External Relationships Research Articles

The East Kainji languages of Central Nigeria

The paper is an overview of current scholarship on the East Kainji language group of Central Nigeria. It reviews the existing published and manuscript sources and describes recent research, as well as the development of orthographies for some languages. Many East Kainji languages are severely threatened and some have gone extinct within the period under review. The paper presents an internal classification of the group and briefly discusses the external relationships of these languages. On the basis of existing data, a review of the basic phonology and noun class prefix systems is given.

Through the eyes of a child: Sibling perspectives on having a sibling diagnosed with autism

Background: Sibling perspectives on the experiences of families caring for an autistic child are often overlooked in autism research. While qualitative research on these lived experiences has grown, it continues to primarily focus on parent reports. Aims: This study explored how having a sibling with autism impacts the non-autistic siblings within a family systems framework. The goal of the current study was to expand the literature by exploring the impacts of autism on the sibling subsystem as reported by the parents and the non-autistic siblings themselves. Methods and Procedures: The researchers interviewed 15 non-autistic siblings (aged 7−17) and 15 parents of children with autism to understand the experience of growing up with a sibling with autism. Content analysis was used to develop the interview protocol and analyze responses. Parent and non-autistic sibling reports of both siblings' effects on each other's development are triangulated with existing research. Results: Findings indicate novel emotional skill-building occurs in non-autistic siblings, as well as some unique risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems if non-autistic siblings' needs become deprioritized. Family stress, external relationships, intrapersonal and social skill development, and other implications of this unique relationship are discussed.

Aligning vision-language for graph inference in visual dialog

As a cross-media intelligence task, visual dialog calls for answering a sequence of questions based on an image, using the dialog history as context. To acquire correct answers, the exploration of the semantic dependencies among potential visual and textual contents becomes vital. Prior works usually ignored the underlying knowledge hidden in internal and external textual-visual relationships, which resulted in unreasonable inferring. In this paper, we propose an Aligning Vision-Language for Graph Inference (AVLGI) in visual dialog by combining the internal context-aware information and the external scene graph knowledge. Compared with other approaches, it makes up the lack of structural inference in visual dialog. So the whole system consists of three modules, Inter-Modalities Alignment (IMA), Visual Graph Attended by Text (VGAT) and Combining Scene Graph and Textual Contents(CSGTC). Specifically, the IMA module aims at representing an image with a set of integrated visual regions and corresponding textual concepts, reflecting certain semantics. And the VGAT module views the visual features with semantic information as observed nodes and measures the weight of importance between each two nodes in visual graph. The CSGTC supplements various relationships between visual objects by introducing additional information of the scene graph. We also qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the model on VisDial v1.0 dataset, showing our AVLGI outperforms previous state-of-the-art models.

Logical-probabilistic assessment of the occurrence of destruction during intersystem interactions in the electrical system of the seaport

This article solves the problem of a quantitative assessment of the occurrence of destruction in the intersystem interactions of the transport system and the electrical system of the seaport, in the conditions of the technological process in the seaport, which indicates its significant impact on the electrical system, as a result of which the reliability of the berthing power line is significantly reduced. The intersystem interactions that occur during the implementation of the technological process, as experience shows, are the causes of critical situations that occur at the border of areas of different physical nature, and the consequences are recorded, in the case under consideration, in the electrical system. A mathematical model describing intersystem destruction in quantitative form is presented in this paper using a logical-probabilistic model that reflects internal and external relationships. In the object under study, the destructive cause (collision) and the consequence (accumulation of electrical damage in the insulation of the cable line) are in the same object (the mooring power supply unit), and this is limited to the effects of intersystem destruction. In such a statement, the object of power supply of the technological process and equipment is considered as a composite object containing a cable line and an electric contact column. The problem being formulated is an important and relevant scientific task, which includes not only the question of identifying the causes of increased electrical wear of the power line, but also the development of methods for obtaining quantitative results, and in practical terms also involves the diagnosis of the technical condition of electrical equipment and timely preventive maintenance.

Examining antecedents, consequences, and contingencies of proactive environmental strategy

Environmental issues are globally important to organizations in both developed and emerging economies. With this importance increasing organizations have committed to going beyond compliance to adopt more proactive environmental strategies. Drawing from resource-based and resource dependence theories, this study investigates whether firm internationalization and environmental dynamism influence the role of social capital to advance proactive environmental strategy inclusion. Using survey data from 122 Chinese firms we find that a firm's social capital positively relates to proactive environmental strategy inclusion. Parlaying internationalization and environmental dynamism concerns results in a three-way interaction effect between social capital and proactive environmental strategic inclusion. The results strongly suggest that firms facing more dynamic environments can benefit from internationalization to further strengthen the relationship between social capital and proactive environmental strategy inclusion, this moderation is not true for internationalization alone, which is a surprising finding. The outcome findings confirm the preponderance of literature that show proactive environmental strategy inclusion leads to positive firm growth. The results further support managerial and organizational rationale for building organizational social capital capabilities. The social capital provides internal and external relationship resources resulting in more proactive environmental initiatives and ultimately in firm growth.

Impact of Construction Project Managers’ Emotional Intelligence on Project Success

Numerous authors are persistent in investigating the competency profile of the ideal construction project manager in order to decrease the failure rate of construction projects. There is evidence for the change in construction project management, from traditional practices to practices more focused on people and working relationships. The literature demonstrates a positive correlation between project manager’s Emotional intelligence and project success but less is written about the mechanisms that interfere with that relationship. Furthermore, project manager’s relationships with stakeholders are recognized as an important determinant of project success in the construction industry. Considering the above facts, this study was motivated to examine how the construction project manager’s emotional intelligence influences project success, and whether the relations with internal and external stakeholders interfere as mediators in that relationship. In the conducted research, 110 project managers participated. The results demonstrate that the emotional intelligence of construction project managers significantly influences the project success and that internal and external stakeholder relationships play an important role as mediators among them. Moreover, it is found that some components of EI have more significant influence on stakeholder relationships and project success and that internal and external relationships in different amounts affect components of project success.

Impact of green entrepreneurship orientation on environmental performance: The natural resource‐based view and environmental policy perspective

AbstractEnvironmental sustainability is the primary task of environmental entrepreneurship by critically handling increased institutional, customer, and environmental pressures. Green entrepreneurship orientation (GEO) seeks to harmonize their relationships with the external environment to foster the impact of green innovation performance (GIP) on environmental performance (EP). Drawing upon the natural resource‐based view and dynamic capability theory, the study examines the effect of GEO on GIP and EP. Additionally, the moderating effect of managerial environmental concerns (MEC) on this relationship is also inspected. The results revealed that green absorptive capacity (GAC), environmental cooperation (EC), and MEC significantly affect GEO. Furthermore, GEO positively influenced GIP and EP. Indeed, GEO partially mediates GAC, EC, and managerial concern's relationship on green innovation and EP. Additionally, MEC significantly moderates the relationship between GEO and EP. Firms GEO should adequately enhance green practices performance and EP to accommodate their external environment relationships. The study concluded that green innovation development shifts firms from environmental management to sustainable development. Theoretical and practical implications were also presented.

Oxidative stress, metallomics and blood toxicity after subacute low-level lead exposure in Wistar rats: Benchmark dose analyses

Exposure to lead (Pb) is still rising concern worldwide, having in mind that even low-dose exposure can induce various harmful effects. Thus, in-depth knowledge of the targets of Pb toxicity and corresponding mechanisms is essential. In the presented study, the six groups (male Wistar rats, n = 6) received 0.1; 0.5; 1; 3; 7; 15 mg Pb/kg body weight/day for 28 days, each day by oral gavage, while the control group received distilled water only. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after the treatment, and blood was collected for the analysis of hematological, biochemical, oxidative status and essential elements levels. An external and internal dose-response relationship was performed using PROASTweb 70.1 software. The results showed that low doses of Pb affect hematological parameters and lipid profile after 28 days. The possible mechanisms at examined Pb dose levels were a decrease in SOD, O2•− and Cu and an increase in Zn levels. The dose-dependent nature of changes in cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, O2.-, SOD, AOPP in serum and hemoglobin, Fe, Zn, Cu in blood were obtained in this study. The most sensitive parameters that were alerted are Cu blood levels (BMDL5: 1.4 ng/kg b.w./day) and SOD activity (BMDL5: 0.5 μg/kg b.w./day). The presented results provide information that may be useful in further assessing the health risks of low-level Pb exposure.

Pre-COVID-19 evaluation of external debt, corruption and economic growth in South Africa

PurposeThis study is a pre-COVID-19 exposition of the existing situation about external debt-GDP relationship, incorporating corruption into the hypothesis, making South Africa the object of the study. The aim is to examine the causal relationship between corruption, economic growth and external debt, and in the end proffer solutions to the problems arising therefrom.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed ARDL technique on time series data running from 1990 to 2019 with real gross domestic product as the dependent variable and external debt, external debt servicing, corruption, inflation and capital formation as regressors. Necessary tests that include unit root, cointegration, CUSUM and CUSUMSq, normality, serial correlation and heteroscedasticity were performed on the model.FindingsThe study shows that corruption, inflation and external debt servicing exert negative influences on economic growth while the effect of investment on growth was positive. External debt's effect in the short run was positive while its long-run effect on growth was negative. Among other things, the need to improve and strengthen public institutions in addition to targeting tax evaders and avoiders for increased government revenue were emphasized.Originality/valueThe study incorporates corruption into the country specific debt-GDP debate as against earlier studies that excluded corruption in their time series analysis or that were cross-country based. The authors also exposit the existing knowledge of the debt-GDP hypothesis before the outbreak of COVID 19 pandemic. This is expected to serve as a precursor to subsequent studies on the rising debt of South Africa during and after the pandemic.

Life cycle analysis of Brazilian startups: characteristics, intellectual capital, agents and associated risks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to present the stages of the Brazilian startups' organizational life cycle (OLC), identifying and describing the main factors related to the entrepreneurial and organizational perspectives, as well as the factors related to external relationship agents and the associated risks at each OLC stage. In addition, the variables that comprised the three perspectives above were used for a descriptive reading of the evolutionary process from the perspective of intellectual capital during the stages.Design/methodology/approachThe type of research used was quantitative with a descriptive character. For data collection, the authors have used the survey method and two complementary questionnaires were used as research tools. The measurement scale used in these instruments was the 11-point Likert scale. In total, 100 Brazilian startups registered in the STARTUPBASE and residents in São Paulo comprised the sample of this research. For the data processing, it was used the exploratory factor analysis techniques, to identify the analysis factors, and the cluster analysis, to identify the OLC stages.FindingsBased on the results obtained, four stages were identified and described to build the OLC model of this research: Stage I – conception and development; Stage II – organization and traction; Stage III – growth and scale; and Stage IV – consolidation and transition. In addition, the authors described the main lines of evidence found at each stage.Practical implicationsThis research contributes to academic studies of the OLC in startups and the evolution of risks that originate from the relationship between external agents in the business environment and startups. Thus, a management map is built, which helps entrepreneurs and managers construct these businesses since such a management map allows identifying the risks and challenges that a startup needs to overcome to grow and develop.Originality/valueThe originality of this research lies in the adaptation of the OLC approach, which is widely used in studies analyzing the growth and development of mature organizations. The authors used this adaptation to analyze the growth and development of startups in Brazil. In addition, the identification and analysis of external agents that make up the business environment, as well as the analysis of the risks, originated from the relationships between the startup and these agents, brought original and essential results and discussions, both for OLC studies and for risk analysis studies in startups.

Building a data management system

The University of Central Florida Foundation (UCFF) will serve as a case study for this paper as it describes the steps necessary to create, implement and maintain a comprehensive data programme. Several key building blocks are needed such as setting goals, evaluating resources, garnering leadership support and documenting data standards. In-depth detail is provided on how to create a comprehensive data calendar to track incoming data and data audits. Information is also shared on creating a successful Data Governance Committee structure. Building internal and external relationships is key to data enrichment and the paper will discuss how to select the right vendor. A programme cannot be built overnight, but by using these steps, the framework can be created for long-term maintenance and growth.

Customer integration and the performance of third-party logistics firms: a moderated mediation model

ABSTRACT Integration with client firms is the most important external relationship for third-party logistics (3PL) firms. Based on information processing theory, a conceptual model was developed to explore the mechanism of how customer integration contributes to 3PL firms’ performance via differentiation and low-cost advantages, and the moderating effects of information technologies were examined in relation to the trend of digital transformation. Survey data were collected from 235 3PL firms in China and analysed using structural equation modelling. The results show that customer integration is positively related to the performance of 3PL firms, which is mediated by differentiation and low-cost advantages. In addition, information acquisition technologies and information processing technologies significantly moderate the effect of customer integration on differentiation advantages. These findings help to address the challenges faced by 3PL firms in the context of digital transformation and add to the literature on customer integration and logistics information technologies.

Evolutionary–phylogenetic pathway of the Cretaceous ammonite genusAegocriocerasand its relationship toJuddicerasspp. andCrioceratitesspp.

AbstractThe systematics of ammonoids are complicated by their large degree of intraspecies variation, which complicates a stable validation of species.Aegocriocerasis a heteromorph ammonite from the Lower Saxony Basin in the Hauterivian Boreal, and a prime example of a genus with an unstable internal systematic and external relationship to other ammonoids. Here, we use quantitative morphometrics onAegocriocerasspecies from an assemblage collected in the Resse clay pit (north‐west Germany) to evaluate the systematics and phylogeny of this Cretaceous genus. We simplify the systematics of the genus into the three entitiesA. bicarinatum[m]–A. semicinctum[M] complex (which potentially containsA. quadratumas well),A. raricostatumandA. spathi. The most likely phylogeny coincides very well with the stratigraphic record of the species and implies anagenetic adaptations inA. raricostatumandA. spathiafter the origin of the species. It is most likely thatAegocriocerasderived from warm‐water adapted TethyanCrioceratitesspecies, and BorealCrioceratitesare potentially warm‐water adapted descendants of the cold‐water adaptedAegocriocerasbut may alternatively represent renewed Tethyan invasions. Our data imply that the success ofAegocriocerasagainst incumbent ammonites in the Boreal was rooted in abiotic change (Court Jester) processes due to its high adaptability, while it is more likely that selection within theAegocriocerasclade was based on biotic interaction (Red Queen) processes.

How does customer involvement in service innovation motivate service innovation performance? The roles of relationship learning and knowledge absorptive capacity

Service innovation has become an essential element for firms to promote their business successes, attract new customers, accelerate growth, and increase profitability. Service innovation requires customers to be more deeply involved in service product innovation. Yet, few empirical studies have examined the business outcomes of customer involvement in service innovation. There has been a lack of convincing arguments for firms to improve their service innovation performance by enhancing their internal knowledge absorptive capacity or their external relationship learning. To fill these research gaps, the current work explores the internal mechanisms and contextual conditions of the relationship between customer involvement in service innovation and firms’ service innovation performance. Our findings suggest that (1) higher degrees of customer involvement in service innovation significantly contribute to the improvement of service innovation performance, (2) relationship learning plays a mediating role in the link between customer involvement in service innovation and service innovation performance, (3) greater knowledge absorptive capacity substantially increases the impact of customer involvement in service innovation on relationship learning, and (4) greater knowledge absorptive capacity significantly increases the indirect effects of customer involvement in service innovation on service innovation performance via relationship learning. Drawing on both service-dominant logic (SDL) and resource dependence theory (RDT), our findings contribute to the literature on service innovation for both manufacturing and service sector firms by revealing that the improvement of service innovation performance requires a full understanding not only of customer involvement but also of internal and external organizational learning capacities.

A channel-mixing convolutional neural network for motor imagery EEG decoding and feature visualization

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has achieved great success in decoding EEG signals, decoders based on these architectures make separate feature extraction and classification into an integrated stage, however, a large number of trainable parameters introduced by the model hinder the improvement of EEG decoding performance and challenge the interpretability of decoding process used CNNs. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end shallow and lightweight CNN framework, which allows EEG-Motor Raw dataset as inputs, to boost decoding accuracy by the Channel-Mixing-ConvNet. The first block of network is designed in the way of implicitly stacking temporal–spatial convolution layers for learning temporal and spatial EEG features after EEG channels were mixed, compared to previously independently building a single temporal and spatial convolutional layer, this method combines the feature extraction capabilities of the two layers. The Mixed Channel Process block introducing a depthwise convolution layer is applied for a series of processing such as to decouple and supplement the internal and external mapping relationships existing in the mixed multi-dimensional EEG feature maps. Finally, the classification block is constructed to finish EEG decoding tasks. The lightweight architecture of Channel-Mixing-ConvNet leaves space for the model to exploit its potential performance by stacking other layers. In our experiments, the proposed Channel-Mixing-ConvNet and variants based on different hyper-parameters were evaluated on public EEG-motor datasets BCI-IV 2a and HGD respectively, Channel-Mixing-ConvNet outperformed state-of-the art (SOA) algorithms for EEG decoding. Additionally, via post-hoc interpretation techniques, the results show the learned features are consistent with the neurophysiological principle of the EEG motor imagery, meanwhile, the model also captures the remarkable features associated with channels.

The determinants of openness to competitors:An integrated perspective of capacity and rational views

Absorptive capacity view suggests that innovation failure as an activation trigger will intensify a firm’s capacity to outsource from external relationships. This view appears to be challenged when applying to competitive contexts whereby the firm may be sensitive to competitors’ threats. We examine two modes of openness to competitors – bilateral (i.e., formal cooperation) and unilateral (i.e., external search) – which differ in the extent to which the focal firm is bound up with competitors and thereby face different levels of competitive threats. Using a panel data of Spanish manufacturing and service firms, we show that firms with high absorptive capacity, operationalized by more R&D investments, are more likely to open with competitors in forms of both external search and formal cooperation. However, we find that firms tend to be rational in the respect of selecting specific modes – they prefer unilateral modes (i.e., external search) over bilateral ones (i.e., formal cooperation), especially when they experienced innovation failures. Our work integrates the absorptive capacity view, which deems R&D investment and innovation failure to be the drivers of firm openness, with a rational view (transaction cost economics), which highlights firm’s rationality of risk aversion in selecting openness modes.

Audio-Visual Poetry A Semiotic-Cultural Reading in Interactive Digital Poem (Vision of Hope)

This research aims at reading the Saudi poet Mohamed Habibi’s interactive digital poem, ‘Vision of Hope’, through the digital semiotic-cultural approach, trying to depict the external and internal text relationships, identifying the type of rhetoric to which the smart movement of the image and the multifaceted diversity of voices have added, and recognizing the cultural dimension of depicting a human being as a thing. What adds to the importance of this research is pinpointing the role of the technical syntheses of figurative language in the poem, ‘Vision of Hope’ that served the poetic text to become animatic, and served the non-verbal texts to become poetic. The research concludes that though the poem is technically simple because of the absence of hypertext, it is significantly rich because of the existence of the technical synthesis that has contributed in giving each of its component the advantage of the other. In addition, although the poet follows his admiration of the beauty of the three musical compositions of Nusseir Shammah, some of them were not well employed. The poet’s creative experience of interactive digital poetry is promising and deserves to be supported and sustained.

Experiential Entrepreneurship Education and the student-focused Entrepreneurial University

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the provision and reported outcomes of Experiential Entrepreneurship Education (EEE), from learner, educator and university perspectives, in order to reflect upon the progress of the Entrepreneurial University. It proposes a conceptual framework for integrating the multiple stakeholder perspectives for an “education led” and student-focused Entrepreneurial University, something yet to be identified from existing research and, consequentially, future research.Design/methodology/approachA reflective literature review explores the depth and breadth of EEE provision in Universities, noting: what is taking place, who is involved, where EEE is situated (within the university context), and how the knowledge base is informed. From these reflections, a conceptual framework is proposed as a means of exploring and categorizing progress towards a student-focused Entrepreneurial University through education experiences.FindingsThe literature review is largely informed by case studies developed by educators reflecting on student learner experiences for the purpose of course enhancement. These case exemplars provide the resource for emergent, bottom-up strategy that could support the Entrepreneurial University. However, the role of the University is less researched, in terms of providing context and external strategic relationships to resource EEE and deliver a more planned approach to the Entrepreneurial University. The Entrepreneurial University and EEE are mainstream agendas and the development of both must consider the role and contribution of the University in terms of strategy formulation and implementation.Originality/valueThis study takes a holistic view, seeing EEE and the Entrepreneurial University as connected agendas. The student-focused Entrepreneurial University cannot result from emergent, bottom-up strategy alone and thus there is a need to address the role of top-down resource-based University strategy in creating real progress. The paper provides a conceptualization, for the purpose of analysing and informing the relationship between EEE and the Entrepreneurial University that places the University as a key stakeholder, and in doing so asks that scholars and educators build the knowledge base not only from cases of good practice but also from the review of strategic management within Universities.

External Marketing Relationship Practice of Quantity Surveying Firms in the Selected States in Nigeria

It has been established that marketing is very significant to the success of any organization, especially in a competitive environment. In the Quantity surveying profession, marketing might be more relevant than other professions because it is less known. The significance of marketing and competitive business environment calls for effective marketing practice by Quantity Surveying Firms (QSFs). One of the effective ways is to build a strong external marketing relationship, which exists between a firm and its client. Therefore, this paper investigated the external marketing relationship practice of QSFs with a view to enhancing firms’ productivity and client satisfaction. Forty-six (46) registered QSFs and fifty-nine (59) corporate clients in Lagos, Oyo, and Ondo States were assessed through questionnaire survey. Data were collected on the attributes of parties involved in external marketing. The collected data were analysed using Mean Item Scores (MIS) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results reveal important attributes of clients to include “pay on time (MS=4.59)”, “willingness and readiness to take advice from the firm (MS=4.59)”, and “make expectations known clearly to the firm (MS=4.54)”. From the findings, clients averagely displayed these attributes. The result of ANOVA shows that firms viewed the importance of these clients’ attributes in the same way at p>0.05 except for one of these attributes (making expectations known clearly to the firm), which firms viewed its importance differently at p<0.05. Furthermore, results show the important attributes of firms to include: “ability to give clients value for their money (MS=4.51)”, “knowing clients’ requirements (MS=4.51)”, and “being attentive (MS=4.47)’. Findings show that these attributes were adequately displayed by QSFs. The perceptions of clients on the importance of these firms’ attributes were the same at p>0.05. The study concluded by establishing attributes for strong external marketing relationship to include: “readiness of a client to take advice from the firm”, “ability of a client to pay on time”, “ability of a firm to satisfy the client”, and “knowing the client’s requirements”. The study recommended that QSFs and clients should endeavour to possess and display these attributes for the enhancement of service delivery in terms of firms’ productivity and clients’ satisfaction.
 Keywords: Attributes, Clients, External Marketing Relationship, Quantity Surveying Firms

Distance or Intimacy：The Moderating Role of Alliance Routines in the Relationship between Partnership and Innovation Performance

With the rapid development of global economy, it is a universal phenomenon that the improvement of enterprise innovation ability increasingly depends on R&D investment. Innovation activities are the result of the interaction of a variety of heterogeneous resources, so it is an important path for enterprises to obtain innovation resources through alliances and other cooperative relationships. The study of both theory and practice has shown that the cooperative relationship, no matter loose or close, is an important path for enterprises to obtain external innovation resources. However, scholars have different views on the effect of the two types of relationship on enterprise innovation. Therefore, this study will explore how to choose the right partners by identifying the roles of different types of relationship in the process of enterprise innovation, thereby guiding enterprise innovation activities.We randomly select a sample of 295 high-tech enterprises from the manufacturing industry in Hefei High-tech Zone, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone and Hefei Xinzhan District. The results show that neither strong nor weak alliance partnership in the dense network is conducive to improving enterprise innovation ability, while maintaining the appropriate strength of partnership is the most conducive to enterprise innovation performance. However, alliance routines can reduce the above mentioned effects. In the sparse network, the stronger the partnership, the more obvious the innovation performance of enterprises, and alliance routines also strengthen the relationship between them.The theoretical contributions are as follows: Firstly, we expand the previous literature on relationship strength and innovation performance, and study the effect of external relationships on innovation performance by bringing individual network and collective network into the same framework, which supplements the perspective of existing studies in explaining the relationship strength paradox. It is found that the effect of relationship strength on innovation performance is not the same under different network density conditions. Secondly, we reveal the moderating effect of alliance routines on relationship strength and innovation performance under different network density conditions by introducing alliance routines into this research framework. Thirdly, we deep the study on alliance routines, and provide important insight regarding the follow-up research in this field and how to improve innovation performance through properly levering alliance routines.The current research points out several directions for future research: Firstly, the variable of partnership can be measured from the perspective of relationship quality, relationship symmetry and relationship persistence, etc. Secondly, alliance routines may have different effects on radical innovation and incremental innovation. This study mainly investigates the moderating effect of alliance routines, and future research can explore the effect on radical innovation and incremental innovation. Thirdly, future research can be combined with different knowledge attributes to study the effect of relationship strength between enterprises and customers, suppliers, distributors and intermediaries on innovation performance under different network density conditions.