Quantum Efficiency Research Articles

Dipole field as charge-transfer bridge between Cu atomic clusters/PtCu alloy nanocubes and nitrogen-rich C3N5 for superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Utilizing spontaneous polarization field to harness charge transfer kinetics is a promising strategy to boost photocatalytic performance. Herein, a novel Cu atom clusters/PtCu alloy nanocubes coloaded on nitrogen-rich triazole-based C3N5 (PtCu-C3N5) with dipole field was constructed through facile photo-deposition and impregnation method. The dipole field-drive spontaneous polarization in C3N5 acts as a charge-transfer bridge to promote directional electron migration from C3N5 to Cu atom clusters/PtCu alloy. Through the synergistic effects between Cu atom clusters, PtCu alloy and dipole field in C3N5, the optimized Pt2Cu3-C3N5 achieved a record-high performance with H2 formation rate of 4090.4 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light, about 154.4-fold increase compared with pristine C3N5 (26.5 μmol g−1 h−1). Moreover, the apparent quantum efficiency was up to 25.33 % at 320 nm, which is greatly superior than most previous related-works. The directional charge transfer mechanism was analyzed in detail through various characterizations and DFT calculations. This work offers a novel pathway to construct high-efficiency multi-metal photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.

Responses of Growth and Photosynthesis in Potted Radermachera hainanensis and R. sinica to Various Medium Water Contents

Abstract Radermachera hainanensis Merr. and R. sinica Hemsl. are woody ornamental plants commonly used for indoor or landscape purposes. However, there is currently a lack of information regarding their water management. Potted plants of these two species were subjected to four volumetric water content (VWC) treatments: 20% VWC (dry), 20%/60% VWC (dry/wet cycle), 40% VWC (moisture), and 70% VWC (waterlogging). Results revealed that both Radermachera species exhibited the poorest growth under the 20% VWC treatment, with the lowest stem diameter, leaf area, plant dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance, and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The maximum stem diameter, leaf area, and root dry weight were recorded with the 40% VWC treatment. Stem diameter, leaf area, Pn, and Fv/Fm were higher in both Radermachera species with the 20%/60% VWC compared to the 20% VWC treatment. R. sinica exposed to 20%/60% VWC exhibited similar root dry weight and leaf drop as those with the 40% VWC treatment, while R. hainanensis showed lower root dry weight and higher leaf drop compared to the 40% VWC. Root dry weight, Pn, and Fv/Fm remained unchanged in R. sinica but reduced in R. hainanensis with the 70% VWC compared to the 40% VWC. Species used in this study: Golden jasmine tree, Radermachera hainanensis Merr.; China Doll, Radermachera sinica Hemsl.

Characterization of MoS2:Nb sputtered thin films. An application as hole transport layer in Cu2ZnSnS4/Si tandem solar cells

MoS2:Nb films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering are investigated in view of their application in infrared (IR)-transparent contacts for tandem photovoltaic devices.This material is already known to give a good electrical contact with p-type chalcogenide semiconductors, which are typically grown onto opaque molybdenum metallic contacts and a MoS2 layer spontaneously forms at the back interface during the on-top semiconductor growth. Our study explores a different approach, which involves the direct growth of IR-transparent MoS2:Nb films via sputtering inside complete photovoltaic devices, like Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)-based single junction solar cells and CZTS/Si tandem devices. Films deposited at different sputtering pressures are compared by analysing their microstructure, morphology, chemical composition, optical and electrical properties. The effects of post-deposition sulfurization treatments are also investigated. We find that MoS2:Nb films deposited at around 0.1 Pa exhibit compactness but show a notable sulfur deficit ([S]/[Mo]≈1.4), a significant sub-bandgap optical absorptance and lack of crystallinity. Increasing the Ar pressure to 1 Pa raises the [S]/[Mo] ratio to 2.2, yielding crystalline films with good IR-transparency, although with a porous morphology. Despite 0.5 wt% Nb-doping of the sputtering target, the as-deposited films demonstrate n-type conductivity likely due to uncontrolled impurities and intrinsic defects. Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy measurements suggest that films’ work function higher than 5 eV can be obtained with a post-deposition sulfurization, making these materials suitable as Hole Transport Layer in photovoltaic applications. A similar increase in work function is expected in the CZTS/MoS2 junctions, since the sputtered MoS2:Nb films undergo a sulfurization process needed to obtain the overlying polycrystalline CZTS absorber.CZTS solar cells produced with sputtered MoS2 and Transparent Conductive Oxides contacts on glass substrates, despite plagued by severe adhesion problems, show the potentiality to give efficiencies comparable to reference devices with standard Mo back contact. Fabrication of CZTS/Si tandem devices on textured silicon bottom cells yields a maximum efficiency of 4.4 %, primarily hindered by the low quality of the CZTS film on textured substrates. Nonetheless, optoelectronic characterizations based on both spectrophotometric and quantum efficiency measurements confirm a good IR transparency of the MoS2-based intermediate contacts and the desired electrical behaviour.

Well-designed V2AlC MAX supported g-C3N4/TiO2 Z-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction through bi-reforming to produce CO and CH4

Well-designed V2AlC MAX supported g-C3N4/TiO2 Z-scheme heterojunction was synthesized and tested for photocatalytic CO2 reduction through bi-reforming under UV and visible light in batch and continuous photoreactors. Compared to V2AlC/g-C3N4, V2AlC/TiO2 produced 2.17 times more CO and 6.40 times more CH4, along with H2. The highest CO production of 14644 μmol g-1 h-1 was obtained over V2AlC-g-C3N4/TiO2 composite at a selectivity of 20.21 %. Similarly, CH4 and H2 production of 56567 and 1253 μmol g-1 h-1 was obtained, which were 11.11 and 169.9 folds higher for CH4 and 2.77 and 2.32 folds higher for H2 production compared to using g-C3N4/TiO2 and V2AlC/TiO2, respectively. The efficient generation and separation of charge carriers were achieved by the Z-scheme heterojunction of g-C3N4/TiO2 with V2AlC MAX cocatalysts, which led to a greatly increased photocatalytic activity. Using a continuous process, the production of CO was decreased by 1.12 folds, whereas the production of methane disappeared and the reaction pathway was the conversion of CO2 to CO. Using methanol with UV light resulted in higher production of protons and hydrogen, achieving the highest quantum efficiency. The stability study further confirmed the continuous evolution of CO, CH4, and H2 over four cycles.

Plasmonic tandem heterojunctions enable high-efficiency charge transfer for broad spectrum photocatalytic hydrogen production

Rational engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production is of great significance but still challenging, primarily due to the limitations in charge transfer kinetics. Herein, a fascinating plasmonic tandem heterojunction with the hc-CdS/Mo2C@C heterostructure is aimfully prepared for effectively promoting the charge separation kinetics of the CdS photocatalyst via the synergistic strategy of phase junction, Schottky junction, and photothermal effect. The difference in atomic configuration between cubic-CdS (c-CdS) and hexagonal-CdS (h-CdS) leads to effective charge separation through a typical II charge transfer mechanism, and plasmonic Schottky junction further extracts the electrons in the hc-CdS phase junction to realize gradient charge transfer. Besides, the photothermal effect of Mo2C@C helps to expand the light absorption, accelerate charge transfer kinetics, and reduce the hydrogen evolution energy barrier. The carbon layer provides a fast channel for charge transfer and protects the photocatalyst from photocorrosion. As a result, the optimized hc-CMC photocatalyst exhibits a significantly high photocatalytic H2 production activity of 28.63 mmol/g/h and apparent quantum efficiency of 61.8%, surpassing most of the reported photocatalysts. This study provides a feasible strategy to enhance the charge transfer kinetics and photocatalytic activity of CdS by constructing plasmonic tandem heterogeneous junctions.

Synergistically-mediated highly-efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution activity using Ohmic/Schottky-type dual-junctions and sulfur vacancy

Enabling highly-efficient multiplex-optimization photocatalysts is critical to overcome the bottlenecks of hydrogen evolution reaction efficiency and photostability. Herein, novel CoS/Sv-ZnIn2S4/MoS2 composites are successfully synthesized through an in situ technique. Taking advantage of the synergistic effect of sulfur vacancy, Schottky-type MoS2/Sv-ZnIn2S4 junction and Ohmic-type CoS/Sv-ZnIn2S4 junction, the light absorption, electron/hole separation efficiency, charge transfer rate and hydrogen reduction reaction dynamic can be significantly enhanced. As a result, an impressive photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 18.43 mmol g−1 h−1 is achieved under the visible-light irradiation. Furthermore, apparent quantum efficiencies of 72.14 % and 9.91 % are also achieved under 350 and 420 nm monochromatic light irradiation. This work presents an in situ perspective to design multiplex-optimization photocatalytic system for highly-efficient hydrogen production.

The Role of Alkylammonium Bromides on the Surface Passivation of Stable Alcohol‐Dispersed CsPbX3 Nanocrystals and on the Stability Enhancement in Light‐Emitting Applications

AbstractThe ligand passivation is considered an attractive strategy to prepare high‐quality perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with improved photophysical features in polar media. However, the long‐term stabilization of PNCs in these environments is still challenging, being pivotal to understanding the protection mechanism given by prominent surface ligands and avoiding material deterioration in polar solvents. In this work, how the nature of diverse alkylammonium bromides used during surface passivation influences the photophysical properties and quality of CsPbX3 PNCs fully dispersed in alcohol environments, exhibiting stability up to 10 months are investigated. By adding didodecyldimethylammonium benzyldodecyldimethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium bromides (DDAB, BDAB, and TBAB, respectively), DDAB and BDAB promote a suitable and partial surface coverage are observed, respectively, suppressing defect sites in the nanocrystals. Conversely, TBAB shows poor surface protection, decreasing the PL features of PNCs. The presence of DDAB and BDAB favors the fabrication of color converters, and efficient light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of ≈23%. Interestingly, significant device stability with BDAB capping shows an LED half‐life of 20‐fold longer than for DDAB. This contribution offers a promising approach for preparing highly luminescent and stable alcohol‐dispersed PNCs, useful for fabricating efficient optoelectronic devices.

Design and performance of sulfur and selenium-substituted triarylboron D3-A TADF emitters for OLED applications

This study presents the design, synthesis, and comprehensive theoretical and photophysical analysis of two new D3-A type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications. Utilizing a triarylboron core as the electron-accepting group and phenothiazine (PTZ) or phenoselenazine (PSZ) as electron-donating units, the molecules BTP-S and BTP-Se were developed. The D3-A structure supports the separation of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), leading to minimized singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST), which are crucial for the TADF mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations presented that BTP-S and BTP-Se exhibit band gaps (Eg) of 2.52 and 3.23 eV, respectively, with BTP-S showing an ΔEST value as low as 0.007 eV for the S1-T1 transition at the lowest energy conformation. Photophysical studies revealed high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) for both compounds, with BTP-S achieving up to 85 % in mCP films and BTP-Se up to 59 %. In vacuum-processed OLEDs, BTP-S achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.3 %, a current efficiency (ηc) of 195.8 cd/A, and a maximum luminance (Lmax) of 17356 cd/m2, while BTP-Se reached an EQE of 7.5 %, an ηc of 132.19 cd/A, and an Lmax of 16826 cd/m2 likely limited by the contributions of a folded-donor conformer enabled by the Se substitution. These findings underscore the impact of donor unit selection and conformation on the TADF characteristics, and provide valuable insights for designing high-performance OLED materials.

Enhancing Specific Detectivity and Device Stability in Vacuum-Deposited Organic Photodetectors Utilizing Nonfullerene Acceptors.

Organic photodetector (OPD) studies have undergone a revolutionary transformation by introducing nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs), which provide substantial benefits such as tunable band gaps and enhanced absorption in the visible spectrum. Vacuum-processed small-molecule-based OPD devices are presented in this study by utilizing a blend of boron subphthalocyanine (SubPc) and chlorinated subphthalocyanine (Cl6SubPc) as the active layer. Four different active layer thicknesses are further investigated to understand the intrinsic phenomena, unveiling the suppression of dark current density while maintaining photoexcitation and charge separation efficiency. Experimental results reveal that, at an applied bias of -3 V, the 50-nm-thick active layer achieves a remarkably low dark current density of 1.002 nA cm-2 alongside a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 52.932% and a responsivity of 0.226 A W-1. These impressive performance metrics lead to a specific detectivity of 1.263 × 1013 Jones. Furthermore, the findings offer new insights into intrinsic phenomena within the bulk heterojunction (BHJ), such as thermally generated current and exciton quenching. This integration is potentially well-heeled to revolutionize display technology by combining high-sensitivity photodetection, offering new possibilities for novel display panels with sensing applications.

Killing Three Birds with One Stone: Energy Transfer Inducing Efficient, Zero Thermal Quenching, and Emission‐Color Tunable Phosphors

AbstractRed emission phosphors with high efficiency and excellent thermal stability are essential for phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs). Na2MgPO4F: Mn2+ shows a very weak red emission peak at 615 nm due to 3d–3d forbidden transition. And it exhibits a normal thermal quenching behavior. Blue‐emitting Eu2+ with anti‐thermal quenching (ATQ) is introduced to tune the emission color, emission efficiency, and thermal stability of Mn2+ in Na2MgPO4F. The emission color of Na2MgPO4F: Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphors can be tuned by increasing the Mn2+ content. The internal and external quantum efficiencies of Na2MgPO4F:0.03Eu2+, 0.05Mn2+ are 89.3% and 41.1%, respectively, which are much higher than those of the Mn2+‐doped ones. Furthermore, the ATQ effect of Eu2+ is also transferred to Mn2+ via energy transfer, which results in Na2MgPO4F: Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphors with zero thermal quenching (ZTQ). The cooperation of energy transfer, enhanced absorption, and increased defects amount promotes the achievement of ZTQ in the co‐doped samples. Two white pc‐LEDs with a color rendering index of more than 90 are manufactured by using the as‐synthesized Na2MgPO4F: Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphors combined with near‐UV chips. This study not only provides high‐performance Eu2+, Mn2+ co‐doped phosphors suitable for high‐quality solid‐state lighting, but also exhibits a killing‐three‐birds‐with‐one‐stone strategy to obtain efficient, thermally stable, and color‐tunable phosphors.

Dual Multiresonance Core Strategy Enable Efficient Pure Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Based on Fluorene Linkages

AbstractMultiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters with high color purity in virtue of their inherent narrowband emission have received great interest in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, it remains a big challenge to develop the ultrapure blue MR‐TADF emitters with high efficiency. In this work, a novel “dual‐MR‐core” strategy is proposed by connecting two parent N‐B‐O‐skeletons with non‐conjugate 9‐position substituted fluorene linkages for high efficient deep‐blue MR‐TADF emitters, namely H‐FOBN and Me‐FOBN, which possess the highly twisted structure with suppressed aggregation. Finally, the vacuum‐deposited deep‐blue OLED exhibits excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.1% with small full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 28 nm, as well as CIE of (0.14, 0.08). Furthermore, owing to enhanced solubility, the solution‐processed deep‐blue OLED based on Me‐FOBN shows EQE of 11.3%, with small FWHM of 32 nm and CIE of (0.14,0.09). These outstanding performances confirm that this “dual‐MR‐core” strategy provides a feasible approach to develop high efficient ultrapure blue MR‐TADF emitters.

How to Make Semi‐Polar InGaN Light Emitting Diodes with High Internal Quantum Efficiency: The Importance of the Internal Field

How to Make Semi‐Polar InGaN Light Emitting Diodes with High Internal Quantum Efficiency: The Importance of the Internal Field

Structural Changes and Differences in Intrinsic Photoluminescence of Four Cationic Two-Dimensional Lead Halide Frameworks Modulated by Synthesis Temperature.

Luminescent hybrid organolead halide materials with cationic inorganic frameworks and high chemical inertness have demonstrated broad application prospects in the visible light region. However, the corresponding relationship between structural changes and luminescence properties in such materials needs further clarification. Here, for the first time, we have successfully synthesized [Pb2X3](PDAH)(H2O) (X = Cl or Br, PDAH = C7H4NO4) single crystals via a facile hydrothermal method and then obtained [Pb11X14](PDA)4 (X = Cl or Br, PDA = C7H3NO4) at higher temperatures. The different synthesis temperatures resulted in significant differences in the luminescence properties of the two groups of structures. X-ray crystallography revealed the different degrees of distortion of the PbII centers' coordination environment between the two structures, which would significantly affect the electron-phonon coupling process under excited states and ultimately affect the emission properties originating from self-trapped excitons (STEs) of the two materials. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the two structures have different band gap characteristics due to the different proportions of inorganic and organic components, which also affect the optoelectronic properties of the two groups of materials. It is also worth mentioning that the broadband orange-light emission of [Pb11Br14](PDA)4 with a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) of 86% endows it with potential applications in WLEDs.

Uniform Nanocrystal Spatial Distribution-Enhanced SnO2-based Sensor for High-Sensitivity Hydrogen Detection.

Hydrogen (H2) is colorless, odorless, and has a wide explosive concentration range (4-75 vol %), making rapid and accurate detection of hydrogen leaks essential. This paper demonstrates a method to modify the spatial distribution of nanocrystals (NCs) by adding surfactants to improve the sensing performance. In order to explore its potential for H2 gas-sensing applications, SnO2, containing different mass percentages of PdCu NCs, was dispersed. The results show that the 0.1 wt % PdCu-SnO2 sensor based on surfactant dispersion performs well, with a response to 0.1 vol % H2 that is 18 times higher than that of the undispersed 0.1 wt % PdCu-SnO2 sensor. The enhanced gas-sensing ability after dispersion can be attributed to the fact that the uniform distribution of NCs generates higher quantum efficiency and exposes more active sites on the carrier surface compared to nonuniform distribution. This study provides a simple, novel, and effective method to improve the sensor response.

The use of amino acids as bioactive substance: a strategy to increase yield in summer arugula (Eruca sativa L. Mill) crops

Foliar application of amino acids can assist crops to maintain homeostasis under diurnal temperature variations and excessive solar irradiance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the organic fraction and mineral nutrients of an amino acid solution on arugula plants and the effects of weekly applications of this solution on their growth and biomass yield. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a greenhouse (Experiment 1) and on open-field benches (Experiment 2), in Iracemápolis, SP, Brazil. Experiment 1 consisted of foliar applications of water (control), a solution containing 59 and 40.9 g ha-1 of nitrogen and sulfur, respectively (N+S), and a solution containing 85 g ha-1 of amino acids, with seven replications. Experiment 2 consisted of four different number (0, 1, 2, and 3) of weekly foliar applications of 85 g ha-1 of amino acids, with six replications. Chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and fresh and dry biomass weights were evaluated in both experiments. In Experiment 1, shoot fresh weight of plants treated with amino acids increased by 21% and 6% compared to those in the control and N+S treatment, respectively. Amino acid application increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, improving photosynthetic performance by increasing effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II and photochemical quenching. In Experiment 2, weekly application of 85 g ha-1 of amino acids increased shoot fresh weight by approximately 10% per application. Therefore, foliar application of amino acids can increase fresh biomass of arugula plants grown under both mild and warmer climate conditions.

Peripheral Fusion of Carbon-based Aromatic Rings to B4N4-Heteropentalene Leading to Close π-Stacking in the Solid State.

π-Electronic molecules with a BN-heterocyclic and carbon-based aromatic hybrid ring system (h-CBN) are interesting in that they potentially exhibit synergistic properties arising from the two different π-systems. Here we report the synthesis and properties of a h-CBN-type molecule (1) having a bicyclic B4N4-heteropentalene core fused with extended aromatic rings. This molecule exhibits excellent chemical stability despite the absence of bulky substituents for kinetic protection, which in turn provides effective stacking of the π-system upon crystallization. Depending on the crystallization solvent, 1 forms two polymorphs, i.e., the α- and β-phases. While both phases have one-dimensional columnar structures, the π-stacking geometries associated with the transfer integrals of the frontier orbitals are different, resulting in a twofold difference in the electrical conducting properties. We also found that upon thermal vacuum deposition, 1 gives an amorphous film, which serves as a host material for a red phosphorescent OLED device (maximum external quantum efficiency: 15.5 and 13.3% at 0.1 and 2.5 mA, respectively).

Efficient deep-blue fluorescent OLEDs based on a D‒π‒A emitter profiting from intramolecular hydrogen bonds and a hybridized excited state.

High performance deep-blue emitters with a Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of CIEy ≤ 0.08 are highly desired in ultrahigh-definition displays. Herein, we designed and synthesized an efficient D‒π‒A deep-blue emitter, 2-(6-([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d] imidazole (mPTPH), using the synergistic effect of intramolecular hydrogen bond (H-bond) and hybridized excited state. Single-crystal structure analysis confirmed that there exist intra- and intermolecular H-bond interactions which could inhibit the structure vibration and increase photoluminescence efficiency. The photophysical and theoretical results show that mPTPH exhibited hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) feature with strong deep-blue emission. Ultimately, the non-doped device based on mPTPH exhibited high maximum luminance of 20610 cd m-2. The doped device achieved high maximum external quantum efficiency of 5.4% and small efficiency roll-off with deep-blue emission peak of 413 nm and CIE coordinate of (0.16, 0.08).

Gold Coordination-Accelerated Multi-Resonance TADF Emission for Efficient Solution-Processible Ultrapure Deep-Blue OLEDs.

Multi-resonance (MR) type emitters have emerged as highly promising candidates for high-resolution organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emissions with simultaneous short excited state lifetimes and ultrapure blue color (a CIEy close to 0.046 and an emission peak > 440 nm) have rarely been obtained for MR emitters. Herein, we report a design of dual gold-coordinated MR molecules to achieve efficient and short-lived ultrapure blue TADF emission. The dinuclear Au(I) complex, namely iPrAuBN, shows a narrowband deep-blue emission with a peak maximum of 448 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 29 nm in doped film. The coordination with two Au atoms significantly shortens the delayed fluorescence lifetime to 7.8 μs in comparing with 60.6 μs for the organic analogue. Solution-processed OLED doped with iPrAuBN demonstrates an ultrapure blue electroluminescence with a peak maximum of 442 nm, a FWHM of 19 nm, Commission International de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.154, 0.036), and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 14.8%.

Efficient hole transport layers for silicon heterojunction solar cells by surface plasmonic modification in MoOx/Au NPs/MoOx stacks

This study explores the integration of Au nanoparticles (NPs) into molybdenum oxide (MoOx) thin films to form a MoOx/Au NPs/MoOx (MAM) stack. This stack serves as a hole transport layer (HTL) in silicon heterojunction solar cells, aiming to address the challenges of safety concerns and inefficient carrier transport. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra demonstrate that the incorporation of Au NPs notably raises the work function of MAM to 5.85 eV and stabilize Mo6+ concentrations at 94.07%. In addition, Au NPs effectively act as a shield against detrimental interactions with Ag, thereby improving the interfacial stability between the back electrode and HTL. This strategic enhancement facilitates the formation of surface plasmon polaritons, reduces the contact resistance to 41.19 mΩ cm2, and boosts the quantum efficiency by injecting hot electrons and intensifying the surface electric field. These advancements lead to a significant enhancement in the fill factor and short-circuit current, leading to the development of a heterojunction solar cell with an increased efficiency (Eff) from 19.81% to 22.03%. This investigation underscores the transformative potential of engineered nanomaterials in elevating the performance and stability of photovoltaic devices, promoting the wider adoption of renewable energy technologies.

Thermal Annealing Effects on Long-lived Fluorenol Room Temperature Phosphorescence for Styrene Detection.

Fluorene derivatives have been widely developed in OLEDs because of its efficient fluorescence quantum efficiency, but for which unique rigid biphenyl planar structure and large conjugated system, we hypothesize that they have a great potential for room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) applications, and confirmed this conjecture by subjecting polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and phosphors to thermal annealing. The cross-linked structure formed during thermal annealing judiciously modulates the phosphorescence emission characteristics of the fluorenol with the synergistic interaction between PVA and fluorenol. Specifically, the lifetime exhibited a substantial increase from 1352.2 ms to 2874.1 ms, accompanied by a quantum yield augmentation from 4.8% to 11.3%, which substantiate that cross-linked induced by thermal annealing effectively amplifies the phosphorescent intensity and stability of the phosphors, facilitating ultralong phosphorescent emission at ambient conditions. Furthermore, an effective probe based on this film is developed for its highly sensitive, quantitative and immediate detection of volatile organic compounds. This investigation not only proffers a novel paradigm for the development of advanced RTP materials but also imparts insightful considerations for optimizing the performance of polymers in conjunction with functional materials, encompassing bioimaging, sensing, and optoelectronic devices.