External Focusing Research Articles

다심(茶心) 설옥자의 茶文化觀硏究

An implement the spirit of Dashim(茶心) Seol, Ok-Ja, the tea ceremony education can be defined as the five virtues. Through the tea ceremony, discipline virtue, promote the reconciliation of family and do not lose the innocence of being a beginner, start with a mind to honor the elders, training as enjoyable with friends. Tea ceremonies of Dashim(茶心) Seol, Ok-Ja are classified as Life tea ceremony, Hospitable tea ceremony, Offering to buddha tea ceremony, Creative arts tea ceremony. Life tea ceremony, performed in everyday life with comfort and manners, introductory courses to learn the attitude towards the tea and manners of behavior in tea ceremony. Hospitable tea ceremony was placed when the country s major external events Life tea ceremony focusing modern life style, consciousness and the culture level, Hospitable tea ceremony focusing etiquette of hospitality culture. Offering Hospitable tea ceremony emphasized cultural etiquette rather than convenience. Using tea tools be more classy than Life tea ceremony s, also doing tea ceremony must be formal. Offering to buddha tea ceremony is ritual tea ceremony for the formulation and
 practice of Buddhist tea culture. Ritual tea ceremony means formal tea ceremony to offer someone with respect and sacredness. Usually Dashim(茶心) Seol, Ok-Ja emphasized the importance of the ritual tea ceremony. She Emphasized the implementation of Buddhist Zen(禪) through offering to buddha tea ceremony. In Creative arts tea ceremony, she educated to be tea people with an artistic aesthetic. Implementation of the tea culture through domestic and international exchanges, international view of tea culture was established, tea culture of communication was implemented, these are view of tea culture in Dashim(茶心) Seol, Ok-Ja. Also she succeeded and contributed to the development of tea culture with literature studies. Through the writings and papers, expresses the spirit of the tea.

Directionality of nose-emitted echolocation calls from bats without a nose leaf (Plecotus auritus).

All echolocating bats and whales measured to date emit a directional bio-sonar beam that affords them a number of advantages over an omni-directional beam, i.e. reduced clutter, increased source level and inherent directional information. In this study, we investigated the importance of directional sound emission for navigation through echolocation by measuring the sonar beam of brown long-eared bats, Plecotus auritusPlecotus auritus emits sound through the nostrils but has no external appendages to readily facilitate a directional sound emission as found in most nose emitters. The study shows that P. auritus, despite lacking an external focusing apparatus, emits a directional echolocation beam (directivity index=13 dB) and that the beam is more directional vertically (-6 dB angle at 22deg) than horizontally (-6 dB angle at 35deg). Using a simple numerical model, we found that the recorded emission pattern is achievable if P. auritus emits sound through the nostrils as well as the mouth. The study thus supports the hypothesis that a directional echolocation beam is important for perception through echolocation and we propose that animals with similarly non-directional emitter characteristics may facilitate a directional sound emission by emitting sound through both the nostrils and the mouth.

Study of a 0.2-THz Extended Interaction Oscillator Driven by a Pseudospark-Sourced Sheet Electron Beam

The study of a planar G-band extended interaction oscillator (EIO) driven by a pseudospark-sourced (PS) sheet electron beam is presented. This enables the advantages of a planar interaction circuit combined with the merits of a PS sheet electron beam, including large beam cross section, high current density and the fact that a PS electron beam does not require the use of an external focusing magnetic field. Beam–wave interaction simulations for this planar EIO predicted a peak output power of 2.1 kW at ~0.2 THz. Investigations indicate that this planar EIO has a better tube performance with a higher radiation power compared with the PS pencil electron beam EIO.

Separation – integration – and now …? A historical perspective on the relationship between German management accounting and financial accounting

German accounting has traditionally followed a dual ledger approach with strictly separated internal cost accounting, as the basis for management information, and external financial accounting focusing on creditor protection and based on the commercial law. However, the increased adoption of integrated accounting systems implies a significant change in the relationship between financial and management accounting systems. We use Hegelian dialectic to trace the historical development of German accounting from separated systems and antithetical propositions of full integration, to the emergence of partial integration as the synthesis of this transformation process. The foundation of our paper is a comprehensive analysis of the literature on the relationship between financial and management accounting in Germany. On this basis, we elaborate how financial accounting in Germany has been shaped by its economic context and legislation, and how financial accounting – accompanied by institutional pressures – in turn influenced management accounting. We argue that the changing relationship between management and financial accounting in the German context illustrates how current accounting practice is shaped not only by its environment, but also by its historical path. Based on this reasoning, we discuss several avenues for future research.

Measurements of fluence profiles in femtosecond laser filaments in air.

We introduce a technique to measure fluence distributions in femtosecond laser beams with peak intensity of up to several hundred terawatts per square centimeter. Our approach is based on the dependence of single-shot laser ablation threshold for gold on the angle of incidence of the laser beam on the gold sample. We apply this technique to the profiling of fluence distributions in femtosecond laser filaments at a wavelength of 800 nm in air. The peak intensity is found to be clamped at a level that depends on the external beam focusing. The limiting value of the peak intensity attainable in long-range 800 nm air filaments, under very loose focusing conditions (f-number above ∼500), is about 55 TW/cm2.

The source of THz radiation based on dielectric waveguide excited by sequence of electron bunches

We present a new method for excitation of THz Cherenkov radiation in a dielectric waveguide by relativistic electron bunches. A sequence of bunches generates monochromatic radiation. The frequency of radiation is defined by the distance between the bunches. The studies were carried by using the newly updated BBU-3000 code which permits taking into account a number of additional options: an external quadrupole focusing system, group velocity of the wakefield, and the dielectric material loss factor. In this paper, we present our algorithm for optimizing the number and sequential positions of bunches for generation of narrow band high power THz radiation.

Influence of the electrode gap separation on the pseudospark-sourced electron beam generation

Pseudospark-sourced electron beam is a self-focused intense electron beam which can propagate without any external focusing magnetic field. This electron beam can drive a beam-wave interaction directly or after being post-accelerated. It is especially suitable for terahertz radiation generation due to the ability of a pseudospark discharge to produce small size in the micron range and very high current density and bright electron beams. In this paper, a single-gap pseudospark discharge chamber has been built and tested with several electrode gap separations to explore the dependence of the pseudospark-sourced electron beam current on the discharge voltage and the electrode gap separation. Experimental results show that the beam pulses have similar pulse width and delay time from the distinct drop of the applied voltage for smaller electrode gap separations but longer delay time for the largest gap separation used in the experiment. It has been found that the electron beam only starts to occur when the charging voltage is above a certain value, which is defined as the starting voltage of the electron beam. The starting voltage is different for different electrode gap separations and decreases with increasing electrode gap separation in our pseudospark discharge configuration. The electron beam current increases with the increasing discharge voltage following two tendencies. Under the same discharge voltage, the configuration with the larger electrode gap separation will generate higher electron beam current. When the discharge voltage is higher than 10 kV, the beam current generated at the electrode gap separation of 17.0 mm, is much higher than that generated at smaller gap separations. The ionization of the neutral gas in the main gap is inferred to contribute more to the current increase with increasing electrode gap separation.

Effect of high-power laser divergence on the plasma structural parameters during multiple filamentation in air

Multiple filamentation of an infrared high-power laser pulse in air is considered. Based on the numerical solution to the unidirectional pulse propagation equation, the effect of radiation external focusing on the spatial structure of the plasma area produced in the filamentation region is studied. We show that the number of generated plasma channels in the beam wake and the density of their spatial distribution over the filamentation region depend on the initial divergence of laser radiation. We found that in a specific range of beam focusing the number of produced plasma channels could be minimized due to the formation of a consolidated thick plasma bunch at the beam axis.

Optical control of filamentation-induced damage to DNA by intense, ultrashort, near-infrared laser pulses.

We report on damage to DNA in an aqueous medium induced by ultrashort pulses of intense laser light of 800 nm wavelength. Focusing of such pulses, using lenses of various focal lengths, induces plasma formation within the aqueous medium. Such plasma can have a spatial extent that is far in excess of the Rayleigh range. In the case of water, the resulting ionization and dissociation gives rise to in situ generation of low-energy electrons and OH-radicals. Interactions of these with plasmid DNA produce nicks in the DNA backbone: single strand breaks (SSBs) are induced as are, at higher laser intensities, double strand breaks (DSBs). Under physiological conditions, the latter are not readily amenable to repair. Systematic quantification of SSBs and DSBs at different values of incident laser energy and under different external focusing conditions reveals that damage occurs in two distinct regimes. Numerical aperture is the experimental handle that delineates the two regimes, permitting simple optical control over the extent of DNA damage.

Influence of the external focusing and the pulse parameters on the propagation of femtosecond annular Gaussian filaments in air.

We numerically investigate the effects of the external focusing and the pulse parameters on the propagation of the ring Gaussian filaments in air. The simulation results indicate that the onset distance of filament, the length and uniformity of the plasma strings, and the energy deposition strongly depend on these optical parameters. The length of optical filament can be extended greatly by adjusting the lens parameters near the maximum energy deposition. In addition, we find that, under the same initial intensity, the length and uniformity of the plasma strings can be tuned by increasing the beam width better than increasing the beam radius.

Effect of geometrical focusing on femtosecond laser filamentation with low pressure

The influence of geometrical focusing on the filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses at various low pressures (<1 atm) in air has been numerically demonstrated. The main peculiarities, such as filamentation dynamics, spatial-temporal evolution and supercontinuum generation manipulated by external geometrical focusing in the low atmospheric pressure regime, are analyzed by numerically solving a spatial-temporal equation for femtosecond laser pulse propagation in air. The results show that those important characteristics are more sensitive to the focal length than the variation of atmospheric pressure. It indicates that suitable design of the focal length will result in further amplitude uniformity and a lack of temporal aberrations in the compressed pulse. This theoretical modelling of pulse shaping optimization is a step to realization of high-energy femtosecond pulse delivery from the Earth’s surface to altitudes of several kilometers up into the atmosphere.

External focusing of nanosecond pulsed X-ray radiation

The feasibility of efficient focusing of high-power pulsed X-ray radiation generated by explosive electron emission from carbon nanoclusters is shown by direct experiments with the use of polycapillary X-ray optics. It is shown that the X-ray spot in the focus of the polycapillary lens can be reduced to 1/20 of its initial size.

Nitrogen fluorescence induced by the femtosecond intense laser pulses in air

Our experiments show that external focusing and initial laser energy strongly influences filament generated by the femtosecond Ti–sapphire laser in air. The experimental measurements show the filament length can be extended both by increasing the laser energy and focal length of focusing lens. On the other hand, the plasma fluorescence emission can be enhanced by increasing the laser energy with fixed focal length or decreasing the focal length. In addition, the collapse distance measured experimentally are larger than the calculated ones owing to the group-velocity-dispersion effect. In addition, we find that the line widths of the spectral lines from $\text{N}_{2}$ is independent of filament positions, laser energies and external focusing.

Free-energy formula for emittance-growth estimation in intense mismatched beams

We construct a theoretical model that allows a quick estimate of emittance growth in an intense charged-particle beam initially mismatched to an external linear focusing potential. The present theory is a natural generalization of Reiser's free-energy model for coasting round beams in a uniform focusing channel. The free energy generated by a spatial mismatch, i.e. a discrepancy between the ideal beam size and an actual beam size, is calculated for an ellipsoidal bunch with an arbitrary aspect ratio. Following Reiser's prescription, we assume that the excess free energy is converted into root-mean-squared emittance growth. Multi-particle simulations are performed for comparison with theoretical predictions, which indicates that an initially mismatched bunch eventually settles into a sort of thermally anisotropic state when the mismatch is large. It is shown that the free-energy formula can explain simulation results over a wide range of parameters if the degree of the temperature anisotropy in the final state is properly incorporated into the theory.

Upsetting the agenda: the clout of external focusing events in the European Council

AbstractFocusing events are sudden, striking large-scale occurrences that attract political attention. However, not all potential focusing events appear on the agenda. Combining data from multiple sources, this study conducts an analysis of the determinants of prioritisation of external focusing events in the European Council over a period longer than two decades. The results demonstrate that decisions regarding the placement of crises on the agenda are underscored by exogenous (humanitarian) and endogenous (geopolitical interest) considerations. Those events with a higher likelihood of agenda access include manmade incidents (versus natural disasters), events with larger death tolls and crises in the neighbourhood. Stronger competition between potential focusing events across time and space reduces the chances of access. The level of attention each event receives depends on purely strategic interests. Focusing events in neighbouring countries gain a higher portion of attention, as do occurrences in states having a larger trade exchange with the European Union.

On the generation of polarization-dependent supercontinuum and third harmonic in air

Filamentation and supercontinuum (SC) generation occur in transparent media during the propagation of intense femtosecond laser pulses. We report experimental results of polarization-dependent SC generation and third harmonic generation (THG) in air using intense 40 fs, 800 nm pulses under varying focusing conditions. We observe that tight focusing enhances the extent of the SC compared to when there is weak external focusing. Moreover, we observe that when the incident beam is linearly polarized the SC yield is more than that obtained using circularly polarized light of the same energy, but this difference reduces as focusing becomes tighter and depolarization begins to take effect. We have also carried out measurement for THG in air under the same conditions as for SC generation. A THG efficiency of 0.5% is measured for linearly polarized light in air. Although conservation of spin angular momentum precludes THG with circularly polarized light, we do observe THG with circularly polarized light in our experiments because of depolarization effects. We show that THG measurements allow in situ measurements of the extent to which incident light is depolarized.

Interaction of a shock with elliptical gas bubbles

The interaction of a shock with spherical and elliptical bubbles of light or heavy gas is numerically studied using the axisymmetric Euler equations. A model with a single heat capacity ratio \(\gamma \) is implemented, where bubbles are modeled by areas of the same gas with lower or higher density. Details of the general shock refraction patterns—diverging and converging—are described. The formation and development of secondary, focusing shocks are discussed. A computational parameter study for different Atwood numbers \(\mathrm{At}\, (\hbox {range } -0.54 \le \mathrm{At} \le 0.5)\), shock strengths \(M\, (\hbox {range }1.2 \le M \le 3)\), where \(M\) is the Mach number, and bubble geometries is performed. A basic classification for the shock focusing (cumulation) regimes is suggested, with the division of the internal, external and transitional focusing regimes determined by the position of the shock focusing point relative to the bubble. It is shown that the focusing pattern is governed not only by the Atwood number but also heavily by the Mach number and bubble shape. The qualitative dependence of cumulative intensity on bubble geometry is determined. The theoretical possibility of realizing an extremely intense shock collapse with a relatively small variation in bubble shape is demonstrated for the heavy-bubble scenario.

Problems of Beam Focusing by Electromagnetic Field in Linear Electron Accelerator with Standing Wave, Based on Biperiodic Structure

In the presented paper problems of particles dynamics in linear electron accelerators with standing wave are discussed. The focus of the study is a possibility of use of focusing properties of electromagnetic accelerating field for passing an electronic beam through aperture of biperiodic slow-wave structure (BSS), which will lead to a significant reduction of an accelerator's sizes. The calculation methodology is proposed and results of the study of particle dynamics in accelerators with standing wave based on BSS are presented, which prove a possibility of beam passing without using external focusing elements. The proposed methodology can be used for a calculation and design of linear electron accelerator (LEA).

The impact of multiple-site acquisitions on corporate growth patterns of international terminal operators

This paper deals with multiple-site acquisitions by international terminal operators (ITOs). A multiple-site acquisition is an external growth strategy focusing on the simultaneous take-over of an entire terminal portfolio as part of a unique transaction. The paper presents a theoretical framework about how spatial and temporal dimensions of foreign expansion are influenced by these multiple-site acquisitions. It also analyses the impact of multiple acquisitions on the sustainable growth of firms by focusing on the transaction package problem, the locational diversity problem and the irregular growth path problem. The proposed theoretical arguments are illustrated and supported by an analysis of a comprehensive global terminal-specific dataset related to the 1997-2010 period, and case studies on strategic market entry behaviour of two major ITOs.

Where Codependency Takes Us: A Commentary

In their article ‘‘Applying the codependency concept to significant others of problem gamblers: Words of caution’’, Calderwood and Rajesparam critique the codependency concept and highlight its problems when applied to problem gambling treatment. In this commentary I will show how codependency falls short of true family systems thinking and raise some questions concerning clinical work that includes concerned significant others (CSOs). Language Matters Once a concept such as codependency has gained traction through wide circulation in popular and addiction recovery culture, it acquires a taken-for-granted meaning that seldom gets scrutinized. It is to the authors’ credit that they take up this concept for examination. They suggest that codependency has become short-hand for connoting that CSOs are problematic, and characterized as ‘‘external focusing,’’ ‘‘self-sacrificing,’’ ‘‘attempting to control,’’ ‘‘suppressors of their own emotions,’’ ‘‘needing to be needed,’’ ‘‘victims’’ and ‘‘partners-in-crime.’’ Cast in this negative light, partners are stigmatized and accusatorily treated by professionals. Language shapes perception. Because of these ingrained negative connotations, it is best that the terms codependent and codependency be avoided. Further, codependency as a concept needs to be deconstructed. The authors suggest that codependency is influenced by family systems theory. They equated the ‘‘expert,’’ ‘‘confrontational and accusatory’’ style of a therapist they observed with the family systems approach of Minuchin. In reality, codependency that assigns blame to the partner falls short of systems thinking. Rather than ascribing pathology to an individual in the family, family systems therapists look for the patterns of interaction that are circular and recursive and thereby result in symptom development. Moreover, there are many schools of family therapy, and family therapists are among the first in the mental health field to raise sensitivity to how language is used – notable are the contributions of Michael White in narrative therapy, of Jay Haley in the Ericksonian tradition (which later gave rise to