majority of respondents indicated high job satisfaction with employment in full-time private practice. Peer support from coworkers or fr om external work settings was indicated as most beneficial to the respondents’ successful practice. The information is explored to determine how the association can better represent the state’s counselors. The authors also discuss ways that professional associations, counselors and counselor education programs can collectively contribute to strong professional identity in mental health counselors.

An improved ecological model and software for short-term algal bloom forecasting

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been widely reported and have become a serious environmental problem worldwide due to their negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems, fisheries, and human health. To predict algal blooms in Lake Taihu, a Windows-based Software integrating the EcoTaihu model (WSE) was developed. The WSE encapsulated external functions, boundary conditions, and parameter settings of the EcoTaihu model and the water-quality data and satellite remote sensing data assimilation modules. The outputs of the WSE prediction were generally consistent with the observations. The user-friendly graphic user interface of WSE was direct-viewing and convenient to operate. In addition, the prediction can be viewed through the webpage for HAB risk evaluation.

Application of Enhanced Honey-Bee Mating Optimization Algorithm to Fault Section Estimation in Power Systems

An application of plant growth simulation algorithm-enhanced honey-bee mating optimization is proposed to solve the fault section estimation problem in a power system. This approach is proposed because the local search capability of the honey-bee mating optimization is highly dependent on the parameter decisions. An inappropriate selection of parameters may affect the computation efficiency. This paper hence has added the plant growth simulation algorithm to enhance the honey-bee mating optimization so that the work of external parameter settings can be economized while the overall computation can be improved. In order to validate the effectiveness of this method, we have conducted the approach on practical power systems. Test results confirm the feasibility of this proposed method for the application considered.

The use of infrared sensors and digital cameras for documenting visitor use patterns: a case study from D'Aguilar National Park, south-east Queensland, Australia

This study assesses the use of pyroelectric infrared sensors combined with digital cameras to document visitor use patterns on a Horse Trail Network within an area of D'Aguilar National Park; a peri-urban bushland reserved for a range of purposes and used by several user-groups. Data were obtained from four cameras and comprised 7000 photographs over 1000 days. Forty-five percent of photographs were false triggers attributable to environmental factors and 42% were of confirmed users. An exercise aimed at assessing camera success revealed that in this study capture rates were in the order of 63% for cyclists, 82% for pedestrians, 90% of motor vehicles and 100% for horses. Sources of error can be minimised and primarily include the internal and external camera settings. Major advantages of infrared digital cameras include the portability of the technique, low cost, digital data format and discrimination of user types. In this case study, two-thirds of total observed visitor numbers occur on weekends and two-thirds of all use occurs during morning daylight. Cyclists were the most common user-group per day, followed in descending order by walkers, joggers, motorised users, dogs, bushwalkers, horse-riders and trail-bike riders. Implications of this data for management are discussed.

Analysis of consumer responses to health threat of genetically modified foods: A pilot study

The present study aims to analyze the perception of threat of Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs), consequent emotions and coping responses of Turkish consumers. A survey methodology that enables analysis of consumer fear in a naturalistic setting is embraced, so that the call of Hastings, Stead and Webb (2004) for a literature also focusing on generalizability of findings to external settings may be applied. The structural model that explains the associations between threat appraisals, consumers’ fear of a GMF threat, coping appraisals and responses, and consumers’ further intentions was found to be Ordered Protection Motivation Model, suggested by Tanner Hunt and Eppright (1991). Even though the data validated associations between variables as suggested by Tanner et al. (1991) and fit into their structural model, the strength and directions of the associations varied depending on the context. Managerial implications and avenues for future research are discussed in the final section.

PROTOCOL: Cognitive‐Behavioural Therapies for Young People in Outpatient Treatment for Non‐Opioid Drug Use

PROTOCOL: Cognitive‐Behavioural Therapies for Young People in Outpatient Treatment for Non‐Opioid Drug Use

Much Ado about Nothing? – An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry

From 2012 on, all CO 2 emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design.

Congruence of manufacturing decision areas in a production system: a research framework

A well designed production system secures environmental and internal fit. Environmental fit in a production system refers to alignment of manufacturing decisions to the external settings such as product and market. Internal fit implies that manufacturing decisions are mutually supportive. This paper develops a framework to analyse congruence of manufacturing decision areas in a production system. The framework considers six broad manufacturing decision areas. Based on the literature review, 54 decision types and alternative decision choices for each decision type are identified. The subjective and/or objective constructs to measure decision type are presented which should be useful in designing construct and in data gathering to conduct empirical research. Using the proposed framework, many research questions concerning the settings of several decision types for a specific type of production system can be generated and empirically tested.

Automated self-assembly programming paradigm: The impact of network topology

In our previous work Li et al., in Proc of 3rd IEEE Int Workshop on Engineering of Automatic & Automation Systems, Potsdam, Germany, 2006, pp 25–34; Li et al., in Proc Workshop on Nature Inspired Cooperative Strategies for Optimization, Granada, Spain, 2006, pp 123–134, we introduced automated self-assembly programming paradigm (ASAP2) using unguided self-assembly and swarm-inspired methodologies. We investigated how external environment settings affect software self-assembly speed and diversity of the generated programs. In this paper, we extend our previous work with a diversified compartments approach based on general graphs. This diversified compartments approach is integrated into a network structure such that each compartment can be seen as a node in the network. We investigate how structures of the network impacts on software self-assembly speed, complexity, and diversity of generated programs. Results indicate that network structure can substantially affect the dynamics, diversity, and complexity of generated programs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

University psychology clinics in Australia: Their place in professional training

There is universal recognition of the need for developmentally appropriate supervised clinical experience in professional psychology training. University clinics were established to provide a bridging function for postgraduate clinical psychology students, assisting the integration of psychological theory and research into real-world clinical applications and professional identity development. The aim of training in university clinics is to provide opportunities for clinical practice and high-quality supervision to monitor and shape clinical skills. The experiences gained in external practicum settings complement this initial training but cannot replace it. The recent introduction of Medicare rebates for psychology services has threatened the survival of university clinics because low-cost psychological treatment is now available from experienced practitioners. This paper provides data on Australian university clinics collected before the introduction of Medicare. Concerted efforts are needed to protect university clinics in order to maintain standards required for accreditation of clinical psychology training programs. The potential impact of the loss of university training clinics is discussed and strategies to ensure their survival are suggested.

Early Palaeozoic palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of stylophoran echinoderms

Stylophorans (cornutes, mitrates) represent one of the most diverse classes of Cambro-Ordovician echinoderms. They were free-living, benthic, non-radiate forms, closely related to asterozoans and crinoids. Taphonomic, sedimentological, and palaeosynecological data provide useful information on key aspects of stylophoran palaeoecology. Such a combined approach suggests that the rarity of stylophorans in proximal environments (above storm-wave base) was probably original and does not exclusively result from the possession of a loosely articulated polyplated calcitic test. Conversely, stylophorans were relatively abundant in deeper settings (below storm-wave base), where they frequently occur in low-diversity dense beds (several tens to hundreds of individuals per square metre). Such assemblages were either largely dominated by stylophorans only (Middle Cambrian–Darriwilian), or by the association of both stylophorans and ophiuroids (latest Darriwilian–Silurian). Comparison with ecological requirements of similar modern and fossil dense populations of ophiuroids suggests that stylophoran beds occurred in well-oxygenated, oligotrophic waters with low predatory pressure, and that sea temperature played a key role in the palaeobiogeographic distribution of stylophorans. Seven main stylophoran biofacies are identified and described. The associated environments and tropical distribution of primitive, heavily-plated forms suggest that the initial radiation of the class probably took place in warm to temperate shallow settings (earliest Middle Cambrian–Late Cambrian). However, from this primitive stock, stylophorans radiated several times towards deeper and/or colder environments, possibly because of the lower predation pressure in such settings (“cothurnocystid” cornutes in the Middle Cambrian, mitrates in the Late Cambrian, hanusiids in the Tremadocian). As a consequence, the fact that most Cambro-Ordovician cornutes and mitrates were “psychrospheric” (i.e. cold-water adapted) probably explains their relatively wide palaeobiogeographic distribution. In high palaeolatitudes, Cambro-Ordovician stylophorans were abundant and diverse in shallow to deep environments, but they were generally restricted to deep settings in low palaeolatitudes. The great Caradocian transgression favoured the extension of stylophorans from circum-polar regions (e.g. western margin of Gondwana) towards external settings at lower palaeolatitudes (Avalonia, Baltica, and eastern margin of Laurentia), where one group of mitrates underwent a major radiation (anomalocystitids), and extended towards shallower (and warmer) palaeoenvironments. In contrast, all Silurian stylophoran assemblages known so far are rare, poorly diversified, and restricted to shallow, warm to temperate environments in tropical regions. This distribution partly results from (1) the probable eradication of psychrospheric forms (e.g. cornutes) because of the prolonged anoxia of deep environments in the late Hirnantian–early Silurian of West Gondwana, (2) the radiation of some mitrates (anomalocystitids) in shallow tropical settings in the late Ordovician, and (3) of strong taphonomic and/or sampling biases (numerous ghost lineages).

Public healthcare in Mozambique: Strategic issues in the ICT development during managerial changes and public reforms

It has been predicted that major introduction of information communication technology (ICT) for health care organisations (HCO) over the next 10 years will be used to achieve the universal coverage and improve the quality of health care delivered to people. Which is the best strategy on ICT transfer, adoption and adaptation for the local Mozambican HCO? This paper argues that a sociotechnical approach of ICT development can help policy makers and health managers to address the technology transfer in a better and more appropriate way to their social context and to the public health reforms in progress. The urgency of health care demands (e.g. AIDS epidemic) and the institutional changes implemented by the Government and the local Ministry of Health (MOH), open a dynamic process of re-organisation inside the health institutions in the next years. This process needs to be monitored and initiatives planned, which places pressure on the evolution of health information system (HIS). The increase in the use of ICT can be an ally for health managers. The emergence of the open source software (OSS) and the recent ICT market trends towards networking may also enable local HCO to better face and solve the long process of health care standardisation, which usually prepares and accompanies any introduction of ICT. On the other side, the “big bang” introduction of electronic packages, devices and software applications may be an obstacle framing and anchoring local HCO to external settings, “modern” and universal models. Thus, a uniform step-by-step implementation of hospital-based health information system is desirable.

Metaphor and Coupling: An Embodied, Action-Oriented Perspective

This study offers an embodied, action-oriented perspective on metaphor. Itweaves together 3 theoretical ideas: (a) Lakoff & Johnson's (1980a, 1980b, 1980c; Lakoff, 1993) idea thatmetaphors are cross-domain conceptual mappings, (b) Lakoff & Johnson's (1999) idea that individuals arecoupled to the world through embodied interactions with the environment, on which their sense of what is real is based,and (c) Gibbs's (1999) nascent idea that metaphors can be off-loaded into the cultural world. I argue that metaphors, ascross-domain mappings, can be directly realized in the coupling of the external settings that frame and sustain one'sactivities and what people, individually and collectively, do to and in the world. A comparison of conceptual metaphortheory and conceptual blending theory is made from this perspective. I argue that the blending theory is overlystretched when it is applied to an analysis of metaphorical activity that can be jointly explained by cross-domainmappings and the external structures that constrain and modulate the activity. As for the conceptual metaphor theory, Iargue that the theory is overly restrictive if domains are construed exclusively in neural terms.

Reading the Gothic in Margaret Atwood's Novels (review)

Reviewed by: Reading the Gothic in Margaret Atwood’s Novels Karen F. Stein (bio) Colette Tennant. Reading the Gothic in Margaret Atwood’s Novels Edwin Mellen. v, 208. US $109.95 In this study, Colette Tennant provides a summary and discussion of Gothic themes in Atwood's novels. The book is arranged thematically, treating in its own chapter each of the four themes of setting, shadow males, violence and violation, and Gothic transformations. Chapter 1 focuses on settings, explaining that entrapping external settings are often projections of mental states and showing that many of Atwood's female protagonists explore their settings as ways to gain self-knowledge. Chapter [End Page 592] 2 discusses Atwood's 'shadow males,' the ambiguous men who seem simultaneously to both protect and threaten her female characters. Chapter 3 examines the violence that pervades Atwood's novels. Chapter 4, called 'Gothic Transformations,' describes three types of transformation: 'A sort of melding of personalities ... [in which] the central characters' identities are fused with other characters' as in The Edible Woman, Cat's Eye, Alias Grace, The Robber Bride and The Blind Assassin; 'change caused by the death of someone close to the protagonist'; and 'Protagonists ... trapped in altered states,' as in Bodily Harm and The Handmaid's Tale. In these cases, even though the outcome is uncertain, the characters 'live long enough to tell their own stories.' Therefore, storytelling, making sense of one's story, is transformative in itself. Tennant starts with the thesis that Atwood's use of the Gothic is didactic, teaching through negative example: 'If women are to overcome their status as victims, they must understand that they are ... victimized, and that through self-knowledge they have the power to cease being victims. ... By transforming traditional Gothic elements, [Atwood] enables her readers to transform themselves.' In order to make such a claim, it might be useful to consider its implications more fully by offering a closer examination of women's positions and options in contemporary society. Atwood herself, in Survival (1972), seeks to make us aware of women's victimization and asserts that 'in an oppressed society ... you can't become an ex-victim ... until the entire society's position has been changed.' Because of the study's thematic structure, each chapter discusses all of the novels in light of a particular theme. This requires that explication of plot and background be repeated in each chapter. It would have made for a stronger book if Tennant had selected one or two novels for a more thorough examination in each chapter, alluding briefly to ways that other novels develop the theme. Tennant relies on classic studies of the Gothic. Missing are some more recent studies of this genre, such as Michelle Masse's In the Name of Love: Women, Masochism, and the Gothic (1992) which also discusses Atwood. Perhaps the time is now ripe for a new study of Atwood's Gothic that will build on traditional notions of the Gothic and examine them in light of new theoretical and critical methodologies such as cultural materialism. Karen F. Stein Karen F. Stein, Department of English, University of Rhode Island Copyright © 2005 University of Toronto Press Incorporated

On the mid-latitude tropopause height and the orographic-baroclinic adjustment theory

In the extratropics the analysis of the time’space structure of the dynamical tropopause shows a marked signature of nonpropagating, low-frequency (time-scale >10 d), ultra-long (zonal wavenumber <5) waves. This suggests the extension of theories relating the tropopause height to the baroclinic adjustment to the orographic-baroclinic disturbances, generally operating in the low-frequency domain. Such an extension is here proposed. By analysing Eady modes in a Boussinesq atmosphere, it has been found that the form-drag instability must be accounted for in an extended theory of baroclinic neutralization. The produced unstable standing waves carry a poleward large amount of heat at planetary scale for most of the external parameter settings and their spatial structure strongly resembles the observed winter mid-latitude eddy fields. Furthermore, we show how a simple representation of the stratosphere affects the tropopause neutralization requirements.

Challenges and opportunities for promoting physical activity in the workplace

Although there would appear to be considerable potential for improving the health, productivity and quality of life of the Australian workforce through workplace physical activity (PA) promotion programs, the scientific evidence that such programs are effective is limited. This review appraises the quality of intervention studies conducted since 1997. Most studies included volunteer participants, who were either sufficiently motivated to change their behaviour or already active. Interventions that focused on corporate-fitness type programs and the provision of generic health education programs were not effective in terms of adequate participation rates and sustained behaviour change. The more successful individually-based programs were those which tailored materials to individual needs. The greatest potential for influencing the overall workforce appeared to be programs that included less 'organised' approaches and promoted incidental PA within and around the workplace. Future programs should; incorporate contemporary theories of behaviour and organisational change; emphasise linkages between the workplace and external settings; expand the profile of programs to address workplace culture; and encourage management support for behavioural adjustments to the organisation. There is a need for greater understanding and evaluation of desirable employer-related outcomes, such as reduced absenteeism, job stress and turnover and improved productivity and job satisfaction, coupled with the exploration of how these factors may relate to PA promotion and adoption. Finally, more in-depth evaluation strategies and complete descriptions of intervention programs are required, in order to identify the most effective strategies.

On the mid-latitude tropopause height and the orographic-baroclinic adjustment theory

In the extratropics the analysis of the time’space structure of the dynamical tropopause shows a marked signature of nonpropagating, low-frequency (time-scale >10 d), ultra-long (zonal wavenumber <5) waves. This suggests the extension of theories relating the tropopause height to the baroclinic adjustment to the orographic-baroclinic disturbances, generally operating in the low-frequency domain. Such an extension is here proposed.By analysing Eady modes in a Boussinesq atmosphere, it has been found that the form-drag instability must be accounted for in an extended theory of baroclinic neutralization. The produced unstable standing waves carry a poleward large amount of heat at planetary scale for most of the external parameter settings and their spatial structure strongly resembles the observed winter mid-latitude eddy fields.Furthermore, we show how a simple representation of the stratosphere affects the tropopause neutralization requirements.