External Heating Power Research Articles

Numerical study on the evaporation rate of an electronic cigarette atomizer

This work establishes an evaporation model for the electronic cigarette atomizer based on convective mass transfer theory, which is implemented through Fluent user-defined functions (UDFS). By adding the convection–diffusion equation and considering the energy loss caused by evaporation and the temperature variation over the atomizer body, the evaporation rate of the e-liquid from the atomizer is more accurately calculated, compared to the previous evaporation model based on the assumption of constant temperature over the atomizer body. The effects of external airflow velocity, atomizer porosity, heating power, atomizer shape, heating method, and groove width on the average surface temperature and evaporation rate of the atomizer are examined. The results show that compared with other factors, the external air flow velocity has relatively insignificant influence on the evaporation rate of the atomizer. Within a certain range, as the porosity of the atomizer decreases or the heating power increases, the evaporation rate of the atomizer increases. The cylindrical atomizer has better evaporation performance than the cuboid and grooved atomizer, if all atomizer surfaces are heated, however, when the heating area of the grooved atomizer is optimized, i.e., only the surfaces with large evaporation rates are heated, the evaporation rate of a grooved atomizer can be higher than that of a cylindrical atomizer. The evaporation rate increases with increasing groove width, in the parameter range studied.

Analytical study on highway thermal runaway propagation and inter-electrode dynamics in lithium-ion battery applications: Insights into battery safety

It is essential to ensure thermal safety in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries to facilitate their increased use in electric cars, thereby enhancing the safety of individual batteries. When high-power Li-ion batteries are subjected to abusive conditions, they frequently experience thermal runaway (TR) due to a sequence of exothermic reactions resulting from electrode contacts. These events generate a significant amount of heat and have the potential to cause thermal runaway propagation (TRP) throughout the battery module. This paper presents an in-depth TRP analysis approach, combining thermo-kinetic and electrode interaction assessments at the cell level. The method is implemented on the TR properties of a cylindrical Li-ion cell equipped with nickel-rich and silicon-carbon electrodes. The developed TRP approach, incorporating various heat dissipation techniques, is applied to a prototype high-energy Li-ion chamber to evaluate TRP susceptibility under different conditions, including ambient temperature, cell spacing, initiating cell location, external heating power, and heat dissipation rates. Additionally, this research provides insights into the various TRP pathways, focusing on aspects such as the propagation rate, the exothermic processes’ thermal, required thermal energy input, and external heat release. The comprehensive model, considering both heat transfer and chemical interactions between electrodes under TR, can address accurate TR- propagation examinations for batteries. Moreover, it can be expanded to larger battery systems, ultimately improving overall battery safety.

Progress towards edge-localized mode suppression via magnetic perturbations in hydrogen plasmas

The suppression of edge-localized modes (ELMs) by applying resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is well studied in low collisionality deuterium plasmas as a measure to reduce transient divertor heat loads. However, ELM suppression has yet to be demonstrated in non-nuclear fuels such as hydrogen and hydrogen + helium mixtures which are the main ion species to be used in the ITER pre-fusion power operation (PFPO) phase. For the first time, attempts have been made to access ELM suppression with RMPs in ITER-like low collisionality hydrogen plasmas at DIII-D and ASDEX Upgrade. The DIII-D experiments focused on operation with injected power slightly above the L–H power threshold similar to the expected conditions in the ITER PFPO phase with limited external heating power. The RMPs were found to trigger H–L backtransitions, which is shown to be avoided by reducing the L–H power threshold by diluting the plasma with helium. The additional helium combined with a larger measured neutral density of hydrogen inside the separatrix compared to ELM suppressed deuterium plasmas precluded access to a pedestal top density below the known RMP-ELM suppression threshold. At ASDEX Upgrade, RMP-ELM suppression has been achieved when the concentration of 1H in the hydrogen isotope mix is below 40% . While all known access criteria for RMP-ELM suppression were met above this threshold, full ELM suppression was replaced by strong mitigation. The most prominent difference between the hydrogen and deuterium plasmas was a change of turbulence characteristics in the pedestal where Doppler reflectometry measurements suggest a significant reduction of turbulence even at small hydrogen concentrations. In conclusion, these experiments not only identify issues that may prevent access to RMP-ELM suppression in the ITER PFPO phase, but also highlight missing physics in our current understanding of RMP-ELM suppression such as potentially the role of turbulence in the pedestal gradient region.

Effect of thermal impact on the onset and propagation of thermal runaway over cylindrical Li-ion batteries

The external heating test is widely used to evaluate the hazards of battery thermal runaway, but the efficiency and effect of the heating source are rarely quantified. This work performs thermal runaway propagation tests in a 3-layer cylindrical battery pile with a uniform state of charge (SOC) ranging from 30 % to 75 %. A cylindrical heater is in contact with two cells in the first layer and has a power varying from 50 W to 300 W to trigger thermal runaway. Results indicate that for the current system, the heating efficiency to a single cell is around 15 %, and the effective heating power is insensitive to the SOC. The intensity of thermal runaway increases with the external heating power and the cell SOC. The influence of external heating on the propagation of thermal runaway is reflected in the intensity of thermal runaway in the first-layer cells and the preheating effect of subsequent layers. A simplified heat-transfer model is established to quantify the thermal impact on both thermal runaway intensity and preheating depth. Finally, a new approach for selecting the appropriate heating power is proposed to help optimize battery thermal-runaway tests and improve the safety regulations for battery modules.

Thermal Runaway Propagation Analytics and Crosstalk in Lithium‐Ion Battery Modules

The thermal safety of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries continues to remain a critical concern for widespread vehicle electrification. Under abuse scenarios, thermal runaway (TR) of individual energy‐dense Li‐ion cells can be dominated by various exothermic mechanisms due to interelectrode crosstalk, resulting in an enormous heat generation response that can potentially lead to thermal runaway propagation (TRP) in a battery module. Herein, a hierarchical TRP analytics approach is developed, which includes cell‐level thermokinetic and electrode crosstalk interactions derived from accelerating rate calorimetry characteristics of a representative high‐energy 18650 cylindrical Li‐ion cell with Ni‐rich cathodes and Si–C anodes. The hierarchical TRP model, coupled with multimodal heat dissipation, demonstrated for an exemplar energy‐dense Li‐ion battery module configuration, determines TRP criticality at module level for a wide range of conditions, including ambient temperature, intercell spacing, trigger cell location, external heating power, and heat dissipation coefficients. Potential propagation pathways have been identified, and their underlying attributes in terms of propagation speed, heat release from exothermic reactions, critical thermal energy input, and heat dissipation to surroundings have been quantified. This hierarchical approach, including thermal transfer and chemical interelectrode crosstalk during TR, can provide high‐resolution TRP analytics for energy‐dense Li‐ion battery modules and is scalable to packs.

Investigating thermal runaway triggering mechanism of the prismatic lithium iron phosphate battery under thermal abuse

Thermal runaway (TR), a critical safety issue that hinders the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), is easily triggered when LIB is exposed to thermal abuse conditions. Identifying the characteristics and trigger mechanism of TR induced by external heating is crucial for enhancing the safety of LIBs. Herein, based on overheating experiments, a detailed analysis is implemented from temperature, heat generation, and TR propagation velocity within the battery to reveal the TR triggering mechanisms at the cell level. Compared with the front heating mode, the bottom heating mode always results in severe TR accompanied by higher peak temperature, temperature increment, heat generation, and TR propagation velocity within the battery. The internal heat generation before TR makes a non-negligible contribution to the battery temperature increase and the trigger of TR, accounting for more than 35 %. The external heating quantity, heating power, temperature, and temperature gradient are the critical factors affecting the TR trigger when LIBs are exposed to thermal abuse conditions. TR is triggered by the decrease of the temperature gradient within the battery under the limited external heating quantity. Moreover, a theoretical model describing the battery TR trigger is proposed, revealing different TR triggering mechanisms under varied thermal abuse conditions.

Overview of interpretive modelling of fusion performance in JET DTE2 discharges with TRANSP

In the paper we present an overview of interpretive modelling of a database of JET-ILW 2021 D-T discharges using the TRANSP code. The main aim is to assess our capability of computationally reproducing the fusion performance of various D-T plasma scenarios using different external heating and D-T mixtures, and to understand the performance driving mechanisms. We find that interpretive simulations confirm a general power-law relationship between increasing external heating power and fusion output, which is supported by absolutely calibrated neutron yield measurements. A comparison of measured and computed D-T neutron rates shows that the calculations’ discrepancy depends on the absolute neutron yield. The calculations are found to agree well with measurements for higher performing discharges with external heating power above ∼20 , while low-neutron shots display an average discrepancy of around +40% compared to measured neutron yields. A similar trend is found for the ratio between thermal and beam-target fusion, where larger discrepancies are seen in shots with dominant beam-driven performance. We compare the observations to studies of JET-ILW D discharges, to find that on average the fusion performance is well modelled over a range of heating power, although an increased unsystematic deviation for lower-performing shots is observed. The ratio between thermal and beam-induced D-T fusion is found to be increasing weakly with growing external heating power, with a maximum value of 1 achieved in a baseline scenario experiment. An evaluation of the fusion power computational uncertainty shows a strong dependence on the plasma scenario type and fusion drive characteristics, varying between ±25% and 35%. D-T fusion alpha simulations show that the ratio between volume-integrated electron and ion heating from alphas is 10 for the majority of analysed discharges. Alphas are computed to contribute between ∼15% and 40% to the total electron heating in the core of highest performing D-T discharges. An alternative workflow to TRANSP was employed to model JET D-T plasmas with the highest fusion yield and dominant non-thermal fusion component because of the use of fundamental radio-frequency heating of a large minority in the scenario, which is calculated to have provided ∼10% to the total fusion power.

Critical ignition conditions for propane/air premixtures impinging on electric heated surfaces: An experimental study

To contribute to exact predictions of the ignition of flammable mixture by a hot surface and ensure safety against fire, this study aims to clarify the critical ignition condition of a propane/air premixture impinging on a hot surface with external heating. The ignition threshold of heat flux depends on the flow velocity, but that of temperature hardly depends on flow velocity and equivalence ratio. The ignition occurred at the position where the residence time of species was the longest. It corresponds to the position of the lowest heat transfer coefficient. The temperature boundary layer thickness played a significant role in the ignition process as only the heat flux from the top, bottom, and back surfaces of the heater contributed to ignition in the presence of forced convection. The prediction model of the ignition threshold of heat flux and temperature was derived through dimensional analysis. This model effectively explains the ignition characteristics, regardless of the differences in thermal convection mode, dimensions, and geometric arrangements of a heater, as confirmed by comparison with reference data. Additionally, the ignition threshold of temperature can be predicted if the external heating power is known, and it is useful to assess the fire risk.

Integrated RMP-based ELM-crash-control process for plasma performance enhancement during ELM crash suppression in KSTAR

The integrated Resonant Magnetic Perturbation (RMP)-based Edge-Localized Mode (ELM)-crash-control process aims to enhance the plasma performance during the RMP-driven ELM crash suppression, where the RMP induces an unwanted confinement degradation. In this study, the normalized beta () is introduced as a metric for plasma performance. The integrated process incorporates the latest achievements in the RMP technique to enhance efficiently. The integrated process triggers the n = 1 Edge-localized RMP (ERMP) at the L–H transition timing using the real-time Machine Learning (ML) classifier. The pre-emptive RMP onset can reduce the required external heating power for achieving the same by over 10% compared to the conventional onset. During the RMP phase, the adaptive feedback RMP ELM controller, demonstrating its performance in previous experiments, plays a crucial role in maximizing during the suppression phase and sustaining the -enhanced suppression state by optimizing the RMP strength. The integrated process achieves up to ∼2.65 during the suppression phase, which is ∼10% higher than the previous KSTAR record but ∼6% lower than the target of the K-DEMO first phase ( = 2.8), and maintains the suppression phase above the lower limit of target (= 2.4) for ∼4 s (∼60). In addition to enhancement, the integrated process demonstrates quicker restoration of the suppression phase and recovery of compared to the adaptive control with the n = 1 Conventional RMP (CRMP). The post-analysis of the experiment shows the localized effect of the ERMP spectrum in radial and the close relationship between the evolution of and the electron temperature.

Progress on the conceptual design of the antennas for the DTT ECRH system

One of the main goals of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility is to reach a ratio of power crossing the separatrix over the major radius of about 15 MW m − 1, as the one expected in DEMO. For this purpose, up to 45 MW of external additional heating power shall be coupled to the plasma, provided by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH), Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating and Neutral Beam Injection. The foreseen total ECRH power installed at full power shall be 32 MW, generated using 1 MW/170 GHz gyrotrons, for 100 s. The present ECRH system foresees two launching antennas per DTT sector, based on the front-steering concept. The equatorial antenna is dedicated to plasma heating and current drive and the upper antenna to the stabilization of MHD instabilities. This paper focuses on the latest design concept for these two antennas and on the definition of the ex-vessel matching optics unit of the last section of the evacuated Transmission Line (TL). The design has been updated to be compatible with the insertion of CVD diamond windows, to separate the vacuum environment of DTT from the one of the TL. This choice requires adding corrugated waveguide sections between the last mirror of the TL and the first mirror inside the port, requiring some adaptation of the in-vessel optics and of the supporting structure. The possibility to modify the steering range for the launching mirror has been also investigated to be compatible with the new design of the first wall and for the upper antenna, to reach the q = 2 surface in the new plasma scenario.

Fuzzy Logic Control of External Heating System for Electric Vehicle Batteries at Low Temperature

The reduction in driving range and the degradation of vehicle performance in cold weather has become one of the challenges in vehicle electrification in recent years. The root cause of this phenomenon is the property of lithium-ion batteries with capacity and power capability reduction at low temperatures. In this study, an external battery heating system was developed by employing an electrothermal film affixed to the surface of each cell, and the heating process was performed during driving. An equivalent circuit model combined with a thermal model was established for the simulation and control design. A fuzzy logic control strategy was developed to optimize the external heating power provided by the battery pack, and to achieve the maximum range by the end of discharge. A global optimal control strategy obtained by dynamic programming and a constant maximum power heating strategy were used for comparison. Simulation and experimental validations show that the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithm can achieve a 3.6% to 5.3% improvement in driving range than the maximum power heating method, and has close performance to the global optimal solution. Furthermore, the vehicle equipped with the proposed heating system can have up to 150.4% of the range recovery under different driving conditions.

First-principles based plasma profile predictions for optimized stellarators

In the present Letter, first-of-its-kind computer simulations predicting plasma profiles for modern optimized stellarators—while self-consistently retaining neoclassical transport, turbulent transport with 3D effects, and external physical sources—are presented. These simulations exploit a newly developed coupling framework involving the global gyrokinetic turbulence code GENE-3D, the neoclassical transport code KNOSOS, and the 1D transport solver TANGO. This framework is used to analyze the recently observed degradation of energy confinement in electron-heated plasmas in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, where the central ion temperature was ‘clamped’ to keV regardless of the external heating power. By performing first-principles based simulations, we provide key evidence to understand this effect, namely the inefficient thermal coupling between electrons and ions in a turbulence-dominated regime, which is exacerbated by the large ratios, and show that a more efficient ion heat source, such as direct ion heating, will increase the on-axis ion temperature. This work paves the way towards the use of high-fidelity models for the development of the next generation of stellarators, in which neoclassical and turbulent transport are optimized simultaneously.

Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization

The recent progress in high-temperature superconductor technologies has led to the design and construction of SPARC, a compact tokamak device expected to reach plasma breakeven with up to 25 MW of external ion cyclotron resonant heating (ICRH) power. This manuscript presents local (flux-tube) and radially global gyrokinetic GENE (Jenko et al 2000 Phys. Plasmas 7 1904) simulations for a reduced-field and current H-mode SPARC scenario showing that supra-thermal particles—generated via ICRH—strongly suppress ion-scale turbulent transport by triggering a fast ion-induced anomalous transport barrier. The trigger mechanism is identified as a wave-particle resonant interaction between the fast particle population and plasma micro-instabilities (Di Siena et al 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 025002). By performing a series of global simulations employing different profiles for the thermal ions, we show that the fusion gain of this SPARC scenario could be substantially enhanced by up to ∼80% by exploiting this fast ion stabilizing mechanism. A study is also presented to further optimize the energetic particle profiles, thus possibly leading experimentally to an even more significant fusion gain.

Parameter study of L–H transition for plasma operation scenario development in JA DEMO

We have investigated the L–H transition in JA DEMO, a design concept of the steady-state tokamak fusion demonstration reactor. We develop an L–H transition model, which determines the minimum pedestal growth time such that a power ratio, the net plasma loss power across the separatrix over the L–H threshold power, is maintained at a constant value during pedestal growth for a given external heating power. We conduct parameter studies using an integrated modeling code, considering impurity transport. The dependence of the heating power and time required for the L–H transition on the plasma density, temperature, threshold power, impurity density fraction, and impurity transport coefficients is clarified. We evaluate the appropriate impurity density fraction for the L–H transition and the divertor heat load reduction. The fraction depends on the impurity transport coefficients and external heating power. The obtained results are necessary to confirm the L–H transition feasibility and to develop the plasma operation scenario consistent with the various engineering constraints in a design-stage reactor. The heating power required for the L–H transition turns out to be lower than the power supposed to be installable in the current design activities of JA DEMO.

Role of Heat Release from Inter-Electrode Chemical Crosstalk in Thermal Runaway Propagation Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery Modules

While lithium-ion batteries are continually increasing in energy and power density, thermal safety still remains a significant concern. In some thermal abuse scenarios, thermal runaway can be triggered by the exothermic reactions from inter-electrode chemical crosstalk between the cathode and the anode without an internal short circuit. Under these circumstances, the thermal runaway temperature is lower than the separator's thermal shrinkage temperature, implying that the cell's catastrophic thermal runaway occurs without a large-scale short circuit produced by separator failure. These cell failures must be managed such that the neighboring cells in a battery module are not affected, a phenomenon known as thermal runaway propagation. In the present work, we employed a high-resolution cell-level thermal runaway model constructed from the accelerating rate calorimetry data of a commercial Li-ion cell to characterize the cell-to-cell thermal runaway propagation behavior for a basic square arrangement of lithium-ion battery module connected by tabs. We determined safe practices under the effects of different ambient conditions, inter-cell spacing, trigger cell location, and external heating power. Additionally, we have identified the critical pathways for the thermal runaway propagation in the battery module and quantified their statistical distribution in terms of the thermal runaway propagation speed, heat release from exothermic reactions, and heat dissipation to the surroundings. The findings from the study are believed to be of immediate relevance for the safer design of lithium-ion battery packs.

Analysis on ignition kernel formation in a quiescent mixture: Different characteristic time scales and critical heating powers

Flame ignition is one of the most fundamental and ubiquitous problems in the field of combustion. Flame ignition in a quiescent flammable mixture consists of two phases: ignition kernel formation and subsequent transition to self-sustained expanding spherical flame. Most of previous studies focused on the second phase while little attention was paid to the first phase. In this work, theoretical analysis is conducted for ignition kernel formation induced by external heating within finite domain and finite duration. The ignition kernel formation consists of three stages, i.e., onset of thermal runaway, generation of reaction front at the center, and arrival of reaction front at the edge of heating domain. The characteristic time scales for these three stages are evaluated. Good agreement between theoretical analysis and transient simulation has been obtained. The delay times for the generation of reaction front at the center and its propagation to the edge of heating domain decrease rapidly with the external heating power density; and the delay time for thermal runaway is the primary component in the total time for ignition kernel formation. Moreover, a minimum power density for external heating below which thermal runaway cannot occur is determined. Since chemical reaction is self-sustained by releasing heat, two additional threshold values of external heating power densities are determined respectively corresponding to spontaneous generation of reaction front at the center and its subsequent propagation across the edge of heating domain. This study provides useful insights into ignition kernel formation occurring in premixed flame ignition.

Ideal MHD Limited Electron Temperature in Spherical Tokamaks.

It is well documented that the central electron temperature in the national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) remains largely unchanged as the external heating power, and hence the normalized volume averaged plasma pressure β increases [Stutman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 115002 (2009)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.102.115002]. Here we present a hypothesis that low n, pressure driven ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities that are nondisruptive, can break magnetic surfaces in the central region and thereby flatten the electron temperature profiles. We demonstrate this mechanism in a 3D resistive MHD simulation of a NSTX discharge. By varying the toroidal magnetic field strength, and/or the heating power, we show that there is a critical value of β, above which the central temperature profile no longer peaks on axis.

Dynamics and dependencies of the configuration-dependent 1–2 kHz fluctuation in W7-X

• A 1–2 kHz fluctuation observed in W7-X is studied using cameras, probes, and magnetic coils. • The fluctuation appears to rotate poloidally in the E × B direction between 1 and 10 km/s. • The strength of the fluctuation depends on several plasma and machine parameters. A 1–2 kHz electromagnetic mode is present in a large fraction of W7-X discharges in the standard magnetic field configurations with 5/5 edge island structure. The power in the mode is significantly reduced in other magnetic configurations. The mode can appear spontaneously and persist for the full duration of a discharge. Its full width at half maximum is typically 100–300 Hz. The 1–2 kHz mode was first observed in visible light emissions from the divertor [1] . Matching spectral peaks were found in measurements of both global and edge plasma parameters, including line-integrated density, diamagnetic energy, and edge floating potential and ion saturation current [2] . An infrared camera recording shows a temperature modulation of ~ 2.5 K due to this mode on a divertor tile where the average temperature was 600 °C. Separate correlation analyses of the high-speed camera recordings, Langmuir probe signals, and Mirnov coil signals all indicate a poloidal velocity of 0.5–10 km/s and m = 2 as a likely poloidal mode number. Langmuir probes mounted on the Multi-Purpose Manipulator show that the fluctuation is present in one of the magnetic islands over a radial distance of at least 5 mm. A database of various diagnostic measurements and dB/dt signals from a Mirnov coil was created using a majority of the discharges from the 2018 campaign on W7-X, in order to shed light on the plasma parameters that are correlated with the existence of the 1–2 kHz mode. The power in the mode is positively correlated to the toroidal current, total external heating power, and core electron temperature. It is negatively correlated with plasma density.

Influence of Ambient Pressure and Heating Power on the Thermal Runaway Features of Lithium-Ion Battery

Abstract The thermal runaway hazards pose a serious threat to the application and transport of lithium-ion batteries on the aircraft. Hence, the researches of thermal safety in flight condition are necessary. In this study, the tests were conducted in a dynamic pressure chamber to study the effects of ambient pressure and heating power on the thermal runaway characteristics. The results show that the fierce behaviors of jet fire, deflagration, and explosion only were observed in high ambient pressure with high heating power. The open time of the safety valve is advanced as pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa. The parameters of heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), cell surface temperature, peak concentration of CO2, and mass loss decrease as the descend of external pressure or heating power. The peak values of hydrocarbon (CHx) and CO increase with the descent of pressure but decrease as the reduction of heating power. The effects of ambient pressure on the thermal runaway (TR) fire behaviors mainly attribute to the low oxygen density. The time of heating and smoking may account for the difference of TR behaviors with various heating power. It is revealed that the fire risk and the hazards of toxic/flammable gas emissions are tightly relative to the TR behaviors. These results provide valuable proposals and inspiration for the safety warning and hazard reduction under low pressure.

Results from the Alfvén Eigenmode Active Diagnostic during the 2019-2020 JET deuterium campaign

This paper presents results of extensive analysis of mode excitation observed during the operation of the Alfvén Eigenmode Active Diagnostic (AEAD) in the JET tokamak during the 2019-2020 deuterium campaign. Six of eight toroidally spaced antennas, each with independent power and phasing, were successful in actively exciting stable MHD modes in 479 plasmas. In total, magnetic resonances were detected with up to fourteen fast magnetic probes. In this work, we present the calculations of resonant frequencies f 0, damping rates γ < 0, and toroidal mode numbers n, spanning the parameter ranges f 0≈ 30–250 kHz, −γ ≈ 0–13 kHz, and . In general, good agreement is seen between the resonant and the calculated toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode frequencies, and between the toroidal mode numbers applied by the AEAD and estimated of the excited resonances. We note several trends in the database: the probability of resonance detection decreases with plasma current and external heating power; the normalized damping rate increases with edge safety factor but decreases with external heating. These results provide key information to prepare future experimental campaigns and to better understand the physics of excitation and damping of Alfvén Eigenmodes in the presence of alpha particles during the upcoming DT campaign, thereby extrapolating with confidence to future tokamaks.