External Market Research Articles

External Market and Internal Market Efficiency in Increasing Hospital Visit Numbers

Hospital health institutions have experienced developments that have led to professional services, in line with improvements in various factors, both internal and external, including the increasing awareness of hospital managers implementing professional management and the increasing demands of the public for the quality of hospital services. This study aims to determine External Market and Internal Market Efficiency in Increasing Hospital Visit Numbers. This type of research is quantitative research. The population in this study was the entire community of Malang district. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique. Determining the sample in this study used the Slovin formula. The research instrument uses a questionnaire and data analysis uses multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis show that the R value shows a close relationship between the independent variables (X1, X2) and the dependent variable (Y) of 0.823. The adjusted R square value is 0.467, meaning that 46.7% of the community's decision variables in returning visits can be explained by external marketing variables. This can be seen from the significance level being smaller than α (0.000<0.05), so that H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected. Conclusions in this research include external marketing variables, internal marketing have a significant effect on the variable intention to revisit at Hospital X in Malang district, both simultaneously and partially dan the variable that more dominantly influences patient satisfaction is the internal marketing variable.

Exploring the effects of digital transformation from a dual (internal vs external) marketing management perspective

PurposeThis paper sheds light on the factors facilitating the digital transformation (DT) of companies, examining the empirical evidence according to a new and original dual lens: the internal and external marketing management perspective.Design/methodology/approachThrough an explorative research design based on semi-structured interviews, we investigate the perceptions of some managers involved in managing the DT of their own companies.FindingsThe findings, organized from an internal and external marketing perspective, show how DT requires efforts in nurturing: (1) its organizational and cultural nature; (2) new managerial skills and e-leadership. These factors activate DT as an accelerator of (3) production processes and service provision and (4) competitive strategies.Practical implicationsOur findings underscore critical practical implications for organizations embarking on a DT journey. Firstly, managers should prioritize creating a culture that encourages employees to embrace change and technology. Secondly, recognizing the importance of new managerial skills and e-leadership, managers need to invest in developing the expertise to effectively lead DT efforts. The related skills encompass digital literacy, change management and the ability to inspire and guide teams through the complexities of a DT.Originality/valueThis paper suggests that organizations should holistically approach DT, focusing on culture, leadership and strategic deployment of digital tools. The proposed dual lens offers a valuable and simple answer for academics and practitioners to effectively frame the internal dynamics and external factors shaping DT.

Hiring Discrimination Under Pressures to Diversify: Gender, Race, and Diversity Commodification across Job Transitions in Software Engineering

White, male-dominated professions in the United States are marked with substantial gender and racial inequality in career advancement, yet they often face pressures to increase diversity. In these contexts, are theories of employer biases based on gender and racial stereotypes sufficient to explain patterns of hiring discrimination during common career transitions in the external labor market? If not, how and why do discrimination patterns deviate from predictions? Through a case study of software engineering, we first draw from a large-scale audit study and demonstrate unexpected patterns of hiring screening discrimination: while employers discriminate in favor of White men among early-career job applicants seeking lateral positions, for both early-career and senior workers applying to senior jobs, Black men and Black women face no discrimination compared to White men, and White women are preferred. Drawing on in-depth interviews, we explain these patterns of discrimination by demonstrating how decision-makers incorporate diversity value—applicants’ perceived worth for their contribution to organizational diversity—into hiring screening decisions, alongside biases. We introduce diversity commodification as the market-based valuative process by which diversity value varies across job level and intersectional groups. This article offers important implications for our understanding of gender, race, and employer decision-making in modern U.S. organizations.

Combining Export- and Domestic Demand-Led Growth Hypotheses: Key Sustainable Development Amidst Global Dynamics

Export-led growth has conventionally been regarded as a pivotal determinant of economic growth in developing countries. The article aims to affirm the vulnerability of Vietnam’s export sector due to its dependence on foreign direct investment flows and external market demand and evaluate the validity of the export-led growth strategy being applied in Vietnam among evolving global dynamics. The review of relevant literature explored the theoretical foundations, theories, and concepts of export-led and domestic demand-led growth with regard to the causal link between exports and economic growth. Qualitative and secondary research methods were used to analyze statistical data sets on imports and exports and domestic demand components to highlight their impact on the country’s GDP growth. The results showed that it is necessary to embrace both export-led growth and domestic demand-led growth as concurrent development paradigms, thereby ensuring the sustainability of Vietnam’s economic growth. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-02-05 Full Text: PDF

Industry tournament incentives and acquisition performance

This paper examines the effect of industry tournament incentives on acquisition performance. Using the pay gap between a firm's CEO and the highest-paid CEO in the same industry as the measure of industry tournament incentives, we find that deals led by CEOs with higher industry tournament incentives experience higher abnormal announcement returns. This positive relation between industry tournament incentives and acquisition returns is more pronounced when CEOs have greater mobility and probability of winning the tournament prize. Our findings highlight those tournament incentives induced by the external labor market play important roles in corporate acquisitions.

Heterogeneity and wage growth of full-time workers in Japan: An empirical analysis using micro data

In this paper we examine the driving forces of fluctuations in wage growth of full-time workers in Japan, taking into account the heterogeneity of wage structures among the workers and using micro data including those from the Basic Survey on Wage Structure. To this end, we first divide full-time workers into two classes with distinct wage structures, based on a finite mixture model estimated using various characteristics of the workers and the firms they work for. We find that the two classes correspond to what previous studies have called an "internal labor market," where labor is reallocated within firms and wages follow a seniority-based system under long-term employment practices, and an "external labor market," where labor moves across firms and wages are mainly determined by supply and demand factors in the market. We next analyze the effects of economic factors on individual full-time workers' wage growth rates. We show that in the internal labor market, neither labor market conditions at the industry and firm-size level nor the output gap at the macro level have influenced the wage growth rates in recent years at least until 2021, while higher potential growth has increased them. By contrast, in the external and the overall labor markets for full-time workers, improvements in labor market conditions and the output gap have accelerated the wage growth rates, even in recent years.

A Review on Research of Impulse Purchases Influencing Factors in Generation Z

With the development of society and technological progress, Generation Z has become one of the focuses of business and social attention. In-depth research on the influencing factors of impulse purchase in the Generation Z group. This study mainly focuses on internal and external factors that affect impulsive consumption, including self-concept, education level & income, and delayed gratification; External influencing factors include external environment and marketing strategies. The full text used the literature analysis method to search and read relevant materials and literature. The advantage of this research method lies in its ability to systematically analyze existing literature and research methods, providing a theoretical and empirical basis for research. The research findings of this study indicate that impulse purchase is influenced by both internal and external factors. In terms of internal influencing factors, Generation Z consumers are self-centered, focus on personal image and social status, and are easily influenced by emotions. Consumers with higher income and education levels are more likely to make an impulse purchase, while the trend of delayed gratification makes Generation Z more inclined to immediately satisfy shopping needs. Among the external influencing factors, the Internet era and the prevalence of consumerism are considered important factors. Generation Z grew up on the Internet and is vulnerable to the impact of digital media, while pricing and packaging in marketing strategies will also impact impulse buying.

Managers' career preferences and corporate culture

AbstractBuilding effective corporate culture is challenging as it requires senior managers to embed shared values within the firm. Yet some firms can do so, and some cannot. This study examines whether managers' career preferences influence manager‐employee value misalignment and weaken corporate culture. Career preferences for job‐hopping provide incentives for managers to signal their leadership quality in the labor market. We capture managers' and employees' attention allocation across different cultural values using data from conference calls and Glassdoor. We predict and find that job‐hopping managers direct their attention away from soft cultural values (e.g., respect and integrity) that are less observable by the external labor market. Furthermore, job‐hopping managers who pay insufficient attention to soft cultural values fail to address the concerns that employees have in their everyday work, resulting in lower overall employee culture ratings. Our study highlights the significance of managers' career preferences in shaping different cultural values and offers implications for firms selecting senior managers.

Corporate Internationalization and Uncertainty of Cash Holdings: Evidence from an Emerging Market

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the empirical relationship between corporate internationalization and uncertainty of cash holding in non-financial listed companies of Pakistan. Secondly, the effect of cash flow, size of firm and capital expenditure on uncertainty of cash is also explored. Design/Methodology/Approach - A panel data of 100 companies over the period starting from 2011 to 2018 is collected from the published annual reports. Data is analyzed using pooled and panel OLS regression. For robustness of results dynamic GMM is used. Findings - The estimated results show a significant negative relationship between corporate internationalization and uncertainty of cash holdings. Moreover, large size firms tend to represents a relatively more stable cash balance as compared to small size firms. Practical Implications - The study concludes that firms engage in international operations are in better position to access external capital market and are able to stabilize their liquidity. Originality/Value – This study uses 3 years standard deviation of cash instead of conventionally used absolute change in cash balance to measure uncertainty of cash. This study is among the first studies to examine such sort of relationships in an emerging economy. Further, for robustness of results dynamic panel GMM is applied.

Global Managers, Local Workers: Wage Setting inside a Multinational Firm

How are wages set within a multinational firm? Combining cross-country data on wages and labor regulations with personnel records of a large multinational firm, I find that wage setting depends on the rank of the employee in the firm hierarchy. For managers, wages are set by the headquarters regardless of local labor market conditions. For factory workers, wages are adjusted according to country-specific wages and labor regulations. These results suggest that the multinational's internal labor market shields managers from changes in external market conditions, while the firm adapts to local labor markets for factory workers.

Deciding the Best Location for RM Bunut Sari to Open A New Branch in Greater Bandung

This research aims to support the Sundanese restaurant RM Bunut Sari in determining the optimal location for opening a new branch in the Greater Bandung area of West Java. Environmental analysis is conducted by assessing the internal capabilities of RM Bunut Sari and examining external market conditions in Bandung City, Bandung Regency, and West Bandung Regency. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) modeling is then utilized to evaluate which alternative location offers the greatest strategic advantages. Based on comparisons across decision criteria such as parking facilities, building size, visibility, distance from competitors, and property prices, Bandung Regency emerges as the recommended location. An implementation plan details the necessary launch activities spanning site selection, renovation, licensing and permissions, staffing, promotions, and eventual restaurant opening. The recommendations highlight leveraging RM Bunut Sari’s existing strengths in taste quality and service experience while closely monitoring operational and marketing outcomes from the new branch. Thus the analytical approach delivers an optimized location choice for RM Bunut Sari’s expansion, guided by environmental analysis and multi-criteria decision making.

Market potential: the measurement of domestic market size

Influenced by the concept of the strength of a force in physics, access to markets has since the 1940s been evaluated by indicators of ‘potential’, measured as a sum of a distance-weighted of population or market size of foreign or external territories. Later development of the New Economic Geography (NEG) by Paul Krugman did not solve the problem of calculating internal market size in a way that can be used to add it to calculations for external market potential. This paper analyzes the consequences of geometrical justifications in measuring internal market potential. For a sample of European regions, the paper concludes that the literature should be more explicit about historical processes of agglomeration and methods of calculating internal market size.

Weather risk hedging mechanism for contract farming supply chain with weather-dependent yield

The stability of contract farming is challenged by the impact of disastrous weather on crop yield. Managing weather risks has become an unavoidable reality for participants in contract farming. In this regard, this paper focuses on investigating weather risk hedging mechanisms for contract farming supply chain in a Newsvendor setting. As a benchmark, we first consider the agricultural production investment decision under the inherent mechanism (i.e. protective price mechanism) of contract farming. Due to the inevitable reduction of farmers’ agricultural investment levels and performance loss caused by disastrous weather under this mechanism, we then systematically propose innovative weather risk hedging mechanisms based on the completeness of both internal risk–benefit sharing mechanism of contract farming in developing economies and its external financial derivatives market. We define them as the operational weather risk hedging (OWRH), financial weather risk hedging (FWRH), and combined weather risk hedging (CWRH) mechanisms, respectively. The research findings are as follows: (1) The OWRH mechanism overcomes the distortion of agricultural investment levels and fosters a community of shared risks and benefits among contract farming participants, to reach the equilibrium with higher profits. Nevertheless, it falls short of externalizing weather risks. (2) The FWRH mechanism transfers disastrous weather risks encountered by contract farming and reverses the trend of decreasing performance as the disastrous weather intensify, yet it fails to resolve the distortion of agricultural investment levels and the internal distribution of profits among stakeholders. (3) The CWRH mechanism mitigates the distortion of investment levels and the decline of contract farming’s performance caused by intensifying weather disaster, improving the anti-risk capacity of contact farming. But it does not always contribute to the optimal profits for contract farming participants, instead, this achievement is only attainable in the face of severe weather. Meanwhile, it imposes higher requirements on the financial environment in developing economies. Furthermore, we provide distinct applicability boundaries for these weather risk hedging mechanisms. The aim is to provide valuable insights into the management of disastrous weather risks faced during the production process of contract farming supply chain in various regions of developing economies.

‘They are taking everything away from us’: autochthonous claims and the moral contestations over Chiadzwa diamonds, eastern Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the moral contestations of the people of Chiadzwa (eastern Zimbabwe) against their displacement from the area's communal lands and resettlement to Arda Transau by the Government of Zimbabwe to pave the way for large-scale diamond mining. We analyse how the villagers view, and react to allegations of diamonds related corruption, looting and state security brutality in the absence of perceived equitable redistribution of diamond proceeds to the people of Chiadzwa, while the state and investors benefit from the diamond extraction. The article is based on qualitative data drawn from in-depth interviews conducted with former Chiadzwa villagers who were relocated to Arda Transau. Employing the moral economy concept, we argue that the autochthonous claims to land and natural resources play a central role in peoples' contestations against the state and (external) market actors.

Share repurchase and stock price synchronicity

ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of open market share repurchases (OMR) on stock price synchronicity. We find that share repurchases significantly enhances the information content of stock prices, reflected in reduced price synchronicity. The mechanism includes repurchases drawing investor attention, encouraging more idiosyncratic information disclosures, and increasing media coverage. This effect is more pronounced in firms with high information asymmetry, those leveraging repurchases for reputation, or emphasizing R&D. Further analysis reveals that characteristics and execution of repurchase programmes impact differently.Overall, OMR acts as an effective signal, attracting attention from external market participants and improving the firm’s informational environment.

The Impact of Financing Constraints on the Efficiency of Investment and Construction: Evidence from Municipal Infrastructure in China

Imperfect external capital market and internal soft budget constraints are important reasons for the issue of enterprise financing constraints. This paper studies the impact of financing constraints and influencing factors of financing constraints in municipal infrastructure investment and construction for local governments by using the panel data from 2003 to 2018 in China. The results show that, first, there are great financing constraints in municipal infrastructure investment and construction for local government in China. Second, the increase of self-financing capacity and external financing capacity can reduce the level and uncertainty of financing constraints, thus improving the efficiency of municipal infrastructure investment and construction. Third, the expansion of the city scale may reduce the uncertainty of financing constraints, but improve the level of financing constraints thus reducing the efficiency of municipal infrastructure investment and construction.

RESEARCH ON THE MOTIVATION ISSUES AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR XI'AN LIAN JIA REAL ESTATE SALES STAFF

In recent years, with the increasingly fierce competition in the external market, Xi'an Lian Jia Real Estate Company has also suffered a significant blow, with a notable decline in business performance. To better stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of employees and promote the healthy and stable development of the enterprise, this paper selects the marketing staff of Xi'an Lian Jia Real Estate Company as a case study for analysis.
 The paper proposes principles and objectives for optimizing the incentive mechanism for sales staff at Xi'an Lian Jia Real Estate Company and designs the following optimization schemes: enhancing employees' sense of honor, broadening the channels for staff promotion, rationalizing organizational performance settings, improving the incentive and remuneration systems, strengthening the reward and punishment mechanism for grassroots employees, adopting flexible welfare systems within the cost constraints, and enhancing the internal motivation of sales staff. To ensure the effective implementation of the sales staff incentive mechanism optimization scheme, this paper suggests the following measures: formulating a scientific execution plan for the scheme; creating a positive atmosphere that genuinely cares for the grassroots employees; and increasing investment in sales personnel by seriously listening to their opinions.

Bitcoin is an Environmental Disaster. Is the Indictment Distorted?

The literature is inundated with the claim that Bitcoin pollutes the environment. While the assertion is irrefutable, the unsettled issue is whether the indictment of environmental disaster is disproportionate or distorted. This is an empirical question; this paper evaluates it via two econometric methods. First, accepting carbon dioxide (CO2) emission as a proxy for environmental pollution, the paper quantifies the elasticity of CO2 emission in relation to electricity consumption in Bitcoin production. The results reveal that, while Bitcoin production based on conventional electricity is inelastic, carbon emission responsiveness to fossil fuel is significant. A 1% increase in Bitcoin’s usage of coal-generated electricity leads to a 1.64% surge in CO2 emission. Second, the study applies the error correction model to show that some electricity consumption shocks emanate from global coal prices driven by economic factors beyond Bitcoin’s control. This raises the question of whether Bitcoin should shoulder the entire blame for the 1.64% pollution responsiveness. Therefore, the study makes two important contributions. First, Bitcoin’s pollution impact varies according to timespan and electricity source. Second, the intensity of carbon emission from electricity consumption is aggravated by external market factors beyond Bitcoin’s control. The findings should inform policymakers and enlighten environmental advocates.

Проблемы антикризисного управления компанией спортивной индустрии: экономические и правовые аспекты

This research seeks to address the developing anticrisis measures for a company in sport industry. Conclusions are based on the analysis of external macro-environment, market condi-tions, product portfolio and internal environment and the main output of this analysis is the ne-cessity to change the primary market and the product. On the basis of the policy measures, ob-tained from SWOT analysis, we have drawn up three-layer Memorandum of strategies, that provides three scenarios of crisis development.

6C ANALYSIS – THE MAIN AREAS OF RESEARCH TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TRADITIONAL AND DIGITAL MARKETING TECHNOLOGIES

The article discusses the main areas of research and the main factors of analysis before planning a marketing strategy, activities and communications, taking into account traditional marketing measures and digital technologies, which are known in the field of marketing as the so-called “6C Analysis”. It is important that the methodologies and areas of research contain significant updates taking into account the trends of the last 15-20 years, which is associated with the intensive invasion of digital technologies in the management of business processes and the implementation of planned activities. The article discusses the updated “6C analysis” model, showing the expansion of the direction of research in the field of digital technologies before forming a marketing plan and making strategic decisions. The importance and novelty of the scientific article lies in the methodology for developing a marketing strategy formed by using the modern technologies. More precisely, the research analysis carried out using modern digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, has a completely different quality and accuracy. Accordingly, the modern parameters of 6C analysis outlined in the article show new approaches and expanded areas of research that provide significantly improved, high-quality and relevant results for business decision making and marketing strategy determination, and set new research standards. Keywords: Internal and External marketing; Interactive marketing; „The triangle model“ or the „Marketing triangle“; 6C Analysis (6С is named after the first letters of the following research areas: Company, Customers, Competitors, Collaborators, Climate, Communication); Content Marketing; Digital technologies; Traditional marketing; Digital marketing;