External Growth Research Articles

External Debt, NODA, and GDP Growth Nexus for South Asian and Southeast Asian Selected Economies

The fundamental aim of this study is to fetch out the influence of NODA (net official development assistance) and EDS (external debt stock) on GDP growth in South Asian and Southeast Asian designated economies over 1971 to 2019. This study refers to the Solow-Swan model of economic growth as hypothetical framework in its elementary sort and employ factors such as NODA, EDS, savings, capital, depreciation, governance, and in addition total natural resources rent as control variable. Using panel data sourced from WDI (world development indicators). This study employed various econometric techniques comprise FEM (fixed effect model), panel cointegration, panel dynamic least square (DOLS), and Granger causality test for desired regression estimations. Empirical estimations evident that EDS has a negative and significant impact on GDP growth whereas, NODA had a negative and insignificant impact on GDP growth. A positive and significant influence of savings on GDP growth observed and estimation confirm that by increasing 1% in savings may cause an increase in GDP growth by 13.19 units. Capital has a positive and significant impact on GDP growth and estimation outcomes confirm that an increase of 1% in capital may cause an increase of 10.14 units. A negative and significant impact of depreciation on GDP growth revealed and it is intended that increasing 1% in depreciation may cause a decrease in GDP growth by 5.26 units. A positive and significant impact of TNRR on GDP growth revealed and estimations confirm that an increase of 1% in total natural resource rent may cause an increase in GDP growth by 0.099 units. While, impact of governance on GDP growth revealed insignificant. Lastly, it is also endorsed that a uni-directional Granger causality runs from GDP growth to EDS, EDS to NODA, and no causal relationship has been confirmed between NODA and GDP growth in SA and SEA designated economies over 1971 to 2019.

Retina regeneration: lessons from vertebrates.

Unlike mammals, vertebrates such as fishes and frogs exhibit remarkable tissue regeneration including the central nervous system. Retina being part of the central nervous system has attracted the interest of several research groups to explore its regenerative ability in different vertebrate models including mice. Fishes and frogs completely restore the size, shape and tissue structure of an injured retina. Several studies have unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. In teleosts, soon after injury, the Müller glial cells of the retina reprogram to form a proliferating population of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells capable of differentiating into various neural cell types and Müller glia. In amphibians, the transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium and differentiation of ciliary marginal zone cells contribute to retina regeneration. In chicks and mice, supplementation with external growth factors or genetic modifications cause a partial regenerative response in the damaged retina. The initiation of retina regeneration is achieved through sequential orchestration of gene expression through controlled modulations in the genetic and epigenetic landscape of the progenitor cells. Several developmental biology pathways are turned on during the Müller glia reprogramming, retinal pigment epithelium transdifferentiation and ciliary marginal zone differentiation. Further, several tumorigenic pathways and gene expression events also contribute to the complete regeneration cascade of events. In this review, we address the various retinal injury paradigms and subsequent gene expression events governed in different vertebrate species. Further, we compared how vertebrates such as teleost fishes and amphibians can achieve excellent regenerative responses in the retina compared with their mammalian counterparts.

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Abstract. Introduction. This article is devoted to the state of public global public debt and new approaches towards its regulation in both developed and developing countries. The theoretical and methodological bases of effective external debt management are considered in the paper. Globalization of the world economy and finance has led to increasing of funds raised in the international debt market and strengthened its part in the system of world finance. Purpose. The subject of this research is public debt in different groups of countries. Analysis of the situation with global public debt and the peculiarities of its regulation is necessary to learn positive foreign experience for its possible application. The following factors of significant increase of public debt are outlined: severe reduction of economic activity and decline in government revenue; increase of public spending, including related to anti-crisis measures; growing primary deficit, and this, the need to increase borrowings. The countries with low and middle income additionally face significant capital outflows from their financial markets, devaluation of national currencies, and difficulties with debt refinancing. Results. The article examines the problem of the external debts growth of different countries, dynamics and modern structure of the global external debts and efforts made by the international institutions and national regulators in order to tighten control over operations in the international debt market. The author comes to conclusion that an aggravation of the problem of external debts globalization hampers the restoration of stability and sustainable growth of the modern world economy. The main tasks performed in the process of public debt management are determined. The means of debt management, in particular, the mechanisms for restructuring public debts, are determined. The paper reviews the organizations involved in the restructuring of public debt. Conclusions. The obtained results can be used for further prospective studies of external debt management mechanisms taking into account world practice, as well as for the implementation of debt policy instruments in the crisis period.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Public Finance of Georgia

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the global economy and similarly to other countries, COVID-19 has hit Georgia hard. COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on both the private sector and health and lives of the people, in the beginning of 2020 it became necessary to find additional financial resources for both business and direct assistance to the population, as well as to cover the costs of preventing the epidemic and provided citizens with social support. In order to finance the Emergency Response Plan measures developed by the Government of Georgia in response to the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to attract approximately GEL 3.6 billion international financial institutions. Georgia has been able to respond to the socio-economic challenges posed by the OVID-19 pandemic thanks to its recent years prudent macroeconomic policies, fiscal and external reserves growth, well-capitalized financial system and significant donor financial assistance. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, Public Finance, Budget support credits, donor support.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: AS A CASE OF UZBEKISTAN

This study investigates the relationship between external debt and economic growth in the Uzbekistan during the period 2010–2020. Two-step Engle and Granger Cointegration method is employed to determine the cointegration relationship between external debt and GDP growth. Our findings show that there is a negative significant relationship between external debt and economic growth. We can also observe that a 1% increase in external debt will lead to a 24% decrease in GDP growth. Also the results of ECM model suggests that if economic shocks and periodic downturn occur in GDP as a result of external debt, then 86.0% will return to its equilibrium in each subsequent short period. This suggests that GDP growth may return to its equilibrium after a period of 1.17 (1/86) from debt crisis and shocks. KEYWORDS: economic growth, cointegration, debt overhang, external public debt, error correction model.

Effects of Financial Development and Institutions on Firm in Malaysia

This study is motivated to examine if firm growth is dependent on access to external finance but subject to the macroeconomic environment. Using firm-level data from firms listed in Bursa Malaysia for the 2006-2014 period, the study applies dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation (Blundell & Bond, 1998) to estimate how a country’s embedded financial development and institutional quality impacts the linkage of firms’ external financial dependence and growth opportunities to firm growth. A dynamic system GMM approach is employed to address the endogeneity and serial correlation concern. Firms that have greater growth opportunities actually grow faster with better financial development with embedded good institutions in the case of Malaysia. So findings concluded that firms experience higher growth through better allocation of finance since they have good potential to grow. This has shed important light on policymakers in formulating the design of many financial development policies across a wide set of countries aimed at fostering financial markets and the banking services sector to provide the vital sources of external financing needed by corporations in financing their investments. A well-functioning financial system is a necessary condition for promoting firm growth.

Do foreign inflows contribute to Economic Growth of India: An Investigation using ARDL Approach?

The study analyses the association between various kinds of foreign inflows and India's economic growth using yearly data from the World Bank from 1975 to 2019. The ADF test was applied to check the incidence of integrating effects in the data, and the ARDL model estimates long and short-run relationships. The results approved a long-run association between external inflow and economic growth in India. ARDL test results suggested that foreign inflows play a vital role in enhancing economic growth. The influence of FDI and foreign aid on economic growth was positive and substantial in the long and short run. The results suggested that personal remittance and external debt negatively influenced the growth of the economy in the long and short run.

Shareholder Litigation Risk and Firms’ Choice of External Growth

AbstractWe provide novel evidence showing that shareholder litigation risk influences firms’ choices of external growth strategies. Using staggered adoption of universal demand (UD) laws, we find that firms under the threat of litigation tend to choose corporate alliances over mergers and acquisitions (M&As). This finding supports the view that alliances offer a low-risk and low-cost alternative to M&As for firms facing litigation risk. Moreover, alliance performance improves after the passage of UD laws, suggesting that firms can make better deal selections under reduced litigation threats. Overall, we establish an unexplored link between litigation risk and firms’ choices of boundary-expanding transactions.

Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer in Breast Augmentation Surgery: Clinical Outcomes and Considerations for Future Research

Autologous fat transfer is a widely used surgical technique, chosen by numerous plastic surgeons for breast augmentation surgery. This technique is based on three steps: 1. harvesting of the lipoaspirate from the patient, 2. centrifugation and removal of the top, oily, layer, and 3. implantation in the patient’s breast(s). It has been associated with various complications, including post-surgical fat resorption, as measured quantitatively with MRI, CT, and other 3D-quantification systems.Adipose-derived stem cells have been explored as a means of addressing fat resorption. They can be separated from the lipoaspirate following centrifugation, and enzymatically purified from unwanted debris, with collagenase, forming the stromal vascular fraction. The stromal vascular fraction is then recombined with the graft volume prior to implantation. This novel technique, referred to as “cell-assisted lipotransfer”, has shown promising results in terms of reducing fat resorption. These results are due to the pro-angiogenic and pro-adipogenic ability of the stem cells, which allow the graft to address the conditions of ischemia more effectively than autologous fat transfer.The aim of this review is to explore the ways in which cell-assisted lipotransfer is different from the autologous fat transfer, as well as how and why adipose-derived stem cells may contribute towards limiting fat resorption. The immunological background of these cells is discussed in detail, while grounds for further development are discussed, by means of the administration of external growth factors, which could, potentially, maximize outcomes, while limiting complications.

External Debt, Public Investment and Economic Growth in Cameroon

This study investigates the extent to which external debt and public investment contribute to economic growth in Cameroon-emphasizing how public investment modulates the effect of external debt on economic growth. Time series data spanning the period 1980-2021 obtained from the World Bank’s world development indicators were used, together with the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach to ascertain the nature of the long-run relationship between external debt, public investment, and economic growth in Cameroon. Consistent with the debt-overhang and crowding-out literature, the study reveals a negative significant influence of external debt on economic growth in Cameroon. Results also reveal that there is a positive and significant direct effect of public investment on economic growth in the long run. Further results indicate that public investment and external debt positively and significantly affect engender economic growth in Cameroon. This is evidence that public investment modulates the effect of external debt on economic growth in Cameroon. These findings suggest the need for the government of Cameroon to create an enabling environment for private sector investment while accompanying external debt resources with domestic revenue mobilization by broadening the tax base to include taxes on landed property.

Does Firm Growth Impede or Expedite Insolvency Risk? A Mediated Moderation Model of Leverage Maturity and Potential Fixed Collaterals

Business sustainability is compromised with an increase in insolvency risk. Firm growth is desirable, but it brings an associated bundle of high risks. We decomposed firm growth into internal and external growth and studied its impact on insolvency risk using a panel data set of 284 listed non-financial firms in Pakistan from 2013 to 2017. This study used the hierarchical multiple regression approach through panel corrected standard error (PCSE) and feasible generalized least squares estimators to test the proposed relationships. The results reveal that the leverage maturity ratio mediated the relationship between firm growth and insolvency risk. Moreover, we also collected fresh evidence on the moderating role of potential fixed collaterals that negatively moderated the relationship between leverage maturity and insolvency risk. It points toward the accumulation of non-productive fixed assets that create a burden for firms instead of helping them avail of favorable loan opportunities. The findings of this research suggests that fund managers should use more long term debt to tackle insolvency risk in highly volatile markets. Inclusion of assets that serve as better collaterals should be made part of the asset structure.

Abstract P1-05-09: Analysis of immunophenotyping of patient-derived primary breast cancer cells according to the medium composition and culture method

Abstract Purpose: Immunophenotyping is a useful tool for diagnostic and therapeutic assessment of heterogenous breast cancer cells that depend on external factors and growth conditions. The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype of patient-derived breast cancer cells (PDBCCs) grown in different culture medium and under different conditions including 2D monolayer and non-adherent 3D spheroid culture by using flow cytometry. Methods: PDBCCs and normal breast cells were harvested from fresh surgical specimens (N=11) of breast tumor and normal tissues. PDBCCs were grown in various culture media under monolayer, spheroid and organoid conditions. Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, ALDEFLUOR assay, β-galactosidase staining and RNA-seq were performed. Results: PDBCC growth rates were different for each patient case. As compared with full media, A83-01 removal increased EpCAM+CD24+ cells (1.8-fold, p<0.029) and decreased EpCAM-CD44high/+CD24- (0.45-fold, p=0.029). EGF removal increased EpCAM+CD49f− cells (14.1-fold, p=0.029). Removal of both EGF and A83-01 induced senescent cells with high β-galactosidase activity. EpCAM-CD44high/+CD24- cells, ALDHhigh cells, and EpCAMlow/-CD49f+ cells were enriched by 3D spheroids relative to 2D monolayer. 562 genes with 2-fold change and, p-value<0.05 were differentially expressed in 3D spheroids compared to 2D monolayers. Based on public database, many genes associated with poor prognosis in 3D spheroids were identified (Table 1). Table 1. Clinically poor prognosis-associated DEGs were selected from tumor spheroids based on recurrence-free survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier Plotter on database that includes estrogen receptor positive patients. B, coefficient of regression; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ER, estrogen receptor, HER2, human epidermal receptor 2; RFS, recurrent free survival; FC, fold change. Conclusion: PDBCC phenotypes can be modulated by external factors and culture methods. Cancer stem-like properties of PDBCCs can be enriched by 3D spheroids. Future studies to explore the specific molecular mechanisms underlying these observations may provide new molecular targets for the development of therapies for heterogenous breast cancer Clinically poor prognosis-associated DEGs based on recurrence-free survival analysisGenes symbolLog2(FC) P<0.05Prognosis95% CI for Exp(B)HRlowerupperP-valueTop 30 of DEGsUpregulated genesMMP110.90Poor1.611.381.877.5e-10BMP68.85Poor1.21.021.040.024MYCN7.20Poor1.231.041.460.015COL22A17.12Poor1.571.172.110.0026CYP1A1(CP11)7.01Poor1.271.051.530.012PGBD56.78Poor1.221.051.420.011S100P6.70Poor1.491.281.733.3e-07CALML56.24Poor1.271.0810480.0034PPP2R2C6.19Poor1.491.131.970.005PMEPA16.07Poor1.181.011.40.043Downregulated geneFOSB-6.36Poor0.630.520.762e-06LINC00844-6.01Poor0.670.480.930.017DLK2-5.46Poor0.820.710.960.011IL33-5.31Poor0.650.550.773.1e-7SCN2B-5.09Poor0.80.670.950.0099CLDN19-4.80Poor0.660.490.890.0065FOS-4.67Poor0.670.570.798.5e-7EGR1-4.63Poor0.680.580.822.3e-0.5JAM2-4.62Poor0.80.680.950.0092MYH11-4.38Poor0.760.660.890.00045ALPL-4.35Poor0.820.710.960.015 Citation Format: Seungyeon RYU, Hoe Suk Kim, So-Hyun Yoon, Sangeun Lee, Junhyuk Song, Moonjou Baek, Han-Byoel Lee, Sangyong Jon, Wonshik Han. Analysis of immunophenotyping of patient-derived primary breast cancer cells according to the medium composition and culture method [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-09.

Mapping intrashell variation in Mg/Ca of brachiopods to external growth lines: Mg enrichment corresponds to seasonal growth slowdown

Determining secular changes in seawater temperature and Mg/Ca ratio is of high importance in paleooceanographic, paleoenvironmental and paleoecological studies. On the one hand, intra-shell variation in Mg/Ca in brachiopod shells is used to reconstruct historical changes in temperature and in seasonality. On the other hand, intra-shell analyses show a weak relationship between Mg/Ca and δ18O, but a positive correlation between Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca, and an increase of Mg/Ca at growth lines, indicating that Mg/Ca does not simply track seawater temperature alone. Internal growth lines are rarely visible in brachiopod shells, and the relation between growth lines that mark growth slowdown or cessation and Mg/Ca fluctuation is thus not properly understood. Here, using four species of extant brachiopods from the NE Pacific and the SW Pacific, from environments with low seasonality in seawater temperature (<5 °C), and two species of Late Triassic brachiopods (Western Carpathians), we measure intra-shell ontogenetic variation in Mg/Ca, S/Ca and Sr/Ca with laser ablation ICP-MS and electron microprobe. In contrast to previous studies, we map variation in Mg, S, and Sr to external growth lines. We find that, first, zones of Mg/Ca enrichment in the secondary layer form 10–50 μm-thick discrete bands or clusters of micrometric bands that consistently terminate at major external, predominantly annual growth lines that are associated with distinct notches that correspond to mantle retractions in most species. These bands generate distinct peaks in Mg/Ca that stand above low, more uniformly distributed background Mg/Ca values along laser-ablation and microprobe transects. The magnitude of Mg/Ca in these bands is comparable to Mg/Ca in the primary layer, exceeding background values of Mg/Ca in the secondary layer by 5–20 mmol/mol (by a factor of two to five). Second, Mg enrichment in discrete bands is closely associated with an increase in S concentrations in the secondary layer. Therefore, even when Mg and S uptake is expected to be highest under fast precipitation rate, these empirical observations show that Mg and S enrichment occur in the zones that were precipitated at times of a significant growth reduction (e.g., in cold-temperate brachiopods studied here during winters when primary productivity is low). The mechanisms for this paradox are unclear but can be related to uptake of Mg by amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) to delay the transformation of ACC to calcite during the formation of growth lines. Therefore, intra-shell variation in Mg/Ca in brachiopods with major growth lines is primarily determined by seasonal decline or cessation in shell growth and not by seasonal changes in seawater temperature.

Influence of Flagellin Polymorphisms, Gene Regulation, and Responsive Memory on the Motility of Xanthomonas Species That Cause Bacterial Spot Disease ofSolanaceous Plants.

Increasingly, new evidence has demonstrated variability in the epitope regions of bacterial flagellin, including in regions harboring the microbe-associated molecular patterns flg22 and flgII-28 that are recognized by the pattern recognition receptors FLS2 and FLS3, respectively. Additionally, because bacterial motility is known to contribute to pathogen virulence and chemotaxis, reductions in or loss of motility can significantly reduce bacterial fitness. In this study, we determined that variations in flg22 and flgII-28 epitopes allow some but not all Xanthomonas spp. to evade both FLS2- and FLS3-mediated oxidative burst responses. We observed variation in the motility for many isolates, regardless of their flagellin sequence. Instead, we determined that past growth conditions may have a significant impact on the motility status of isolates, because we could minimize this variability by inducing motility using chemoattractant assays. Additionally, motility could be significantly suppressed under nutrient-limited conditions, and bacteria could "remember" its prior motility status after storage at ultracold temperatures. Finally, we observed larger bacterial populations of strains with flagellin variants predicted not to be recognized by either FLS2 or FLS3, suggesting that these bacteria can evade flagellin recognition in tomato plants. Although some flagellin variants may impart altered motility and differential recognition by the host immune system, external growth parameters and gene expression regulation appear to have more significant impacts on the motility phenotypes for these Xanthomonas spp.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Novel cost-efficient protein-based membrane system for cells cocultivation and modeling the intercellular communication.

In vitro systems serve as compact and manipulate models to investigate interactions between different cell types. A homogeneous population of cells predictably and uniformly responds to external factors. In a heterogeneous cell population, the effect of external growth factors is perceived in the context of intercellular interactions. Indirect cell cocultivation allows one to observe the paracrine effects of cells and separately analyze cell populations. The article describes an application of custom-made cell cocultivation systems based on protein membranes separated from the bottom of the vessel by the 3D printed holder or kept afloat by a magnetic field. Using the proposed cocultivation system, we analyzed the interaction of A549 cells and fibroblasts, in the presence and absence of growth factors. During cocultivation of cells, the expression of genes of the activation for epithelial and mesenchymal transitions decreases. The article proposes the application of a newly available system for the cocultivation of different cell types.

Market structure and horizontal growth strategies – A case study of the container shipping industry

Abstract This article aims to review the structural transformation in the container shipping industry from 1995 to 2020 and identify the growth strategies of global carriers to enhance their market presence. Along with large investments in mega vessels, the growing deployment of charter capacity in all ship sectors has been a prominent trend in fleet expansion. The waves of mergers/acquisitions and bankruptcies have narrowed the group of global carriers. In addition to internal and external growth, they have been increasingly involved in strategic alliances to expand service coverage and compete well with powerful rivals. A few mega carriers have progressively captured the industry. In 2020, the Top 12 controlled 88 % of the global supply, and nearly 56 % was in the hands of the Top 4. Besides the substantial expansion of the four biggest carriers, we can identify the de-concentration within this gigantic group through the less inequality between their market shares.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ІНДУСТРІЇ ГОСТИННОСТІ

At the current stage, in the conditions of the development of negative trends in the field of tourism related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the business environment, government structures, and conscious citizens choose the path of joint efforts to preserve tourist resources in good condition for their restoration in the future. It is worth noting that the field of tourism, as an element of international trade in services, analyzes crisis moments, plans and creates new opportunities for business diversification. The effective existence of the tourism sector is impossible without hotel and restaurant enterprises, which contribute to the satisfaction of such primary needs of tourists as accommodation and food. The article analyzes modern trends in the development of the field of hospitality, the concept of "hospitality" is considered as a system of economic, socio-economic and economic-ecological relations that are formed in society regarding the production of the hospitality product, its distribution, exchange, and consumption. The process of forming the strategic set of the enterprise is considered, in particular, ensuring the rational distribution of resources between areas of activity, effective use to achieve the defined strategic guidelines, which is one of the goals of strategic management at the enterprise. The practice of infrastructure formation on the basis of sustainability is analyzed on the example of the hotel operator. The highest form of integration is cross-industry, that is, integration. The creation of the infrastructure of "AccorHotels" hotels involves the saving of resources, the use of energy-saving technologies, rational use of nature, and corporate responsibility of the hotel. The division, of change strategies into external and internal growth strategies corresponds not only to the directions of change, but also to what (external or internal) means are used to implement them. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the research of integration processes, types and forms of integration, synergistic effect, taking into account the transformative global changes in the world economy associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

European Union trade in 2022: external balance deficit and growth of internal interactions

EU foreign trade in 2022 has been developing under relentless inflation, the burden of energy prices and food products. In 10 months of 2022, the growing import dependence of the EU on the USA and China was registered. Russia is holding its ground due to a sharp rise of its exports’ value. Because of agricultural imports, foreign trade cooperation of the EU with Ukraine strengthens. The economies of the EU member states are still to overcome the consequences of the pandemic. At the same time, the EU trade deficit has significantly increased since the end of 2021. In the medium term, the European Single market will remain under the mounting pressure from more profitable economic locations.

Farming Pacific oysters using the spat-on-shell system in a shallow area in the subtropical coast of Brazil

The Santa Catarina Island Bay (SCIB) contributes with the largest production of cultivated oysters in Brazil, which is almost entirely based on hatchery produced cultchless oyster spat, whose metamorphosis is induced by an epinephrine solution. A production scale experiment was carried out to analyze the technical feasibility of the spat-on-shell system in SCIB. The experiment was carried out for 47 weeks, involving an internal phase, the larval settlement, and an external phase, encompassing nursery and growth. Nursery periods varied according to the experimental treatments: T3W - 3 weeks; T5W - 5 weeks; and T12W - 12 weeks. T3W and T5W showed lower survival during the two-week period shortly after transfer of the cultch from the nursery to the grow-out phase, likely linked to premature exposure of the spat in the cultch strings to predators such as fish. The 12-week nursery period showed the best results with clusters with a median of 6 animals and 11.4 g of meat per oyster at the end of the experimental period. Future studies could verify whether longer nursery periods or alternative methods to avoid exposure to predators can outperform these results.

Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 4 (MT4-MMP): role and significance in the pathogenesis of tumor growth

Neoplasms in general, especially malignant tumors, occu-py the second place in the structure of human morbidity and are one of the main causes of death and disability of the population. With all the variety of light-optical mor-phological features, as well as ultrastructural, biochem-ical, immunological and genetic parameters, the deve-lopment of neoplastic changes in tissues and organs has its own characteristics. The main pathophysiological sign of malignant neoplasms is the loss of dependence on ex-ternal regulators and autonomous growth. Currently, the emergence and spread of malignant cellular transforma-tion in the body is associated with dysregulation of con-trol mechanisms, mainly due to changes in the structural components of genes encoding the synthesis of many signaling molecules that coordinate intercellular and in-tertissue communications. The development of new bi-ological markers of the tumor process is one of the prio-rity tasks of modern molecular medicine, since success in this direction will undoubtedly optimize diagnostics and improve the quality of targeted personalized tumor treatment. Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors are considered as one of the most promising signaling molecules — biomarkers of the tumor process, because they are involved in almost all stages of the on-set and progression of malignant neoplasms. Of particu-lar interest in the initiation and development of tumors of various localizations is the membrane-type matrix metal-loproteinase 4 (MT4-MMP) or MMP-17 (alternative name), the role of which in the pathogenesis of oncological dis-eases is the subject of this review