External Quality Traits Research Articles

Halk Elinde Yetiştirilen Kaz, Ördek ve Hindi Yumurtalarının Bazı Dış Kalite Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Çalışma kaz, ördek ve hindi kanatlı hayvan türlerinin yumurtalarına ait dış kalite özellik değerlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini Konya ilinde halk elinde yetiştirilen kaz, ördek ve hindilerden temin edilen toplam 440 adet kaz (n=117), (n=260) ördek ve hindi (n=63) yumurtası oluşturmuştur. Her bir yumurta bireysel olarak tartılmış olup yumurta boyu ve eni saptanmıştır. Ölçümle belirlenen bu üç değer kullanılarak matematiksel denklemler yardımıyla yumurta dış kalite özellik değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Yumurtaların şeklini tanımlamada şekil indeksi ve elongasyon değerleri kullanılmıştır. Kaz, ördek ve hindi yumurta kabuk özellikleri olarak kabuk ağırlığı (11.32 ve 11.23 g; 5.69 ve 5.71 g; 5.31 ve 5.33 g), kabuk kalınlığı (0.45 ve 0.48 mm; 0.35 ve 0.35 mm; 0.32 ve 0.34 mm) ve kabuk yoğunluğu (2.08 g/cm3; 2.06 g/cm3; 2.06 g/cm3) sırasıyla belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yumurta kabuk yüzey alanı ve yumurta kütlesi saptanmıştır. Kaz, ördek ve hindi yumurtalarına ait şekil indeksi ve elongasyon değerleri sırasıyla %68,13±0.39 ve 1.47±0.01, %71,76±0.19 ve 1.40±0.00, %72,53±0.32 ve 1.38±0,01 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, yumurta ağırlığı, yumurta boyu ve eni baz alınarak bazı küçük beden yapısına sahip kanatlı hayvanların yumurta özellikleri için belirlenen matematiksel formüller yardımıyla kaz, ördek ve hindi kanatlı türlerinin yumurta dış kalite özellik değerleri hesaplanmıştır.

Review on Genetic Variation in Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) for Processing Quality Traits

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a versatile food crop and a source of cheap human diet in many countries. It can be used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips. The genetic makeup is the most important factor that influences quality attributes. Traits that are genetically controlled can be grouped into biological traits (proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, reduced amounts of toxic glycoalkaloids), sensorial (flavour, texture, colour), and industrial traits (tuber shape and size, dry matter content, cold sweetening, oil absorption, starch quality). Therefore, the breeding work can successfully meet the needs of a changing and demanding the processing quality. In this review paper discusses some breeding strategies that can be used to create genetic variability and to help the selection programs for internal and external quality traits in potato for processing aspect. The genetic diversity of potatoes grouped in wild and cultivated potatoes. The cultivated potatoes Solanum tuberosum are tetraploid (2n=4x= 48) due to high specific gravity. Varieties with long tubers are used for French fries, while varieties with round tubers are preferred for crisps. A potato variety with dry matter content below 19.5% and 20% is not acceptable for French fries and for chips, respectively. Similarly, a dry matter content of more than 25% is not suitable for French fries manufacturing. The level of reducing sugars that are generally acceptable for chips processing is 0.2–0.3% and for French fries is 0.3–0.5%. Generally, selection of varieties should not be limited only for high yield, but also for internal (specific gravity, dry matter, starch contents) and external quality (tuber shape, eye depth, tuber fresh color and tuber skin color) of tubers. Keywords : Genetic Variation, Processing quality, Tuber quality, Chips, French fries DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-12-05 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Identification and fine mapping of molecular markers closely linked to fruit spines size ss gene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Fruit spine size is one of the importantly external quality traits effected the economic value of cucumber fruit. Morphological–cytological observation of the fruit spine size phenotype indicated that large spine formation arises from an increasing of spiny pedestal cell number caused by cell division, and best periods to accurately score fruit spine size trait was 4th day before flowering to 7th day after flowering according the continuous observation. Genetic analysis showed that a single dominant gene determined the fruit spine size trait in cucumber. BC1 population (189 individuals) of two inbred lines (large spine PI197088 and small spine SA0422) was used for primary mapping of the SS/ss locus with 7 markers covering an interval of 37.1 cM. An F2 segregating population of 1032 individuals constructed from the same two parents (PI197088 and SA0422) was used to fine mapping of the SS/ss locus. Six new markers linked to the gene were successfully screened for construction of a fine linkage map, in which the SS/ss locus was located in the region flanked by marker SE1 (3 recombinants) and SSR43 (2 recombinants) with a 189 kb physical distance. Markers from this study will be valuable for candidate gene cloning and marker-assisted selection for cucumber breeding.

Impact of Different Rearing Systems and Age on Bovans White Layer’s Performance, Egg Quality Traits and Synthesis of Heat Shock Protein 70 kDa

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the performance of laying hens and to determine possible age-related changes on external and internal quality traits of their eggs and synthesis of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) in the conventional cage and organic rearing systems. For this purpose, 4 different Bovans White hybrid flocks of the same age were monitored in each of these two systems for 52 weeks. While a total of 360 eggs were examined to determine the effects of rearing system and age (30 and 60 weeks) on egg quality traits, 48 liver tissue samples were examined for the analysis of HSP70. Egg production (hen-day) and dirty egg ratio were higher in the organic rearing system (P<0.05). The age at 50% yield, the age at peak of lay, and peak production rate were calculated as 156, 218.75 days and 95.98% in the conventional system, and 155.75, 201.50 days, and 96.56% in the organic system, respectively (P>0.05). While egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, shell weight, shape index, and yolk colour were higher in the organic system, the crude ash ratio of eggshell and shell ratio were higher in the conventional system (P<0.05). It was also found that the egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, shell weight, and the percentage of yolk were higher at 60 weeks of age (P<0.001). The percentage of shell and albumen, shape index, and yolk colour were higher at 30 weeks of age (P<0.001). The interactions between rearing system and age were statistically significant in terms of shell thickness, shape index, crude ash ratio, and yolk colour (P<0.001). Stress protein (HSP70) level was affected only by the rearing system and was higher in the organic system (P<0.001). As a result, the organic system can be considered as advantageous in terms of egg production and quality traits and the eggs of young hens exhibited better properties. The high level of HSP70 in the organic system could indicate that hens were affected by the environmental conditions at higher rates and/or the hens reared in the organic system had a stronger antioxidant defence system.

Effect of organic chromium (chromium picolinate) supplementation on production parameters, egg quality attributes and serum biochemistry in Pearl guinea fowls during second laying cycle

A biological experiment was carried out with adult Pearl guinea fowl variety (160) in second laying cycle to assess the performance, hemato-biochemical attributes, egg quality and stress levels. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with ten birds in each replicate. The birds were reared for 42 days under battery cage system and fed with ad lib. feed and water. The experiment groups were control group fed basal diet without any supplementation of chromium picolinate (CrP), T1 fed basal diet with 500 ppb CrP, T2 fed basal diet with 1,000 ppb CrP and T3 fed basal diet with 1,500 ppb CrP. There was no significant change in body weight and feed intake due to supplementation of CrP. However, supplementation of CrP significantly reduced the erythrocytes osmotic fragility (%), serum glucose, total cholesterol and improved the egg internal and external quality traits. The supplementation of CrP significantly improved both the internal and external egg quality along with shell thickness. From this study, it can be concluded that supplementation of chromium as chromium picolinate @ 500 ppb improved the egg quality and reduced the stress in Pearl guinea fowl during second laying cycle.

Estimation of Lettuce Growth Characteristics Under Different LED Light Intensities in a Closed-type Plant Factory

The objective of this research was to develop a model to measure the external quality traits using Multi-Spectral Image Sensor (MSIS) in lettuce. In addition, this study was conducted to examine the effect of different intensities of LED mixed light on the growth of lettuce in a closed-type plant fa...

Comparison Among Three Lines of Quail for Egg Quality Characters

A total of 300 eggs from 45 female quails from three different lines (Dark brown, light brown and white) aged 10 weeks old were equally divided into three experimental groups having 15 birds of each and caged separately, to estimate the external and internal egg quality traits. Half eggs were measured 24 hrs. post lay and others were measured after one week of storage at room temperature. The results showed that there were significant differences among lines for egg length, yolk height, yolk index, albumen diameter, albumen index and Haugh unit. The light brown line resulted in the best quality. All internal egg quality characters and egg length were differed significantly between fresh and storage eggs. The fresh eggs resulted in better quality than stored eggs. Phenotypic correlation appeared that there were significant correlation coefficients between some egg quality characteristics in dark brown line more than light brown and white lines.

Genetic impact on external and internal egg quality traits of Vanaraja and Gramapriya birds and their crosses in Bihar

Poultry farming is gaining strength in mitigating livelihood and nutritional security to the poor farmers which constitute 60% of the India’s population. Thus eggs of superior quality is prerequisite for profitable marketing and for hatchability too. The present study was conducted on two improved varieties, Vanaraja (dual purpose type) and Gramapriya (the layer type) chicken developed at PDP, Hyderabad and their crosses on random mating. The genetic groups taken were Gramapriya (male) x Gramapriya (female),Vanaraja(male) x Vanaraja(female), Gramapriya(male) x Vanaraja(female)and Vanaraja (male) x Gramapriya(female). 6 males and 30 females were taken from each genetic group and maintained separately under deep litter system with a mating ratio of 1 male : 5 females. To study the genetic effect on external and internal egg quality traits, a total of more than 50 eggs were collected at random from each of 4 genetic groups upto 28 weeks of age. The average shell thickness obtained to be ranged from 0.36 to 0.39 mm. The average albumen and yolk indices were found to be ranged from 7.396 to 8.656 and 41.749 to 43.888 respectively. The average shell weight and percentage of shell weight observed to be ranged from 4.147 to 5.627 g and 17.266 to 18.003% respectively.

Effect of egg weight on external and internal egg quality traits of Isa Brown egg layer chickens in Nigeria

This study was designed to determine the effect of egg weight on internal and external egg quality characteristics of Isa brown egg layer chickens. A total number of 105 eggs collected within 24 hours of lay were used for the study. Eggs were numbered, weighed and classified into three egg weight groups: Light (less than 49.99 g), medium (50 to 55 g) and heavy (greater than 55 g) egg weight groups. Data were collected on internal egg quality characteristics (yolk height, albumen height, albumen length, albumen width, Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index and yolk diameter) and external egg quality characteristics (egg length, egg width, oblong circumference, egg shell weight, egg shape index and egg shell thickness). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Egg weight had significant (P 0.05) affect Haugh Unit, yolk index, albumen index, and albumen length of the three egg weight groups. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among the light, medium and heavy egg weight groups in terms of yolk height, yolk diameter, and albumen height and albumen width. Positive correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between egg weight and egg length, egg width, oblong circumference, eggshell weight and eggshell thickness. Egg weight also correlated positively (P < 0.05) with yolk height, yolk diameter, albumen height and width.

Phenotypic Correlations between External and Internal Egg Quality Traits of Coturnix Quails Reared under Intensive Housing System

Phenotypic Correlations between External and Internal Egg Quality Traits of Coturnix Quails Reared under Intensive Housing System

Genetic parameters of egg quality traits in long-term pedigree recorded Japanese quail

This study was conducted to determine the genetic parameters of internal and external quality traits of Japanese quail eggs. Two statistical models were used in the calculation of genetic parameters and variance components. While 286 eggs were used based on model 1, 1,524 eggs were used based on model 2. Genetic parameters of the first eggs were calculated with direct genetic effect included in the analysis as random factors by using model 1. Model 2 was used for all eggs (5 to 6 eggs from each hen for six rearing groups). As different from model 1, their permanent environmental effects were also included in the model 2. Heritability of egg weight, egg length, egg width, shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, and shell ratio among the external quality traits of the eggs was respectively found to be 0.44, 0.53, 0.51, 0.70, 0.19, 0.16, and 0.05, respectively, according to model 1. These values were found to be 0.46, 0.40, 0.74, 0.48, 0.60, 0.28, and 0.21, respectively, according to model 2. Yolk weight, yolk diameter, yolk height, yolk index, yolk ratio, albumen weight, albumen height, albumen ratio, and Haugh unit values among the internal quality traits of the egg were found to be 0.22, 0.32, 0.02, 0.16, 0.19, 0.34, 0.19, 0.17, and 0.17, respectively, according to model 1. These internal quality traits were found to be 0.27, 0.18, 0.38, 0.06, 0.20, 0.41, 0.15, 0.15, and 0.12, respectively, according to model 2. Consequently, in this study, strong genetic correlations were detected between albumen height and Haugh unit, and also between albumen height and albumen weight. Additionally, a high and positive correlation was observed between some yolk traits (yolk weight and diameter) and albumen traits (weight and height). All these genetic correlations can be used to improve egg quality with a selection according to albumen weight.

Genetic parameters of egg quality traits in two strains of Japanese quails

Present study was carried out to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters among external, internal egg quality traits and quality indices in Black and Brown Japanese quails. A total of 1218 eggs collected consecutively for three days at 16 weeks of age from 202 Black and 204 Brown Japanese quails were utilized in the present study to record the data on external and internal egg quality traits. The overall least squares means for EW, EL, EWD, SW, ST, AL, AWD, AH, AW, YD, YH, YW, YFC, SI, AI, YI and HUS were 13.63 g, 33.85 mm, 26.76 mm, 1.14 g, 0.21 mm, 42.63 mm, 33.45 mm, 5.04 mm, 7.95 g, 24.53 mm, 11.43 mm, 4.53 g, 5.66, 79.18, 0.13, 0.47 and 60.09, respectively. Majority of the heritability estimates for egg quality traits were within the range of moderate to high and suggested the existence of sizeable genetic variability for exploitation by appropriate selection procedure.

Quality traits and grades of geese eggs produced under local conditions of Kashmir

The geese eggs (n=67) procured from the farmers were analyzed for the external and internal quality traits. Weight of goose eggs ranged from 116-157g with the average of 136.65±2.10g. Shape index was 71.05±0.70% and specific gravity was found to be 1.09±0.01 g/dL. Shell colour was observed to be white. Average weight of albumin, yolk and shell was 60.06±1.56, 55.88±1.77 and 22.33±0.63g, respectively. Average shell and membrane thickness was 0.53±0.31 and 0.11±0.02mm respectively. Albumin and yolk index was 0.09±0.01 and 0.38±0.01 respectively, whereas Haugh unit was found to be 71.31±1.84. Colour of yolk varied from orange to yellow through all intermediate grades and average grade for yolk colour was calculated to be 4.18±0.37. Albumin, yolk and shell accounted for 43.48±0.78, 40.27±0.81 and 16.25±0.46% of the total egg weight. No inclusion bodies were found to be present in the eggs studied. Defects like cracks, rough shells and dirty shell in very small percentage was recorded. 54.55% of the total eggs studied were of grade AA; while as 39.39, 3.03 and 3.03% of eggs were of grade A, B and C respectively. The average grade for shell cleanliness, shell texture, shell soundness, egg shape, egg white and egg yolk was A, AA, AA, A, AA and A. The goose egg as a whole was ranked as grade A.

Determination of some external and internal quality traits of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs on the basis of eggshell colour and spot colour

Determination of some external and internal quality traits of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs on the basis of eggshell colour and spot colour

Effects of divergent selection for growth on egg quality traits in Japanese quail

The experiment was designed to investigate the impact of selection for increased body mass on external and internal egg quality traits of Japanese quail. Three hundred and sixty Japanese quail, divergently selected over three generations for different body mass at 4 weeks of age, were used. Quail were homogeneously divided into three groups each consisting of 120 birds: high body mass (HBM), low body mass (LBM) and Control. ANOVA was used to detect the effect of selection on egg quality. In addition, correlation between external and internal egg quality traits was measured. Our results revealed that HBM quail laid heavier eggs (P = 0.03 compared with LBM but not significantly different with Control quail) with a higher external (shell thickness, shell weight, eggshell ratio and eggshell density, P = 0.0001) and internal egg quality score (albumen weight, P = 0.003; albumen ratio, P = 0.01; albumen height, yolk height, yolk index and Haugh unit, P = 0.0001) when compared with both the Control and LBM. The egg surface area and yolk diameter were significantly higher in HBM when compared with the LBM but not with the Control line. Egg weight was positively correlated with albumen weight (r = 0.54, P = 0.0001), albumen ratio (r = 0.14, P = 0.05), yolk height (r = 0.27, P = 0.0001), yolk weight (r = 0.23, P = 0.002), yolk diameter (r = 0.14, P = 0.05) and yolk index (r = 0.21, P = 0.005) but was negatively correlated with yolk ratio (r = –0.16, P = 0.03). Our results indicate that selection for higher body mass might result in heavier eggs and superior egg quality.

Evaluation of different egg quality traits and interpretation of their mode of inheritance in White Leghorns.

Aim:The experiment was carried out to evaluate different external and internal egg quality traits and to figure out their mode of inheritance from a set of hierarchically classified data.Materials and Methods:The data collected from 548 progenies (1 egg from each progeny) of 282 dams mated to 47 sires (1 sire mated to 6 dams) of a White Leghorn flock were used in the present study. Phenotypic means and their standard errors were calculated for all the quality traits. Heritabilities were estimated for these traits separately from “sire,” “dam” and “sire+dam” (full-sib) components of variance using Statistical Package for Social Sciences-17 program.Results:External quality traits such as; egg weight, length, width, shape index, surface area, shell weight, shell thickness, shell ratio, and internal quality traits such as; length, width, height, and weight of albumen and yolk, albumen index, albumen ratio, Haugh unit (H.U.), yolk diameter, yolk index, yolk ratio, and yolk albumen ratio were measured in 548 eggs of the experimental White Leghorn flock. The eggs were found to have optimum weight (57.78±0.20 g), shape index (73.53±0.18) and shell characteristics (6 g, 0.32 mm) as per its genetic potential. Higher values for albumen height (8.41±0.04) mm and H.U. (92.00±0.19) are attributable to the freshness of eggs and proper age of hens. Heritability estimates from “sire” component of variance were higher than “dam” and “sire+dam” components for the traits like egg weight, length, width, shape index, surface area, albumen width, albumen index, H.U., yolk width, yolk height, yolk weight, and yolk index whereas for rest of the traits the values estimated from “dam” component were higher. Estimates from “sire+dam” component were intermediate to the estimates derived from “sire” and “dam” components.Conclusion:The heritability estimates from different egg quality traits were moderate to high. Since most of the traits have high heritability values, these traits can be improved by mass selection.

Phenotypic Correlations between External and Internal Egg Quality Traits in Three Varieties of Helmeted Guinea Fowl from 28 to 46 Weeks of Age

This study investigated the correlation in internal egg quality traits and external egg quality of three varieties of guinea fowls. The experimental varieties were Pearl (Sake), Lavender (Hurudu) and Black (Angulu). Base populations of 180 guinea fowls were used to generate 144 F1 females comprising 48 birds per variety. Each variety was divided into three randomized replicates containing 16 birds per replicate. Data were collected fortnightly on external egg quality traits including egg weight, egg length, egg width, egg index, shell thickness, shell weight, and on internal egg quality traits including albumen height, albumen weight, albumen diameter, yolk length, yolk height, yolk weight, yolk diameter, yolk index and Haugh unit. Data collected were subjected to Pearson Product Moment Correlation using SPSS. The correlation result showed strong relationship among the three varieties with some variations which may be due to non-genetic and/or genetic reasons. The three varieties showed great similarities in the following association between egg weight vs. albumen weight, egg weight vs. yolk weight, egg length vs. yolk weight and egg width vs. albumen weight. The differences that exist in certain association in the three helmeted varieties suggests possible genetic polymorphic differences in the three varieties. This result necessitates separately planned improvement programs in the three helmeted varieties.

Effects of egg weight on egg quality traits in partridge (Alectoris Chukar)

In this study, the aim was to determine the internal and external quality traits of partridge (Alectoris chukar) eggs as well as the Pearson correlation coefficients among these traits. For use in this research, a total of 200 partridge eggs were collected over three sequential days. The partridges were housed at the Research Unit of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Akdeniz. The eggs were categorized according to weight and classified as ≤19.0 g, 19.1–20.0 g, 20.1–21.0 g and ≥21.1 g. Average eggshell thickness was highest in groups of 20.1–21.0 g and ≥21.1 g. In contrast, lowest eggshell weight was calculated in groups of ≤19.0 g and 19.1–20.0 g. In this study, egg shape index, yolk index, Haugh unit, albumen width and unit surface shell weight were not significantly affected by egg weight groups. Whereas egg length, egg width, shell weight, shell thickness, shell surface area, egg volume, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width, yolk ratio, albumen height, albumen length, albumen weight, albumen index, albumen ratio and yolk/albumen ratio were significantly affected by egg weight groups. At the same time, there was found a significant relationship amongst the internal and external egg quality traits.

Effect of cage tier and age on performance, egg quality and stress parameters of laying hens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cage tier and age on performance characteristics of layer hybrids, egg quality and some stress parameters. Ninety laying hens (hybrid ATAK-S) of similar bodyweights were used in the experiment. They were housed in three-tier conventional battery cages (bottom, middle and top) with 600 cm2/per bird. The experiment was conducted on hens from the age of 18 weeks to 42 weeks. Layers at the age of 18 weeks were randomly allocated to conventional three-tier battery cages with five replicates of six hens per treatment in a completely randomized design. In the bottom, middle and top tiers, 5% age of yield was observed as 151, 146 and 156 days, respectively; 50% age of yield was 162.4, 158.6 and 161.8 days; 5% yield age bodyweight (BW) as 1597.8, 1460.5 and 1599.2 g; 50% yield age BW as 1708.7, 1666.4 and 1671.7 g, respectively. The effects of cage tiers on week 42 BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR), tonic immobility (TI), egg weight (EW), egg yield (EY), and most external and internal quality traits of the hens’ eggs were found to be insignificant. Except for shape index (SI) and albumen pH, internal and external quality traits of eggs were significantly affected by age of the hens. In addition, there were significant effects of age on the FCR, EY, EW and oviposition time. The effects of cage tier on tonic immobility (TI) in week 42 and viability were found to be insignificant, but TI in week 30 was found to be significant. It can be concluded that cage tier did not have significant effects on egg yield, egg quality and indicators of stress parameters studied in the experiment. However, these parameters were affected by the age of the hens at the beginning of the laying period.Keywords: Cage tiers, layer hybrids, hybrids age, egg quality

Mapping of quantitative trait loci corroborates independent genetic control of apple size and shape

Fruit size and shape are important external quality traits in commercial crops. To determine the genetic relationship between the size and shape of apple fruits, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for apple size (average weight), length, diameter, and shape (length/diameter ratio) were identified and mapped in progeny of a ‘Jonathan’בGolden Delicious’ cross. Fruit size, length, and diameter followed a normal distribution. There was no correlation between apple size and shape, but both variables were significantly correlated with length and diameter. Forty-five QTLs for apple size, length, diameter, and shape were mapped to 13 chromosomes of the two parent cultivars. Of these, 12 QTLs for fruit length and diameter either overlapped or were closely associated with QTLs for fruit size, whereas three co-localized with QTLs for fruit shape. No QTLs for fruit size mapped to the same or neighboring regions as QTLs for fruit shape, suggesting that size and shape are under independent genetic control.