External Political Factors Research Articles

FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF UKRAINE: STATE, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS

Introduction. In the conditions of knowledge economy development, continuous reforming of the system of higher education of Ukraine, its effective financial provision meets the most important needs of modernity and promotes formation of intellectual potential of the state, social and economic development of society and growth of national economy. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of higher education, its financial support and determine the prospects for the development of this priority sector of the economy. Methods. During the research the analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, forecasts, trends, modeling and other methods were used. Results. The current state of higher education of the state and its financing at the world and national levels is analyzed. Expenditures on higher education have been found to fluctuate constantly, due in particular to external political and economic factors. According to the results of the research, it is concluded that the role of the state in financing higher education is growing every year, but the involvement of alternative sources such as participation in educational, scientific, infrastructure projects, cooperation with business, industry, graduates, and providing paid services remains relevant.

Science-based Stakeholder Dialogue for Environmental Policy Implementation

Science-based stakeholder dialogue is a strategy to bring science closer to decision-making with increasing importance for the design of environmental policies. The need for such an approximation has been stressed, but documented implementations are rare. We present our experience of developing a science-based dialogue for the Brazilian Forest Code implementation and share the lessons learned. We departed from a mix of participatory methods to conduct six meetings with stakeholders. During the process, we were able to reduce the gap between science and practice, meeting stakeholders' expectations and increasing the accessibility of scientific information. Avoiding falling back to top-down science and keeping stakeholders' participation constancy were challenges faced. Despite the project achievements, important scientific outcomes were disregarded by higher instances of decision-making. Thus, although we were able to start the dialogue successfully, we also come across the fact that external political factors impaired its reach. By reporting our experience, we expect to help to establish science-based dialogues applied to environmental policy implementation, narrowing the science-practice gap and contributing to more effective environmental policies.

Hong Kong’s Changing Role in Connecting the Mainland With the World

Many discussions on Hong Kong’s social movements rightfully focus on the internal and external political factors that are influential in shaping the recent political events. This paper examines selective important political deve-lopments related to the subject matter and does not pretend to be comprehensive on the subject matter. While contextualizing Hong Kong’s recent unrest in political events, we are simultaneously also interested to de-privilege political factors as the sole explanation for the social movements and highlight a functional and highly utilitarian reason for the social turmoil, which is that of high housing prices and social disenfranchisement. It was the twin impacts of political changes as well as housing grievances (along with other bread and butter issues) that became a volatile cocktail in concocting the social unrest and public expressions of discontent. The central and local HK governments cannot homogenize a single uniform response to the challenges of globalization, in terms of both clamoring for democratization and economic egalitarianism. This paper therefore argues that there is a differential effectiveness of China’s/HK’s responses to economic globalization’s inequities and addressing the pro-democrat demands.

Living Conditions of Employees of the Verkhneudinsk City Public Self-Government in 1917

Based on archival materials and regional historiography, the article describes the main aspects of the daily life of an employee of the Verkhneudinsky city public self-government in 1917. The authors examined important criteria for assessing the quality of life of local government employees during the revolutionary period: the size of the salary, the price of food and basic necessities. The study of the material security of the municipal employee allows us to note the close relationship between the collapse and the construction of a new state apparatus and the trends that are manifested in social policy in the field of remuneration of employees of city government. Based on the above data, the authors give an analysis of the monetary content of civil servants of the Verkhneudinsky city government. Particular attention is paid not only to the size of the salary of a member of the city government and its changes over time under the influence of both internal and external political factors, but also to the possibility of a comfortable existence on their salary.

DECENTRALIZATION AND THE PROBLEM OF THE FEDERALIZATION OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THREAT AND TERRITORIAL INTERALITY

The administrative-territorial reform that began in Ukraine aims at modernizing state governance and introducing European standards. First of all, it is about democratization of public administration on the basis of broad territorial self-government and decentralizationof power, as well as introduction of a new territorial-administrative division. Public opinion often discusses the best practices for achieving these goals, most often addressing decentralization and federalization, mistakenly identifying them as equal. As a consequence, axifugal movements, inspired by internal and external political factors, emerge in Ukraine under the slogan of democratization under the guise of federalization thus creating internal conflicts as well as a threat to its territorial integrity. The prospect of federalization of Ukraine represents a jeopardy to its unity. With economic, cultural, and mental regional differences, the transition from unitarity to federalization will bring further deepening of contrasts. Therefore, the decentralization of public power in the state may be the optimal solution to the problem and an alternative to federalization.

Influence of pandemic of coronavirus infection COVID-19 on economic resilience of Ukrainian enterprises

Introduction. Modern Ukrainian enterprises operate in conditions of uncertainty and risk which could develop in unpredictable way. Currently the critical situation for Ukrainian economy is determined by the spread of pandemic of coronavirus infection COVID-19, which has acquired a global nature. Under the circumstances which has brought the pandemic, many Ukrainian enterprises approached the verge of bankruptcy due to the absence of management mechanism, which main objective is ensuring of economic resilience and maximum management efficiency and creating ability for prospective growth of their potential under the circumstances of force majeure. The objective of this paper is to study an influence of pandemic of coronavirus infection COVID-19 on economic resilience of Ukrainian enterprises with defining of negative and positive aspects for creation of a background which would enable a development of Ukrainian business in the future. Results. The global spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 contributed to risk of recession in the world economy, index of world GDP growth for 2019 equals 2.9%, while the predicted values display its reduction by 3% for 2020, and by 5.8% in 2021. The GDP growth for Ukraine in 2019 equals 3.2%, its reduction in 2020 will make 7.7% and reduction predicted for 2021 makes 3.6%. The number of unemployed has increased in 2020 by 48% compared to the same period of 2019, and according to the forecasts of National Bank of Ukraine in ІІІ quarter of 2020 the rate of unemployment will grow by 12% compared to І quarter of the year. The arrears in wage equal USD 112.7 million. The state budget income deficit equals 29.6%, and specifically customs revenue has decreased by 32.2%. The fiscal revenue for May 2020 displays a slippage by 8.5% compared to May 2019. Currently one third of Ukrainian enterprises lost about 50-75% of their revenue. Most of enterprises of Ukraine show a remarkable growth of accounts receivable, and 7% of enterprises came to a near halt. It means that a new crisis will only make the make larger a rupture between Ukraine and developed countries both in aspect of competitiveness of economy and in that life quality. With regard to necessity of resumption of the operation of enterprises and ensuring their economic resilience almost all countries in the world, which were affected by the pandemic, take certain measures for resuscitation. The major part of the affected countries of the world, including Ukraine, showed their unpreparedness to face the challenges like a pandemic of coronavirus infection. The hard circumstances that Ukrainian entrepreneurs have got in were resulted not only from external political and economic factors, but were determined by the instruments of internal policy of Ukraine, what has led to reduction of business activity, reduction in public consumption and unemployment growth, which factors eventually undermine the mechanism of reproduction in national economy. Another factor which influences Ukrainian economy in a deleterious way is a reduction in global demand, which contributes to a decline in export capabilities of the country. Almost every economic sector of Ukraine sustained major losses, which have significantly influenced the general state of state economy. Only in case of fulfillment by Cabinet of Ministers and National Bank of Ukraine of economically justified efficient anti-crisis program the state has chance to survive the crisis with damages lower than other countries will have. Despite the deleterious effect that coronavirus exercises on Ukrainian economy, there are also some positive aspects of this situation, and the main of them is gaining experience, which would be able to help in the future while managing the country’s own economic resilience to take into account an option functioning in critical circumstances of global extent. Conclusions. The main problem of Ukrainian business nowadays is the poor knowledge of strategies of enterprise functioning in conditions of force majeure of global extent. The key aspects of efficient anti-crisis program on ensuring of economic resilience of Ukrainian enterprises must include risk assessment, development of well-defined business plan, increasing adaptivity to threats which occur under conditions of continuous business processes and constant iteration and business renewal, which has to face any challenge both on national and global level.

The Political Factors that affect Contemporary Art in the Arab world, Descriptive Analytical Study

This paper examining the determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. through what the Arabic artworks (study sample) contained ideas, there was internal and external political factors that affect contemporary Arabic art. the researcher will extract these factors by evaluating the findings made in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that influence the selected artworks (sample study). This step also includes the drawn conclusions in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that cause these political situations in the Arab world. The study sample contained seven Arabic contemporary installation artworks from 2010-2015 to determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. The findings were list combines the external and internal political factors that influence contemporary Arabic art in general because these factors include all the political factors and its comprehensive and appeared in contemporary Arabic artworks.

Regional Identity, Separatism, and War in Eastern Europe: Donbass and Pridnestrovie

The authors of this article use the examples of the Donbass and Pridnestrovie regions to examine the relationship between regional identity, separatism, and armed conflict. On the basis of comparative methods of analysis, they describe the historical and sociological processes and political conditions that, over the course of history, produced the formation of a specific sense of regional separateness among the inhabitants of those regions. They prove that regional identity need not rest on centuries of tradition and that Soviet modernization could be a key component of that identity.This analysis of the relation between regional identity and war indicates that the popular explanation of the underpinnings of separatism in Eastern Europe by reference to identity is insufficient in the case of these two regions. In contemporary Donbass and in Pridnestrovie both, identity is constructed on the basis of a war narrative but has become a foundation for effective separatism only in connection with the interests of the local elites and/or external political and cultural factors.

The geographies of justice in Portugal: redefining the judiciary's territories

AbstractIn this paper, I examine the current geographical location of Portuguese courts and the effects this territorial redefinition has had on the relationships between the justice system and the territories/populations in a context in which external and internal political factors, rather than a mere need to improve the justice system, have played a major role. Such an analysis entails three key elements: the geographic impacts on access to justice, in view of the emblematic presence of the state in the territories, both contrasted with the conflict between specialisation and the proximity of jurisdiction.

The Political Factors that affect Contemporary Art in the Arab world, Descriptive Analytical Study

This paper examining the determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. through what the Arabic artworks (study sample) contained ideas, there was internal and external political factors that affect contemporary Arabic art. the researcher will extract these factors by evaluating the findings made in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that influence the selected artworks (sample study). This step also includes the drawn conclusions in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that cause these political situations in the Arab world. The study sample contained seven Arabic contemporary installation artworks from 2010-2015 to determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. The findings were list combines the external and internal political factors that influence contemporary Arabic art in general because these factors include all the political factors and its comprehensive and appeared in contemporary Arabic artworks.

‘A Work from an Unknown Member of the Proletariat’: Digitising and Re-examining Vere Gordon Childe’s ‘Dawn of European Civilization’.

This article presents a detailed examination of Gordon Childe’s The Dawn of European Civilization, one of the best known books in European Archaeology. An overview of the book, its scope and influence is provided, as well as an analysis of its complex theoretical structures and philosophical context. Detailed sequential analysis of all six editions reveals how the original was repeatedly reinvented by Childe over a thirty year period in response to advances in European archaeology, his own theoretical interests and external political factors. The importance of the book for the history of 20th century archaeology and its role as an ‘ancestral text’ are assessed.

Reclaiming the Mosque

The most famous Ḥadīth collection, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, records ‘Umar, theSecond Caliph, to have said, “We did not value women as anything duringthe ‘period of ignorance’ until Islam came and started mentioning them,because of which we took into consideration their rights upon us” (ḤadīthNo. 5505). This narration, along with a multitude of other Qur’anic injunctionsand Prophetic sayings, plus the practice of the Prophetic era, makes it clear that Islam elevates the status of women, encourages (indeed ensures)their participation in the society, and makes them the vibrant contributorsalongside men. But, ironically, in the subsequent periods of Muslim history,the jurisdiction of women in Muslim societies was reduced to the confinesof the household, depriving them of active social participation. While thereis no denying that some external political factors and cultural influences ledto this situation, the ‘religious’/ ‘Islamic’ overtone given to this non-Islamicdiscrimination against women is most unfortunate ...

Corporate law and corporate control in West Germany after 1945

According to the ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ and ‘Law and Finance’ approaches, legal institutions regulating corporate finance and governance shape specific national varieties of capitalism. This article analyses legal debates and practices of corporate control in post-war Germany from the perspective of business history. It argues that the stock corporation law did not have a significant impact on control practices. The law only roughly outlined rights of the supervisory boards and defined minimum standards. There was considerable room for manoeuvre within the corporations, and various effective and some ineffective control arrangements were possible. The article indicates that not only legal institutions but external political and economic factors were important for Germany’s coordinated market economy and for the development of greater capital market control.

К вопросу о теоретических аспектах изучения политических элит малых государств

The article provides a theoretical analysis of political elites in small states. The author uses comparative analysis and descriptive approach to demonstrate main challenges that small countries ruling class is facing. The article states that regardless of widespread use of small state concept in political science and international relations theory its definition is still essentially contested. The author elaborates on the quantitative and qualitative approached to the given notion. The conclusion is that small states are not a “small copy” of great powers, and their foreign policy actions are driven by a specific and unique logic. The main feature of this logic is dependency, and asymmetrical relationship with major powers. This shapes the specifics of small state elites’ political preferences and interests. The article highlights the relevancy of theoretical scrutiny of activity and behavior of political elites of small states. Presented analysis of various cases of political elites’ actions and strategies can to contribute to elite theory. Mainly, contribution is possible in the study of interconnection between internal and external (international) political factors that are influencing actions of elite. This area of research is especially relevant at the current stage of elite theory development. Globally, increase in number of small states, expansion of their toolkit of influence in international system, and erosion of boundary between domestic and foreign policy of states can be considered as a burning issue in Political Science. Also “factor of size” in the field of elite studies in different individual states and interstate associations can further contribute to the discussion.

Digitising and Re-examining Vere Gordon Childe’s ‘Dawn of European Civilization’: a celebration of the UCL Institute of Archaeology’s 80th Anniversary

This article presents a detailed examination of Gordon Childe’s The Dawn of European Civilization, one of the best known books in European Archaeology. An overview of the book, its scope and influence is provided, as well as an analysis of its complex theoretical structures and philosophical context. Detailed sequential analysis of all six editions reveals how the original was repeatedly reinvented by Childe over a thirty year period in response to advances in European archaeology, his own theoretical interests and external political factors. The importance of the book for the history of 20th century archaeology and its role as an ‘ancestral text’ are assessed.

Los cuentos de los Presidentes Cómo la construcción de mensajes a través del storytelling y las historias biográficas ayuda a conectar al gobernante con los gobernados en el caso peruano

The following article analyzes the use of storytelling and biographical stories as elements of communication by presidential governments in Peru. It emphasizes Pedro Pablo Kuczynski administration. It briefly refers to the storytelling techniques used during the campaign that led to his election and then focuses mainly on the storytelling process during his current administration. The different strategies used are discussed in detail, analyzing whether they represent a successful formula to communicate with citizens and maintain a good government image. Finally, the article addresses external political factors that could radically change the population’s perception.

The past and future of trade unionism

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to offer a broad practitioner’s overview of recent trade union history in the UK, and to investigate organised labour’s prospects in the decades ahead.Design/methodology/approach– The paper is based on a review of relevant literature and trade union documentation from the period 1964 to 2014.Findings– This paper concludes that the past 50 years has been a period of change and turbulence for the movement, and suggests that this is likely to remain the case in the decades to come. Although external political and economic factors will have a significant bearing on unions’ prospects, the paper argues that unions remain powerful agents of change in their own right and that a revival of organised labour is not beyond question.Originality/value– The paper is written with unique practitioner insight from the UK’s trade union centre.

Traditional Islamic cities unveiled: the quest for urban design regularity

Traditional Islamic cities have generally gathered orientalized gazes and perspectives, picking up from misconceptions and stereotypes that evolved during the seconf half of the 19th century and were perpectuated by colonialism. More recent scholarship has shed light on the urban organization and composition of such tissues; most of them confined to old quarters or historical centres of thriving contemporary cities within the Arab-Muslim world. In fact, one of the most striking features has been the unveiling of layered urban assemblages where exterior agents have somehow launched or interrupted an apparent islamicized continuum. Primarly, this paper wishes to search for external political factors that have designed regularly geometrized patterns in medium-sized Arab towns. For that, two case studies from different geographies - Maghreb and the Near East - will be morphologically analysed through updated urban surveys. Whereas Nablus (Palestine) ows the urban matrix of its old town to its Roman past, in Azemmour’s medina (Morocco) it is still possible to track the thin European early-modern colonial stratum. However, both cases show how regularity patterns challenge Western concepts of geometrical design to embrace levels of rationality related to tradional Islamic urban forms, societal configurations and built environment. Urban morphology becomes a fundamental tool for articulating the history with me processes of sedimentation and evolution in order to read current urban prints and dynamics. Thus, the paper will also interpret alternative logics of rational urban display in Azemmour and Nablus, linked to ways of living within the Islamic sphere.

The territorial dispute in the Sea of Japan and its impact on regional security

In recent years, the Sea of Japan or the East Sea as it is called in South Korea has become the place of territorial dispute. The territorial dispute between South Korea (Republic of Korea) and Japan refers to the question of sovereignty over the Takeshima/Dokdo Islands. This is a preliminary legal question for resolving the issue of demarcation of marine zones between the countries in dispute. The question of delimitation of marine zones is made particularly difficult by the fact that the countries in dispute have taken unilateral legal acts. Although the specific circumstances regarding the resolution of the territorial dispute differ, both countries see them as an opportunity to secure their geostrategic and then economic interests. Therefore, this dispute like other territorial disputes in Southeast Asia (the South and East China Sea) is the cause of instability, which increasingly threatens peace and security in this part of the world. Under certain internal and external political circumstances, most political factors in the countries use this dispute as an instrument to achieve broader support for their governments. Since territorial disputes relating to the question of state sovereignty, which is usually associated with psychological factors (nationalist feelings and dignity of the people) and historical heritage (which is not in a small number of cases coloured by a heavy imperial or colonial past), none of the parties wants to make concessions to the other side indicating that disputes will not be so easy to resolve and overcome peacefully without the infiltration of external political factors. In the study that follows, the author presents an international legal and political analysis of the territorial dispute in the Sea of Japan with explanations on its impact on the regional security.

The Integrated Reporting Initiative from an Institutional Perspective: Emergent Factors

Abstract The financial crisis and its negative effects upon the global economy emerged in demand for corporate reporting transparency. This can be attained by issuing integrated reports in which financial and sustainability reporting interrelate. In contrast to traditional reporting where corporate responsibility or environmental reports were separate documents from the annual financial report, by integration, the report gains commitment to the environment, social recognition, and a more efficient management system. In 2011, the International Integrated Reporting Committee was submitting its first document on integrated reports. Since then, the organization has been the main driver for integrated reporting practices. The IIRC has initiated a pilot program for corporations willing to adopt integrated reporting. This initiative has gained the interest of more than 75 worldwide organizations that decided to submit for this programme. We argue that the emerging determinants of the voluntary adoption of an integrated reporting system are the political, cultural, and economic factors. We build the research design on institutional theory and involves a content analysis on the reports issued by the corporations in the IIRC pilot programme. The problem statement of this paper involves the determination of the emergent factors for integrated reporting- from an institutional perspective. The main scope of the research is to investigate whether we can find a correlation between the voluntary adoption of integrated reporting and the external political, cultural and economic factors as argued according to the institutional theory. The applied research methodology implies content analysis and SPSS data processing. The findings bring evidence that the political, cultural, and economic factor, are influencing the release of integrated reports.