External Processes Research Articles

A grand spectrum of the geomagnetic field

The spectrum of geomagnetic variations is broad and reflects multiple internal and external physical Earth processes. The geodynamo generates an internal magnetic field, dominated by the low frequency contribution of the axial dipole whose temporal variations range from geomagnetic reversals, excursions, and large-scale paleosecular variations, down to decadal and sub-annual changes. Variations in the external field arise from high frequency interactions of the solar wind with Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere, along with excitation within the atmospheric cavity by lightning, power systems, and radio transmissions. External variations induce a field in the conductive Earth that adds to the internal signal. A spherical harmonic analysis of dipole terms in over 100 years of observatory data allows us to show that the external field is stronger than the internal field at periods of the 11-year sunspot cycle and shorter. Using spectral estimates derived from this and other data sets by adaptive multi-spectral time series analysis, we can create a composite power spectrum that spans frequencies from 10-15 Hz to 20 kHz (periods ranging from 10 million years to 5 × 10-5 s), and powers ranging from 10-9 (nT)2/Hz to 1021 (nT)2/Hz. The different processes contributing to the spectrum are characterized by various inverse power laws across frequency bands. This Grand Spectrum quantifies the successive dominance of the many different geophysical processes with frequency, but importantly provides a compelling graphic to illustrate the complexity of the geomagnetic field.

Corollary discharge function in healthy controls: Evidence about self-speech and external speech processing.

As we speak, corollary discharge mechanisms suppress the auditory conscious perception of the self-generated voice in healthy subjects. This suppression has been associated with the attenuation of the auditory N1 component. To analyse this corollary discharge phenomenon (agency and ownership), we registered the event-related potentials of 42 healthy subjects. The N1 and P2 components were elicited by spoken vowels (talk condition; agency), by played-back vowels recorded with their own voice (listen-self condition; ownership) and by played-back vowels recorded with an external voice (listen-other condition). The N1 amplitude elicited by the talk condition was smaller compared with the listen-self and listen-other conditions. There were no amplitude differences in N1 between listen-self and listen-other conditions. The P2 component did not show differences between conditions. Additionally, a peak latency analysis of N1 and P2 components between the three conditions showed no differences. These findings corroborate previous results showing that the corollary discharge mechanisms dampen sensory responses to self-generated speech (agency experience) and provide new neurophysiological evidence about the similarities in the processing of played-back vowels with our own voice (ownership experience) and with an external voice.

Consequencialismo jurídico e desconsideração da personalidade jurídica: aplicação nos processos de controle externo

The court of audit has a relevant role in the protection of public assets, in observance with their constitutional duties. In this context, there has recently discussion about the application of the disregard doctrine in external control processes, in order to safeguard public funds. The hypothesis to be analyzed with the deductive method is the study of the possibility or not of the application of this measure by the audit courts. This analysis takes into account the Law No. 13.655/2018, which determines that the practical consequences of the decision to be made must be observed, positivizing consequentialism in the national legal system.

Prediction and optimisation for surface roughness distribution in external spline shaping based on micro-element method

Previous surface topography prediction models for external spline shaping do not consider the relationship between the tool and workpiece geometry and cutter edge wear. In this work, by considering the tool–workpiece geometry correlation, a model for the tooth surface topography of the external spline is established based on the micro-element method. Combined with adhere model, a gear shaper wear model is founded on the wear mechanism of cutter edge micro-element derived from the abrasive wear mechanism. The distribution characteristics of tooth topography are analysed through an external spline shaping experiment, which verifies the validity of the presented model. For the uneven distribution of tooth surface topography, a shaping process optimisation algorithm is proposed based on the advance-and-retreat method, which can obtain tooth surfaces with uniform surface topography distribution and reduce tool wear. This work can guide the optimisation of the external spline shaping process, improve the integrity of the tooth surface and prolong the serviceable life of gear shaper.

Reasons for merging and collaborating in healthcare: Marriage or living apart together?

Across OECD countries, integration between healthcare organisations has become an indispensable part of contemporary healthcare provision. In recent years, inter-organisational collaboration has increasingly been encouraged in health and competition policy at the expense of mergers. Yet, understanding of whether healthcare organisations make an active choice between merging and collaborating is lacking. Hence, this study systematically examines (i) healthcare executives' motives for integration, (ii) their potential trade-offs between collaborating or merging, and (iii) the barriers to collaborating perceived by them. Early 2019, an online questionnaire was conducted among a nationwide panel of 714 healthcare executives in the Netherlands. Because of their strategic position within healthcare organisations as end-responsible managers, healthcare executives are especially suited to provide broad and in-depth knowledge on the internal and external processes and decisions. Three hundred thirty-seven Dutch healthcare executives completed the questionnaire (response rate 47%). This study sample was representative of the largest healthcare sectors in the Netherlands. In total, 137 mergers and 235 inter-organisational collaborations were reported. Both closed questions and open-ended questions were systematically analysed. Improving or broadening healthcare provision is the foremost motive for mergers as well as inter-organisational collaborations. When considering both types, reducing governance complexity is one of the decisive reasons to opt for a merger, whereas aversion towards a full merger and lack of support base within the own organisation convinced healthcare executives to choose for a collaboration. When comparing specific healthcare sectors, the overlap in pursued motives and sub-motives indicates that inter-organisational collaborations and mergers are used for comparable objectives. Only a small minority of the responding executives switched between both types of integration. Institutional barriers, such as laws, regulations and financing regimes, appear to be the most restricting for healthcare executives to engage in inter-organisational collaborations. Our integral approach and systematic comparison across sectors could serve policymakers, regulators and healthcare providers in aligning organisational objectives and societal objectives in decision-making on collaborations and mergers. Future research is recommended to study multiple collaboration and merger cases qualitatively for a detailed examination of decision-making by healthcare executives, and develop an integral assessment framework for balancing collaborations and mergers based on their effects in the medium to long term.

The types, grades and distribution features of geoheritage in China: An inventory

Geoheritage represents typical geological phenomena formed through internal and external geological processes during the Earth's long evolution. It serves as a carrier of crucial information regarding the Earth's evolution, the origin of life, and changes in the geographic environment. Additionally, it is a valuable geological resource for human utilization. In order to provide essential information for the scientific protection and utilization of geoheritage resources, this paper summarizes and further categorizes the types, grades, and distribution characteristics of geoheritage in China based on extensive firsthand data obtained from recent investigations. The results can be summaried in four aspects: (1) As of the end of 2018, a total of 7,267 important geoheritage sites (including global, national, and provincial levels) have been discovered and surveyed in China. Among them, there are 3,154 geoheritage sites of basic geology, 3,935 geoheritage sites of geomorphic landscape, and 178 geoheritage sites of geological disaster. They can be further categorized into 13 classes and 46 sub-classes, such as stratigraphic sections, rock profiles, rock and soil landforms, and earthquake relics. (2) Through expert evaluations and comparative studies, there are 218 Grade I (global level) geoheritage sites, 1,919 Grade II (national level) geoheritage sites, 4,732 Grade III (provincial level) geoheritage sites, and 398 Grade IV (below provincial level) geoheritage sites in China. (3) Geoheritage in China are mainly distributed in five regions: Southwest China, East China, Central China, Northwest, and North China. The geoheritage sites of basic geology are mainly distributed in the Southwest China, Central China, East China, Northwest China, and North China, with the Southwest China having the highest number, accounting for approximately 27%. The geoheritage sites of geomorphic landscape are mainly distributed in the Southwest China, Northwest China, East China, Central China, and North China, with the Southwest China having the highest number, accounting for approximately 29%. The geoheritage sites of geological disaster are mainly distributed in the Southwest China, Northwest China, and Central China, with the Southwest China having the highest number, accounting for approximately 47%.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride as an advanced polymer for multifunctional applications- a review

With the advancement of technological development, polymers are grabbing huge consideration in developing Energy Harvesting and Electromechanical devices. Polyvinylidene Fluoride, commonly referred to as PVDF, a semicrystalline polymer from the fluoropolymer family, has received tremendous interest among the research community. This polymer is astonishing to researchers with its excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties. Apart from this, properties like outstanding thermal stability, flexible processing, anticorrosive, and mechanical strength make them more appropriate for applications such as wearable sensors, nanogenerators, spin valve ultrafiltration membranes, and separators in lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, while exploring deep through its electrical properties, PVDF is a ferroelectric non-polar insulating matrix and is majorly adopted in insulating materials. But few researchers have resulted that incorporating certain fillers into PVDF can improve their electroactive crystalline phase without an external poling process. This enhancement enhances their piezoelectric properties and makes them an advanced polymer for multifunctional applications such as shielding material for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Acoustic sensors, energy storage and smart scaffolds. Hence this review discusses PVDF as an advanced polymer for Multifunctional applications.

Pendidikan Moderasi Beragama dan Simbol Keagamaan (Pembentukan Identitas Islam Moderat Anak Melalui Songkok NU Perspektif Teori Konstruksi Sosial Peter Berger)

This paper examines managing religious moderation education by strengthening religious symbols, namely songkok, with NU logic. This study aimed to analyze how the use of symbols on the NU skullcap can shape the personality of SD Islamiyah Magetan students in forming an understanding of religious moderation from the perspective of Peter L. Berger's social construction theory. How can symbols convey messages about religious moderation as a form of planting moderate Islam and identity formation? This symbol has several functions, such as describing something as well as a form of conveying an implied message. Therefore, to analyze it using the social construction theory approach of Peter L. Berger. From the results of the reading, it can be concluded: First, the implementation of the regulation on wearing the NU songkok at SD Islamiyah Mageran is outlined in a regulation that enforces every male student to wear the NU songkok. Second, Sonkok NU can become an identity and have moderate Islamic values ??found in the relationship between moderate Islamic values ??of NU ideas such as tawasuth, tawazun, tasamuh, and ta’adul, which have an impact on their use in everyday life. Third, Religious Moderation Education through Sonkok NU as a moderate Islamic identity from the perspective of Peter L Berger's sociological theory of knowledge is through a process of externalization, objectivation, and internalization.

Mechanical properties and crack evolution characteristics of fractured rock with hidden fissures

Natural defects, such as joints, structural surfaces and voids, significantly affect the mechanical properties and fracture modes of rock mass. Hidden fissures are widely distributed in magmatic rock, while their influences on the mechanical properties and the cracking mechanism are still unclear. Laboratory tests were conducted on prefabricating hidden-fissured rock-like specimens, as well as intact specimens and close-fissured specimens as a comparison. The real-time digital image correlation technology and acoustic emission monitoring technology were synchronously adopted to capture both the external and internal cracking process. The results show that the hidden fissures can weaken the uniaxial compression strength, while the deterioration effect of hidden fissures is weaker than closed fissures due to the internal cohesion among fissure internal particles. What’s more, the initiation behavior of the α = 90° hidden-fissured specimen is different from that of β = 90° closed-fissured specimen. Finally, the cracking mechanism of hidden-fissured specimens was revealed by analyzing the RA–AF relationship. The failure of the close-fissured specimens is mainly the tensile-shear mixed fracture mode, while the failure of the hidden-fissured specimens is mainly the tensile fracture mode and supplemented by the shear. The experimental results contribute to the understanding of cracking properties in hidden-fissured rock.

GPU-Free Specific Emitter Identification Using Signal Feature Embedded Broad Learning

Emerging wireless networks may suffer severe security threats due to the ubiquitous access of massive wireless devices. Specific emitter identification (SEI) is considered as one of the important techniques to protect wireless networks, which aims to identifying legal or illegal devices through the radio frequency (RF) fingerprints contained in RF signals. Existing SEI methods are implemented with either traditional machine learning or deep learning. The former relies on manual feature extraction which is usually inefficient, while the latter relies on the powerful GPU computing power but with limited applications and high cost. To solve these problems, in this paper, we propose a GPU-free SEI method using a signal feature embedded broad learning network (SFEBLN), for efficient emitter identification based on a single-layer forward propagation network on the CPU platform. With this method, the original RF data is first pre-processed through external signal processing nodes, and then processed to generate mapped feature nodes and enhancement nodes by nonlinear transformation. Next, we design the internal signal processing nodes to extract effective features from the processed RF signals. The final input layer consists of mapped feature nodes, enhancement nodes and internal signal processing nodes. Then, the network weight parameters are obtained by solving the pseudo inverse problem. Experiments are conducted over the CPU platform and the results show that our proposed SEI method using SFEBLN achieves a superior identification performance and robustness under various scenarios.

Correlations for forced convective heat transfer coefficients at the windward building façade with vertical louvers

Vertical louvers are a widely used external shading system to control natural lighting and solar heat gain for buildings. However, when installed on a building façade, they can disrupt the flow field around the façade and affect the external convective heat transfer process of building's exterior surfaces. To this end, this paper conducted CFD simulations to clarify the forced convective heat transfer patterns in a vertical louver-facade system based on the k-ω SST model with a detailed verification. The extended Newton's cooling equation is used to describe the heat exchange process between louvers, building façade, and air, which generates four heat transfer coefficients: hwa, hwb, hba, and hbw. Then the impacts of dimensionless temperature difference (θ), louver angle (φ), louver slat width (B), and installation distance (W) on the heat transfer coefficients are investigated. The results show that θ does not affect the average heat transfer coefficients. hwa reaches a minimum value and hba reaches a maximum value when φ = 75o. In addition, hwa increases by 55.3% and hba decreases by 21.9% as B increases from 0.3 m to 1 m. When W increases from 0.25 m to 1 m, hwa decreases by 5.6% and hba increases by 39.6%. The variation in the heat transfer coefficients (hwb and hbw) between the louvers and building façade is also explained. Finally, new correlations of paired heat transfer coefficients are established as a function of φ, B, W, and wind velocity (U10). The accuracy of these correlations is evaluated by comparing calculated values with simulated results.

The Dynamics of Life model

AbstractThis paper attempts to formulate a generic model of living and social system at all levels with three parts. The first is the Dynamics of Life diagram, which follows flows of energy, matter and information through the system. A rule set controls how the parts co‐operate to maintain internal and external processes. As a system acts, it creates the space for a shadow system that opposes it. Unmanaged entropy is expelled or remains as a toxic element.The second is the Tree of Life that outlines the levels of functioning in a human being from biological to psychological to social. Each level manifests the flows as in the Dynamics of Life diagram.The third explores the processes of living and social systems through time and borrows heavily from Holling and Gunderson's Adaptive Cycle. The three parts present an integrated overview of the functioning of living and social systems.

EEG microstate co-specificity in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The past 20 years of research on EEG microstates has yielded the hypothesis that the imbalance pattern in the temporal dynamics of microstates C (increased) and D (decreased) is specific to schizophrenia. A similar microstate imbalance has been recently found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the present high-density EEG study was to examine whether this pathological microstate pattern is co-specific to schizophrenia and OCD. We compared microstate temporal dynamics using Bayesian analyses, transition probabilities analyses and the Topographic Electrophysiological State Source-Imaging method for source reconstruction in 24 OCD patients and 28 schizophrenia patients, respectively, free of comorbid psychotic and OCD symptoms, and 27 healthy controls. OCD and schizophrenia patients exhibited the same increased contribution of microstate C, decreased duration and contribution of microstate D and greater D → C transition probabilities, compared with controls. A Bayes factor of 4.424 for the contribution of microstate C, 4.600 and 3.824, respectively, for the duration and contribution of microstate D demonstrated that there was no difference in microstate patterns between the two disorders. Source reconstruction further showed undistinguishable dysregulations between the Salience Network (SN), associated with microstate C, and the Executive Control Network (ECN), associated with microstate D, and between the ECN and cognitive cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop in the two disorders. The ECN/CSTC loop dysconnectivity was slightly worsened in schizophrenia. Our findings provide substantial evidence for a common aetiological pathway in schizophrenia and OCD, i.e. microstate co-specificity, and same anomalies in salience and external attention processing, leading to co-expression of symptoms.

Design Education as a Special Pedagogical Area

Introduction. Design education in Russia has been going through a complex, more than a century-long path of reforming and reorganizing educational institutions and the pedagogical process. The rethinking and processing of pedagogical concepts in the fields of education focused on training in-demand specialists takes place in parallel with external global processes on the basis of existing and new scientific knowledge, technology development, as well as ideas about the creative potential of the individual as a whole, and the tasks of the designer as a specialist, in particular, which is acutely relevant in modern realities. The purpose of the article is to study the semantic content of such key terms for pedagogy as the educational field and the education system, as well as the derivation of design education into a separate educational system. Methodology and methods of research. The methodological basis of the research was the following scientific methods: the phenomenological method, through which we identified the main features of the use of certain terms in contradictory meanings, in particular such terms as “educational environment”, “educational field”, “educational industry”, “subject area”; structural and functional method analyzing stable relationships and the relationship between the elements of the concepts considered in the article; the method of comparative analysis, which allowed us to identify common and different in the concepts under study and offer our own vision of the design education system at the present stage. The result of our research is the conclusion that design education, having a special subject area (area of professional activity), can be defined into a separate educational system, meeting the needs of the modern design industry. As a conclusion, we propose to consider design education from the point of view of an independent educational system, which will enable educational institutions to revise the structure and content of design education to increase efficiency in training highly qualified specialists and, as a consequence, to increase the level of economic achievements of the country.

The Influence of Locus of Control in the Choice of Coping Strategies for Teachers

Key words: strategy of coping and self-control, internal external processes, stress, coping behavior, coping resources, coping mechanisms The article discusses the theoretical approaches of coping, coping behavior, coping strategies and locus of control. A brief theoretical analysis of the theory of coping, the components of coping strategies, the definition and role of locus of control is presented. In the context of the modernization of education and the intensive search for new technologies in educational practice, the issue of maintaining the psychological health of a school teacher becomes a matter of extreme importance. There is a positive relationship between the presence of certain coping strategies and the degree of emotional burnout of teachers, namely, teachers with a formed phase of emotional burnout are dominated by non-adaptive coping strategies, while teachers with an unformed phase of emotional burnout are dominated by non-adaptive coping strategies. Also the article presents the data of our empirical study and their analysis based on a sample of teachers, in which the dependence of coping strategies on the locus of control was revealed. The nature and method of overcoming stressful situations is a special category of resources for stress resistance and coping techniques, which includes strategies and models of coping behavior or coping strategies. The preconditions for the formation of a burnout syndrome, requires the use of unproductive coping mechanisms, such as the non-adaptive mental processes and unproductive emotional and behavioral responses. We revealed significant relationships between coping strategies in problem solving and two scales of subjective control: internalization and general internalizing attitudes towards health and illness, as well as an inverse relationship between problem avoidance coping strategies and internalization of achievements. Based on the semantic meaning of the locus of control in the theory of J. Rotter and the coping strategy in the interpretation of D. Amirkhan, it can be assumed that the locus of control is a more fundamental personal characteristic than the strategy of coping behavior itself, and it is the locus of control that influences the choice of strategy. DOI։ https://doi.org/10.58726/27382915-2023.1-438

Formation of Complex Organic Molecules on Interstellar CO Ices? Insights from Computational Chemistry Simulations

The carbon (3P) atom is a reactive species that, according to laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations, condensates with interstellar ice components. This fact is of uttermost importance for the chemistry in the interstellar medium (ISM) because the condensation reaction is barrierless, and the subsequent species formed are still reactive given their open-shell character. Carbon condensation on CO-rich ices forms the C=C=O (3Σ−) species, which can be easily hydrogenated twice to form ketene (H2CCO). Ketene is very reactive in terrestrial conditions, usually found as an intermediate that is difficult to isolate in chemical synthesis laboratories. These characteristics suggest that ketene can be a good candidate to form interstellar complex organic molecules via a two-step process, i.e., its activation followed by a radical–radical coupling. In this work, reactions between ketene and atomic H and the OH and NH2 radicals on a CO-rich ice model have been explored by means of quantum chemical calculations complemented by kinetic calculations to evaluate if they are favorable in the ISM. Results indicate that the addition of H to ketene (helped by tunneling) to form the acetyl radical (CH3CO) is the most preferred path as the reactions with OH and NH2 possess activation energies (≥9 kJ mol−1) hard to surmount in the ISM conditions unless external processes provide energy to the system. Thus, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and, probably, ethanol (CH3CH2OH) formation via further hydrogenations, are the possible unique operating synthetic routes. Moreover, from the computed, relatively large binding energies of OH and NH2 on CO ice, slow diffusion is expected, hampering possible radical–radical couplings with CH3CO. The astrophysical implications of these findings are discussed considering the incoming James Webb Space Telescope observations.

Closer to Citizens or Ticking Boxes? Political Parties and Participatory Practices in Hungary

Political parties use participatory practices to connect with their members and with the broader electorate. While substantial research indicates how people get involved, very little is known about why political parties use participatory practices. The present article addresses this gap in the literature and seeks to identify the reasons parties do so. We elaborate an analytical framework that includes three main categories of explanations: party characteristics, internal dynamics, and external dynamics. Our analysis focuses on Hungary, explores party statutes and manifestos, and relies on 26 semi-structured interviews with party elites from ten political parties. The findings indicate that parties have several purposes in mind, which vary across parties, that are often linked to broader concerns about citizen engagement and to attempts to give members a voice in internal and external decision-making processes.

Dynamic reorientation of tidally locked bodies: Application to Pluto

Planets and moons reorient in space due to mass redistribution associated with various types of internal and external processes. While the equilibrium orientation of a tidally locked body is well understood, much less explored are the dynamics of the reorientation process (or true polar wander, TPW, used here for the motion of either the rotation or the tidal pole). TPW dynamics can be non-trivial and are important for predicting the patterns of TPW-induced surface fractures, as well as for assessing whether enough time has passed for the equilibrium orientation to be reached. The only existing and relatively complex numerical method for an accurate evaluation of the reorientation dynamics of a tidally locked body was described in a series of papers by Hu et al. (2017a,b, 2019). Here we demonstrate that an identical solution can be obtained with a simpler approach, denoted as oω||mMIA, because during TPW the tidal and the rotation axes closely follow respectively the minor and the major axes of the total, time-evolving inertia tensor of the body. Motivated by the presumed reorientation of Pluto, the use of the oω||mMIA method is illustrated on several test examples. In particular, we vary the load sign and the mass of the host body and analyze whether TPW paths are curved or straight. When tidal forcing is relatively small, the paths of negative anomalies (e.g. basins) towards the rotation pole are highly curved, while positive loads may reach the sub- or anti-host point straightforwardly. The obtained behavior is explained by the relative timing of longitudinal and latitudinal reorientation. Our results suggest that the Sputnik Planitia basin cannot be a negative anomaly at present day, and that the remnant figure of Pluto must have formed prior to the reorientation. Finally, the presented method is complemented with an energy balance that can be used to test the numerical solution and to quantify the changes in orbital distance due to TPW. A new release of the custom written code LIOUSHELL that is used to perform the simulations is made freely available on GitHub.

Combating the professional deformation of prosecutors: a comprehensive approach

In accordance with Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Prosecutor’s Office” (from October 14, 2014, No. 1697-VII), the Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine constitutes a single system that, in accordance with the procedure provided for by this Law, performs the functions established by the Constitution of Ukraine for the purpose of protecting human rights and freedoms , general interests of society and the state.The reform of the prosecutor’s office, which is ongoing in Ukraine, has had a comprehensive effect on the external and internal processes of the functioning of the relevant system. The Strategy for the Development of the Prosecutor’s Office for 2021- 2023 (Order of the Prosecutor General dated October 16, 2020 No. 489) states that the prerequisites for implementing the principles of efficiency, professionalism, independence and responsibility in the activities of the Prosecutor’s Office are currently being created; measures are taken to assess the compliance of prosecutors with the criteria of professional competence, integrity and professional ethics, as well as to provide an opportunity for all honest candidates who have the appropriate theoretical knowledge and practical skills to take up the position of prosecutor in any prosecutor’s office on a competitive basis; guarantees of professional development of prosecutor’s office employees are strengthened.At the same time, today in Ukraine, as in many other countries, the prosecutor’s system faces many problems, one of which is the professional deformation of prosecutors. This phenomenon can lead to negative consequences, such as violations of the law, corruption, abuse of power, and others. In this regard, the issue of prevention and elimination of the consequences of professional deformation of prosecutors becomes especially urgent. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive measures to improve professional skill, ethics and discipline among prosecutors, as well as to ensure their independence from external influence.The article analyzes the causes of professional deformation among prosecutors in Ukraine and suggests ways to prevent and eliminate it. In particular, the author’s vision of a comprehensive approach to combating the professional deformation of prosecutors was formulated, covering the following aspects: organizational, psychological, professional, ethical, social and international.The results of the study can be useful for state authorities and society as a whole in the context of strengthening the rule of law and fighting corruption.

Prediction of Pseudomonas spp. Population in Food Products and Culture Media Using Machine Learning-Based Regression Methods.

Machine learning approaches are alternative modelling techniques to traditional modelling equations used in predictive food microbiology and utilise algorithms to analyse large datasets that contain information about microbial growth or survival in various food matrices. These approaches leverage the power of algorithms to extract insights from the data and make predictions regarding the behaviour of microorganisms in different food environments. The objective of this study was to apply various machine learning-based regression methods, including support vector regression (SVR), Gaussian process regression (GPR), decision tree regression (DTR), and random forest regression (RFR), to estimate bacterial populations. In order to achieve this, a total of 5618 data points for Pseudomonas spp. present in food products (beef, pork, and poultry) and culture media were gathered from the ComBase database. The machine learning algorithms were applied to predict the growth or survival behaviour of Pseudomonas spp. in food products and culture media by considering predictor variables such as temperature, salt concentration, water activity, and acidity. The suitability of the algorithms was assessed using statistical measures such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), bias factor (Bf), and accuracy (Af). Each of the regression algorithms showed appropriate estimation capabilities with R2 ranging from 0.886 to 0.913, RMSE from 0.724 to 0.899, Bf from 1.012 to 1.020, and Af from 1.086 to 1.101 for each food product and culture medium. Since the predictive capability of RFR was the best among the algorithms, externally collected data from the literature were used for RFR. The external validation process showed statistical indices of Bf ranging from 0.951 to 1.040 and Af ranging from 1.091 to 1.130, indicating that RFR can be used for predicting the survival and growth of microorganisms in food products. Therefore, machine learning approaches can be considered as an alternative to conventional modelling methods in predictive microbiology. However, it is important to highlight that the prediction power of the machine learning regression method directly depends on the dataset size, and it requires a large dataset to be employed for modelling. Therefore, the modelling work of this study can only be used for the prediction of Pseudomonas spp. in specific food products (beef, pork, and poultry) and culture medium with certain conditions where a large dataset is available.