External Revenue Research Articles

The Impact of the Oil Industry on the Economic Development of Nigeria

The study examined the impact of the oil industry on the economic development of Nigeria. The Nigerian petroleum industry dominates the Nigerian economy in terms of profits and revenue. According to the recent Petroleum Export Organization (OPEC) report, Nigeria currently ranks as the world's tenth-largest crude oil reserves and also the world's fifteenth crude oil producer. According to national statistics, the industry generates for the country more than 95% of the country's external revenue and about 80% of government revenue. Secondary data collected on the economic variable used in the study comes from the World Bank, worldometer, and the International Monetary Fund, Statistical Review of World Energy, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, CEICDATA (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) from 1990 to 2016. An augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, and autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) method, and ARDL related to the test co-integration with various other diagnostic techniques were used for the study. The result reveals that oil production contributed to economic development, but the consumption and export of crude oil did not contribute to the improvement of the Nigerian economy. The study concluded that the government should implement policies that would encourage the private sector to actively participate in the crude oil sector and sectors of the economy. In addition, the government should use the revenue generated from oil to invest in other national sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing to expand the revenue stream of the economy

The state terrorist as terrorism racketeer – the case of Egypt

ABSTRACT The last decade witnessed a dramatic surge in state terror and non-state terrorism in Egypt. Against this backdrop, this article investigates how the al-Sisi regime engages in a particular form of terrorism racketeering aimed at generating continued external resources as well as political and military support required for the (re)building of a highly authoritarian order. This analysis thus broadens the concept of terrorism racketeering to include the construction of an existential terrorist threat as a tool of legitimising state terror. By failing to address the conditions, which foster non-state violence, the regime can continue to utilise for purposes of diplomacy and external revenue generation the dichotomy of state terror driven “authoritarian stability” and “terrorist chaos.”

Extended Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis for the Low-Carbon Tobacco Industry

The tobacco industry is an important contributor to realizing the carbon reduction goal. Less attention is paid to the carbon emissions of the tobacco industry. The tobacco production system is generally a carbon sink, where carbon sequestration by photosynthesis in tobacco planting and by soil are sufficient to offset the carbon emissions of the tobacco production system. This work proposed an integrated framework of life-cycle assessment (LCA) and Source-Sink Model to determine the optimal allocation of carbon sources to sinks with the objective of maximizing the profitable external benefits. From an economic perspective, internal carbon sources could be offset by the internal carbon sink of the tobacco production system. The additional internal carbon sinks can be transferred in the form of carbon trading, increasing external revenue. A case-study tobacco manufacturing plant in Sichuan, China, was chosen to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed work. This study assesses the carbon footprint and economic benefits of a tobacco industry supply chain case (from tobacco cultivation to finished product) and analyzes the energy restructuring of different percentages of renewable energy to replace thermal power. The objective of the study is to maximise the offsetting of carbon emissions from the tobacco production system, while achieving optimal internal costs and profitable external benefits.

Investigating the Country of Origin and the Role of the .eu TLD in External Trade of European Union Member States

The Internet, and specifically the World Wide Web, has always been a useful tool in the effort to achieve more outward-looking economies. The launch of the .eu TLD (top-level domain) in December of 2005 introduced the concept of a pan-European Internet identity that aimed to enhance the status of European citizens and businesses on the global Web. In this study, the countries of origin of websites that choose to use the .eu TLD are investigated and the reasoning behind that choice, as well as its relation to each country’s economy and external trade are discussed. Using the Web as a tool, information regarding a vast number of existing .eu websites was collected, through means of Web data extraction, and this information was analyzed and processed by a detailed algorithm that produced results concerning each website’s most probable country of origin based on a multitude of factors. This acquired knowledge was then used to investigate relations with each member-state’s presence in its local ccTLD, its GDP and its external trade revenue. The study establishes a correlation between presence in the .eu TLD and external trade that is both independent of a country’s GDP and stronger than the relation between its local ccTLD presence and external trade.

Physical rehabilitation financing in Iran: a policy analysis using Kingdon\u2019s multiple streams

BackgroundAdequate financing is a crucial function, securing that physical rehabilitation services (i.e., physiotherapy, occupational therapy, prosthetics and orthotics) are available with no financial hardship. Like many other countries, despite the adoption of various policies and strategies in recent decades, Iran enjoys no desirable physical rehabilitation financing (PRF). Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to explore the PRF-related strategies and issues as well as their impacts on relevant policies in Iran.MethodsAn analysis of PRF-related policies was conducted in Iran using semi-structured interviews and policy documents review. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed to select key informants, including health-policy makers, civil society, rehabilitation-policy makers, university professors, and practitioners. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The analysis was framed within Kingdon’s multiple streams.ResultsThe hindering factors for desirable financing were weak insurance coverage, lack of sustainable financial resources, fragmented financing, lack of split between provider and financer, high-cost of physical rehabilitation services, low engagement of relevant experts in policy-making processes, and corrupt activities. In the policy stream, the following factors were highlighted: involvement of sustainable financial resources, the use of external revenue sources, allocated resources’ earmarking, the integration of the current funds to have better pooling, the use of incentive and timely payment mechanisms, the implementation of strategic purchasing principals, and the employment of effective rationing strategies. Moreover, parliament support, changes in administrations, international effects, pressures from interest campaigns and NGOs, and international sanctions were found as factors affecting the politics stream.ConclusionThe study findings revealed that a variety of national and international factors affect PRF-related issues in Iran. The recently enacted laws indicate that the PRF policies have already been on the national health political agenda. The study reflected the multifaceted nature of barriers to optimal PRF in Iran.

Vulnerability assessment of the multi‐sector North American bison Bison bison management system to climate change

Abstract Bison Bison bison are a keystone of a conservation system, but that system is vulnerable to the effects of a changing climate projected to alter land use through the 21st century. The current bison population of North America is approximately 400,000 animals and is maintained by a self‐assembled bison management system (BMS) of various stakeholders focused on bison conservation and production. The BMS is comprised of public, for‐profit private, Tribal and not‐for‐profit non‐governmental organization (NGO) sectors, with complementary values, attitudes and practices that contribute to a robust conservation footprint for the species. Currently, the majority of grasslands (90%) and bison (85%) are privately owned which justifies the need for robust private land conservation strategies to maintain this iconic species and its grassland habitats. We assessed vulnerability of the BMS to 21st century consequences of climate change with a vulnerability scoping diagram that emphasizes exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, as well as environmental values, attitudes and practices. We surveyed 132 bison managers within both the private and public/NGO sectors. Respondents were predominantly educated white males located in the northern and central mixed grass prairies who manage bison herds of, on average, 51–100 animals. Overall, the BMS is moderately vulnerable to climate change. While the public/NGO and private sectors differ in adaptive capacity, specifically in measures of information exchange, external revenue, use of management plans and access to grazing leases, the sectors act as partners for exchanging bison and rely on sustained interchange of bison; dimensions of exposure and sensitivity appear similar between public/NGO and private sectors. The complementary, shared environmental values and attitudes of the private and public/NGO sectors shape the foundation for enhanced collaboration among the multi‐sector BMS. But it is the sharing of diverse practices and respective consequences that will lead the BMS to discover credible, scalable adaptive solutions to climate change. This may lead to the bison community to decide whether to form a ‘bison coalition’ to seek solutions to adapt to climate change. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Optimising infrastructure as a service provider revenue through customer satisfaction and efficient resource provisioning in cloud computing

With limited resources, it is quite challenging for cloud providers to meet dynamic and massive customers' demands. Higher utilisation or refusing any service level agreement (SLA) may lead to penalties which play a crucial role in the cloud business. Overutilisation of resources, instead of maximizing the revenue, may lead to a decrease in revenue due to the SLA violations. Various studies have been conducted to investigate these issues; however, there is still room for improvement. In this study, the authors proposed a model to address the resource scalability and SLA violation issues by hiring external resources at low prices. However, in contrast to a federated cloud, the proposed model allows a provider to hire resources from any external provider with flexible terms and price. They designed algorithms to optimise providers' revenue by taking into account different parameters, including resource utilization, customer satisfaction, SLA violation, and prices. Simulation result shows that the proposed model is efficient in handling massive demands, and improves revenue generation and customer satisfaction. Offering joint pricing on customers' choice and outsourcing the extra workload to external resources leads to revenue maximization. Hiring external resources earns external revenue as well as it maximizes the total revenue.

Assembling lines in research education

PurposeThe higher education sector in Sweden has, over decades, faced increasing demands in terms of efficiency rates in research, as well as increasing demands in the international competition for external revenue. These demands have influenced academic career trajectories and postdoctoral tracks as well as the everyday work of doctoral students. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how doctoral students express and challenge subjectivity in the present context of research education.Design/methodology/approachThe authors depart from the overall understanding that doctoral students’ lines of actions in research education depend on and form assemblages and, thus, define an academic institution. By re-analysing eight in-depth interviews, they illustrate how doctoral students from different milieus not only comply but also challenge, use border-crossings and change directions in research education.FindingsThe results show that some of these doctoral students try to act as loyal and satisfied, especially in regard to their supervisors, whereas others use coping strategies and resistance. It is illustrated that when some of the students use “unsecure” molecular lines, they appear more open to redefining possibilities and change, in comparison with those on more stable molar lines. Those acting on molar lines sometimes express a lack of emotional (productive) engagement, even though this particular group tend to more often get access to rewarded assemblages. These patterns are partly gender-related.Social implicationsThe tension between finding more stable lines and spaces for change is apparent in doctoral students’ subjectivity, but also how this tension is related to gender. The women doctoral students appear not only more mobile but also in a sense more alert than their men peers. This offers insights in how actions define and redefine not only academic institutions but also different subjectivities.Originality/valueIn the present, given the manifold demands on academic institutions, new insights and methodological approaches are necessary to illustrate how contemporary changes affect research education and the everyday life of doctoral students.

External Debt and Economic Growth: Two-Step System GMM Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

This paper examines external debt and economic growth relationship in a panel of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa countries (SSA) for the period 1990-2017 using a two-step system General Method of Moments (GMM) technique. Our study shows that contemporaneously, external debt has a negative and statistically significant impact on GDP growth. However, the first lag of external debt variables stimulates GDP growth. The implication is that external debt accumulated in the previous period makes funds available for growth enhancing expenditure in the next period. Furthermore, our study found no evidence of a non-linear relationship between debt and economic growth. Lastly, we found that the deleterious impact of external debt on GDP growth does not preclude poor or rich SSA countries. We recommend the adoption of state-of-the-art measures in collecting domestic revenue to complement external revenue sources. In addition, we advocate for strong macroeconomic environment in SSA so that yield negotiation on the debt will not dissipate the coffers of SSA countries via high debt servicing cost.

"Put Your Own Mask on Before Helping Someone Else": The Capacity of Food Hubs to Build Equitable Food Access

In a bifurcated U.S. food market, where one market is largely controlled by national brands and global corporations alongside an expanding alter­nate market of hyper-local direct sales, midscale producers and processors are struggling to persist. One emerging strategy for rebuilding this middle of the food system—food hubs—has gained attention as a model that could rebuild local food economies and equitable food access. Through an examination of Michigan food hubs, we ask about the extent to which and under what conditions food hubs can operationalize dual economic and social goals. We found many innovations and efforts to address food access in low-income communities—espe­cially among food hubs that were nonprofits, had been operating for less time, and were more dependent on external revenue—but their impact tended to be small-scale and uncertain. Most food hubs want to do more, but our study suggests they may not be able to until they can figuratively “put on their own mask before helping others.” That is, food hubs may be one means of increasing afford­able, healthy food access in certain scenarios, but equitable food access may be an unrealistic and unsustainable goal unless they can ensure their own financial stability. Among other options for satis­fying the requirements for equitable food access, financial survival, and returns to the farm gate, our findings suggest that food hubs attempting to reduce food access inequities may need to be subsidized as a public good, unless and until the public sector commits to a more comprehensive strategy to address food system failures. See the press release for this article.

Do more with less for student affairs by tapping into external revenue, fundraising

PHILADELPHIA — It's one of the biggest quagmires facing student affairs: the expectations to provide students with more and better services and programs in the midst of pressure to trim budgets and keep student fees low while funding remains stagnant and costs escalate.

Revenue and Expenditure Structure of Vyas Municipality

The local governments or the municipalities are responsible to provide administrative services to the local level and to develop infrastructures to provide physical facilities to municipal people. Thus, the major functions of the municipalities are the building up the infrastructure and supra structure and protecting public places and so on. To conduct such philanthropic works it is essential to sustain themselves financially. This study has intense relation with revenue and expenditure of Vyas Municipalities regarding the objectives to analyze, examine and interpret the Revenue and Expenditure. Descriptive research design has been adopted to conduct present study. Under the descriptive research design this study focuses on analyzing income and expenditure pattern of Vyas municipality thus case study approach has been followed to conduct this research. There are 243 municipalities in Nepal which are considered as the population of this study. Among them Vyas municipality is taken as sample using convenience sampling method. This study focuses on municipal revenue and expenditure thus based on secondary data. Vyas municipality largely depends upon the revenue raised from external sources to fulfill the financial requirements. The total revenue has been occupied by internal revenue and external revenue. The average growth rate of internal revenue has been greater than external revenue during the study period. Vyas municipality itself has been suffering from financial inadequacy. So unnecessary expenditure made for the consumption purpose should be cut off. Expenditure made for unproductive sectors should be minimized and utilized effectively. The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. X No. 1 December 2017, Page: 42-55

Are Hospital Efficiency and Quality of Care Affordable without External Revenue?

This qualitative study explored strategies academic research hospital administrators in Ontario, Canada, apply to generate nongovernment revenue to remain sustainable. The participants in the study consisted of senior-level academic research hospital executives with extensive experience in the subject area from major academic research hospitals, ranking the hospitals from highest to lowest in revenue generation. From this study, five themes emerged: working within the fiscal reality, the impact of the political environment, the focus on the mission, nongovernment revenue generation, and opportunities for the Ontario academic research hospitals. Findings from this study may contribute to discussions on implementing change by encouraging hospital executives to adopt a more coordinated and consistent approach to generating nongovernment revenue to support the mission of their hospitals.

Contingent valuation analysis of willingness to pay for beach erosion control through the stabiplage technique: A study in Djerba (Tunisia)

Beach erosion can have major economic implications because of the potential impact on coastal recreation demand – particularly for countries where coastal tourism is one of the main sources of external revenue. Djerba Island (Tunisia) falls in that category. With about 125km of coastline, Djerba Island is one of the most important Tunisian destinations. However, the island is experiencing coastal erosion problems. The Tunisia government launched a project to fight costal erosion through the Stabiplage technique. This study provides the first economic valuation of beach erosion control in Tunisia and is the first one that focuses on the Stabiplage technique. Specifically, a contingent valuation survey is carried out to elicit the public willingness to pay (WTP) for the project. An interval payment card question format is used to obtain information about WTP from representative samples of residents and tourists in Djerba. The results reveal a positive WTP for the project. Aggregate WTP estimates range from €133,459 (median value) to €5,180,269 (mean value). These values can help inform decisions about whether to undertake the project based on either the benefit-cost ratio rule or majority voting rule.

Rural public library assets: A multi‐classification study

ABSTRACTRural public libraries hold economic, cultural and social capital assets in trust for their communities. This study combines public data provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Health and Human Services to (1) conduct a multi‐classification study of rural public library assets to reveal differences in asset structures, (2) explore the implications of those differences on rural public library agency in the context of community development initiatives, (3) investigate differences in rural public library asset structures over time and (4) comment on sustainability issues surrounding those asset structures. Initial results indicate that even the smallest, most remote rural public libraries are positioned to ignite the creation of new community assets while connecting their communities to external revenue sources.

Tourism as Possible Opportunity to Address the Crisis in Italy

Tourism today represents one of the world’s leading export commodity, accounting for global earnings of more than 200 billion Euro, about 25 per cent of total world GNP (Poirier 2000, p30, cited in Dieke, 2000). In the last 20 years, tourism has made a very important contribution to the global economy, being the fastest growing sector in terms of external revenue and new jobs. The economic and financial crisis that has affected the world economy in 2008, has led to decreasing the flow of tourists, but the tourism sector seems to be save by the new tourist that arrives from the emerging countries. In this context Italy face with a decrease in the number of tourists and a soft negative trend. The huge cultural heritage that characterize Italy and its beauty, should represent an important incentive of both, policy makers and private sector, for the relaunch of this important sector.

On the Stability of Nigeria's Import Demand: Do Endogenous Structural Breaks Matter?

In this paper, we reassess the traditional import demand function and an augmented version that includes volatility of external reserves and oil revenue inflows as explanatory variables. In each version, we examine the role of regime shifts on the stability of Nigeria's import demand function which has been ignored in previous studies. Our findings suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between import demand and its determinants. We also present evidence of one-way causality running from changes in relative prices, oil revenue inflows and volatility of international reserves to import demand in Nigeria. However, when structural breaks were introduced, bi-directional causality is observed; indicating the critical role of regime shifts in determining the stability of Nigeria's import demand. The results make a case for diversifying Nigeria's revenue inflows in a bid to dampen the effect of contemporaneous shocks that affect external reserve accumulation thereby weakening its import financing capacity.

Factors Influencing Grant and Sponsorship Revenue for Festivals

This article contributes to event management theory and practice, and more generally to sponsorship research, by examining grant and sponsorship revenue for festivals. In particular, a number of factors that appear to influence the amounts and sources of external revenues are examined for significant differences. Data obtained from 260 festival managers in Australia, Norway, Sweden, and UK are compared with respect to their events' revenue sources, ownership, and other factors thought to influence revenue. Statistical tests reveal that festival size (i.e., attendance), professionalism (as measured by staff members), and the "fit" between event and sponsor (as measured by type of event correlated with different sponsors and grant sources) significantly affect festival revenue. It is argued in the conclusion that by applying certain strategies festival managers can enhance their external revenue generation and support. Future research needs and theory development are discussed in the conclusions, focused on a new set of propositions derived from the analysis.

Increasing revenue through idea generation at University Health Network

To enhance products and services provided to researchers and generate external revenue, research operations at the University Health Network implemented an ideation revenue generation framework for evaluation of product ideas for launch to external market. The framework consists of coordinated cross-functional teamwork in idea development and formal evaluation by research operations senior management based on standard criteria. The framework accelerates launch to market of products and services, facilitates due diligence review, increases staff competencies and engagement, and helps foster innovative thinking.

The Impart of Oil Export Earnings on Nigeria's External Debt

The study investigates the relationship between oil export earnings and Nigeria’s external debt. The intent is to empirically determine the relationship between external debt and oil revenue using the data from 1970 to 2006. The model which was econometrically estimated and simulated, found out that; there is empirical evidence to support the fact that oil export earnings has a positive relationship with the country’s external debt. Besides, external debt has affected Nigeria’s economic growth negatively. External reserve and trade openness shows an inverse relationship with external debt. The paper therefore concluded that, poor management of these two sources of revenue vis-a-vis, oil export earnings and external debt is the major problem over the period under investigation. The external debt crisis is symptomatic of a deeper domestic economic disequilibrium. To correct this, policies that instill fiscal discipline, elimination of corruption, political stability, diversification of the economy and reduction on oil dependence will help in promoting sustainable economic development.