External Exchanges Research Articles

Study on the Historical Influence of Foreign Exchanges in the Tang Dynasty

As one of the dynasties with the most powerful national strength and wealthy social development in Chinese history, the Tang Dynasty's great and advanced culture drew numerous countries and nations to exchange and exchange. This essay will investigate the goal of international exchanges and their historical impact on the Tang Dynasty. This essay analyses the impact of the tributary system, political reconciliation, and sea trade on foreign exchange in the Tang Dynasty by consulting literature. The development of diplomats from other countries and the Confucian cultural circle in East Asia demonstrated that the Tang Dynasty wielded significant cultural influence in East Asia, bolstering the Tang Dynasty's international standing. The research findings demonstrate that the Tang Dynasty actively engaged in external exchanges, which helped to stabilise the border area and ensure internal stability, promote Tang culture exports outside, and increase the Tang Dynasty's international impact. Tang Dynasty overseas exchanges continue to have a significant impact on the globe today, inspiring the export and transmission of culture, international relations, and commercial and trade exchanges, as well as driving the acceleration and development of the globalisation process.

A brief overview of the unearthed “Analects” documents in East Asia over the past 50 years

From the perspective of newly unearthed inscriptions of the “Analects” of Confucius in East Asia over the past 50 years, it can be seen that it is a “living” text (活体) or “hypertext” (超文体) that is constantly developing and changing in time and space, often filtered and reconstructed due to subjective and objective needs. By the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the differentiation and standardization of the “Qi Analects” (齐论语), “Gu Analects” (古论语), and “Lu Analects” (鲁论语) had not been completed, indicating that the compilation of the “Analects” had not been finalized. With the expansion of the Han and Tang empires and external exchanges, the “Analects” had spread to regions such as the Western Regions, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, as well as the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. This also marked the gradual formation and establishment of the East Asian Sinicized cultural sphere centered around Confucianism and its ideological concepts with the “Analects” as the core.

Exemplary Practices in Kidney Care: Sharing the Experience of " Disease Care Certification"

<p>2019年8月，本院腎臟團隊首次參與醫策會「腎臟病照護品質認證」，在委員查核下通過認證。近三年來，本院透過外部審核和交流，不斷增強自身實力，凝聚成員共識，進行腎臟照護標準化。以「病人為中心」執行醫療服務，促進跨領域合作，拓展研究領域。本團隊亦致力於品質改進和減少異常發生，建立新透析中心積極應對COVID-19及其他嶄新挑戰。在數位轉型過程中，本院更引進電子病歷智慧輔助系統，利用One System整合平台提升照護效率。同時，針對末期腎病(Pre-ESRD)5期病人，提前啟動醫病共享決策(SDM)，成立「愛腎家族」群組，強調醫療團隊成員和病人之間的合作。在高品質連續性照護基礎上，為急性腎損傷、慢性腎臟病、和需要透析的病人建立全面性的照護機制。</p> <p> </p><p>In August 2019, our hospital’s renal team participated for the first time in the Disease-Specific Care Kidney Disease certification program and achieved certification from the Joint Commission of Taiwan. Over the preceding three years, this team has consistently strengthened itself through external audits and exchanges, fostering consensus among its members and achieving standardization in renal care. Focusing on patient-centered care, the team’s main goals are to enhance core medical services, promote cross-disciplinary integration, and expand research areas. Our team is also dedicated to improving quality of care and mitigate anomalies. Furthermore, a new dialysis center was established to proactively respond to COVID-19 and other emerging challenges. During the digital transformation process, our hospital introduced an intelligent electronic medical record assistance system and utilized the One System integration platform to enhance care efficiency. For patients with stage 5 pre-end-stage renal disease, we proposed early shared decision-making standards, established a “Love Kidney Family” group, and emphasized the importance of collaboration between healthcare providers and patients. These initiatives were aimed at developing a foundation for offering comprehensive, high-quality care for patients with acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and those requiring dialysis.</p> <p> </p>

Comparing environmental impacts of deep-seabed and land-based mining: A defensible framework.

The crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and must be addressed jointly. A proposed solution for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and thus mitigating climate change, is the transition from conventional combustion-engine to electric vehicles. This transition currently requires additional mineral resources, such as nickel and cobalt used in car batteries, presently obtained from land-based mines. Most options to meet this demand are associated with some biodiversity loss. One proposal is to mine the deep seabed, a vast, relatively pristine and mostly unexplored region of our planet. Few comparisons of environmental impacts of solely expanding land-based mining versus extending mining to the deep seabed for the additional resources exist and for biodiversity only qualitative. Here, we present a framework that facilitates a holistic comparison of relative ecosystem impacts by mining, using empirical data from relevant environmental metrics. This framework (Environmental Impact Wheel) includes a suite of physicochemical and biological components, rather than a few selected metrics, surrogates, or proxies. It is modified from the "recovery wheel" presented in the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration to address impacts rather than recovery. The wheel includes six attributes (physical condition, community composition, structural diversity, ecosystem function, external exchanges and absence of threats). Each has 3-5 sub attributes, in turn measured with several indicators. The framework includes five steps: (1) identifying geographic scope; (2) identifying relevant spatiotemporal scales; (3) selecting relevant indicators for each sub-attribute; (4) aggregating changes in indicators to scores; and (5) generating Environmental Impact Wheels for targeted comparisons. To move forward comparisons of land-based with deep seabed mining, thresholds of the indicators that reflect the range in severity of environmental impacts are needed. Indicators should be based on clearly articulated environmental goals, with objectives and targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.

“I ask Your Excellency most humbly to pardon me for writing in a foreign language”: French in Russian and Swedish internal diplomatic correspondence, c. 1720s-1740s

To fully comprehend the rise of French as a “professional” language within European diplomacy in the century following the Peace of Westphalia, a comprehensive examination of diplomatic communications, both external and internal, is necessary. The essay explores the role of French in internal diplomatic correspondence, a topic far less studied than the language’s role in external exchanges. By comparing sources from Russian and Swedish archives, dating roughly from the time frame between the 1720s and the 1740s, we highlight the various reasons why French was used alongside the domestic languages: on the one hand, for a range of pragmatic reasons connected to the francophone working milieus of diplomats; on the other, there was a need for an informal language choice enabling diplomats to code-switch between Russian/Swedish and French. In the latter case, French was used to distinguish different contents or different levels of formality. This internal use of French, we argue, should be distinguished from the use of French in external diplomatic correspondence, where it was progressively becoming a standard medium of diplomatic communication, replacing, not complementing, other languages.

Performance evaluation considering academic misconduct of China’s higher education institutions

Performance evaluation is essential for managing and allocating resources in higher education institutions (HEIs), guiding their development. However, in the current evaluation system, the growing issue of academic misconduct (AM) as an undesirable output in research assessments is highly overlooked. To fill this gap, we propose the creative inclusion of AM as an undesirable output in the evaluation system. To validate the potentially questionable nature of the evaluation system without AM, we took China’s 32 HEIs within the period of 2016–2018 as an example, separately calculating efficiencies without and with AM through DEA approach. Then we use Wilcoxon test of paired samples and Pearson correlation coefficient confirming that there are increasingly significant differences between the two efficiencies and the two rankings in the sample period, respectively. Therefore, we believe that other performance evaluations for HEIs that do not incorporate AM are likely to be questionable, such as the influencing factors of research efficiency and returns to scale (RTS). Incorporating AM into the evaluation index system, we further explore the influencing factors of research efficiency in sample HEIs through Tobit regression model. Then we propose innovative models tailored specifically for analyzing RTS of HEIs in which undesirable outputs are under extended strong disposability and apply them to the empirical study of China’s HEIs. The results show that (1) AM is playing an increasingly prominent role in the research efficiency evaluation of HEIs; (2) local economic development, external exchanges and emphasis on AM in HEIs can improve research efficiency; however, government funding has a negative effect on it while the effect of human capital is not significant; (3) the investment scale in most China’s HEIs is optimize or excessive.

대외교류로 살펴본 해남반도 백포만 일대 마한사회 구조

Looking at the relics and distribution structures recently discovered in the area of Baekpo Bay on the Haenam Peninsula, this article attempts to approach the social structure of Mahan on the Haenam Peninsula at the time, focusing on the prestige products showing the symbols of local politics. In the past, the area of Baekpo Bay on the Haenam Peninsula has been recognized as a port of call for coastal routes through literature and excavation data since ancient times. Archaeological data showing that this area is a hub for foreign exchange in Northeast Asia continue to be confirmed, and based on abundant archaeological data, it seems to have served as a gateway to exchanges with China using sea routes formed from B.C. and the rise and fall of Mahan politics in Jeollanam-do. As such, the Haenam Peninsula, where Baekpo Bay is located, has formed a social structural system that can facilitate the distribution of symbolic artifacts such as luxury goods from an early age through various cultural contacts and various internal and external exchanges connected to both sides. The development of the system through various direct and indirect exchanges with the social distribution network served as the background for the international city to be located on the ancient maritime silk road in the Baekpo Bay area, and it was able to function as a society for entering the Korean Peninsula through the sea. In particular, the area of Baekpo Bay, where Hyeonsan-myeon is located, has been identified as the primary gateway to exchanges with China.
 Therefore, it was possible to form a social structural system related to internal and external exchanges and distribution from an early age and maintain its position as an intermediate port with Gaya and Japan for a considerable period of time. It is estimated that the establishment of such a system had political forces(chiefs) supported by strong economic power that could maintain their independent power.

РОЗВИТОК СУЧАСНОГО ОБРАЗОТВОРЧОГО МИСТЕЦТВА ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ АЗІЇ

The article examines the development of the visual arts of Central Asia from the moment the countries conquered this part of the world, from 1991 to the present day. In the context of «One Belt, One Road», there is a reinterpretation of the modern history of the visual arts of Central Asia from a global historical perspective, which has a certain strategic importance in order to carry out a joint study of the culture and art of the Silk Road. Central Asian art is a meeting place for Asian and European cultures. Although the history of the development of contemporary art in Central Asia is in the turmoil of modern world history, it is believed that it can withstand the changes of time and continue to develop dynamically. The history of contemporary art in Central Asia has experienced three important social changes and artistic trends: firstly, during the period of the Russian Empire, the artistic movement of realism influenced the strict rules and regulations of Islamic art; secondly, their own artistic style and their own cultural characteristics gradually formed; thirdly, the direction of contemporary art constantly breaks down barriers, «patterns and rules», realizing artistic aesthetics and artistic ideals in integration. During the thirty years of Central Asian independence, open borders, free external exchanges and cooperation gradually emerged from the shadow of the vast haze of Soviet art history, lifted the mysterious curtain of Central Asian contemporary art, and gradually dispelled the interest of the academic community in Central Asian art, cognitive flaws and misunderstandings. However, people’s understanding of the history of contemporary art in Central Asia cannot be achieved overnight, and its inherent shackles still influence the way the academic world thinks. Keywords: Central Asia, tradition, culture, history of modern art, fine art, painting, silk road.

A Novel Architecture Combining Oracle With Decentralized Learning for IIoT

The rapid development of digital technology is reshaping the architecture of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The traditional architecture cannot process vast amounts of data exchanges and provide entities with trust. The future IIoT is expected to be a decentralized architecture in which blockchain and digital twin-driven IIoT can enable trusted data exchanges. However, this architecture cannot obtain huge amounts of external real-time data and isolated data. Moreover, it cannot handle complex industrial computing tasks. Therefore, we combine oracle with decentralized learning to propose a novel IIoT-oriented digital twin architecture. We also propose an effective decentralized collaboration mechanism to support external data and resources exchanges. Moreover, we propose a novel computing collaboration mechanism to expand the learning capabilities of the industrial ecology. Experiments show that our proposed paradigm has less processing time, a more stable process, and better learning ability compared to other paradigms.

3D Bioprinting of Smart Oxygen-Releasing Cartilage Scaffolds.

Three-dimensional bioprinting is a powerful technique for manufacturing improved engineered tissues. Three-dimensional bioprinted hydrogels have significantly advanced the medical field to repair cartilage tissue, allowing for such constructs to be loaded with different components, such as cells, nanoparticles, and/or drugs. Cartilage, as an avascular tissue, presents extreme difficulty in self-repair when it has been damaged. In this way, hydrogels with optimal chemical and physical properties have been researched to respond to external stimuli and release various bioactive agents to further promote a desired tissue response. For instance, methacryloyl gelatin (GelMA) is a type of modified hydrogel that allows for the encapsulation of cells, as well as oxygen-releasing nanoparticles that, in the presence of an aqueous medium and through controlled porosity and swelling, allow for internal and external environmental exchanges. This review explores the 3D bioprinting of hydrogels, with a particular focus on GelMA hydrogels, to repair cartilage tissue. Recent advances and future perspectives are described.

Changes in planning approach: a comparative study of digital government policies in South Korea and Denmark

The government plans to absorb conflicts caused by policy problems, have a goal orientation, and solve problems through policy implementation. This process is meaningful in that it can reduce the goal ambiguity of the organization and achieve results. In other words, goal setting and optimal alternative selection based on a comprehensive analysis of the situation can achieve government performance. The global achievements in e-government in South Korea and Denmark also follow this initiative. However, the shift from e-government to digital government requires a change in approach to planning. In other words, rather than planning a rational-comprehensive approach to find the optimal solution, it requires a social and political approach or an incrementalism approach with the participation of various stakeholders. This point of view is similar to the study of a regional innovation system that aims to innovate through a network of multiple participants. It is also consistent with the perspective of open innovation, which creates knowledge through internal and external exchanges and breaks down organizational boundaries.

Research on the Multi-attribute Evaluation Model for the Investment Results of County-level Highways in New Urbanization

County-level highway, as a transport carrier to expand the external economic exchanges of rural areas, plays an important role as a hub in the rural road network system, and it is an important infrastructure for the country to promote the construction of new urbanization. In order to ensure the sustainable development of county-level highway, according to the relevant policies in China, the research on the investment effect evaluation of county-level highway projects has been regarded as a focus in the “14th Five-Year Plan”. Therefore, evaluating the investment benefits of the in-service county-level highways by identifying key evaluation factors has become an important research topic for new urbanization development. Since there is a lack of a comprehensive and reasonable evaluation index system. Therefore, this paper has taken the policy applicability and maximization of comprehensive benefits as the research goal, and started from five criteria, including new urbanization development ability, road network construction ability, economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits. Later, 14 second-level factors including industrial development ability, coverage of road network structure and national economic evaluation conclusion, etc., as well as a total of 58 third-level factors including the growth rate of the number of townships service industries and service industries, the increase of highway transport tools and regional urbanization growth rate, etc. were screened and constructed as the investment effect evaluation system. Subsequently, according to the characteristics of gray fuzzy of county-level highway indexes, this paper established a hybrid model applicable to the multi-attribute investment effect evaluation of new urbanization county-level highway, which used the game combination weighting method (GCWM), to combine the entropy power method and hierarchical analysis method to assign weights and reasonably calculate the comprehensive weights of indexes, and on this basis, it combined grey Euclid relational analysis method (GERAM) and the attribute theory to rank the correlation degrees of evaluation objects and further classify the investment effect level of the project. Finally, the hybrid model was applied to the county-level highway under the new urbanization construction demonstration counties to derive the optimal solution, as well as the optimization paths and measures for other auxiliary solutions. The results of this study provide an effective theoretical basis for the evaluation of the investment yield of rural transportation infrastructure with the support of policies, and provide a reliable practical method for the developing countries to achieve the maximum comprehensive benefits of the county-level highway investment programs with limited funds.

How to organize for open innovation from the ground up: a microfoundations approach in a foodservice firm

PurposeThis study aims to analyze what promotes the adoption of open innovation (OI) in the foodservice sector. Specifically, it seeks to shed light on the bottom-up mechanisms (the microfoundations) that allow a foodservice firm to organize for OI.Design/methodology/approachThe research design is an in-depth exploratory case study with 18 semi-structured interviews. The findings have been triangulated with documentation available on the corporate website, the project reports and direct observation. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach, coding individual interview transcripts.FindingsThis study identifies three categories of capabilities that have to be spread to different organizational levels: the capability to sense organizational triggers to change, to develop external collaborations and knowledge exchanges with different parties and the management's ability to be aware of organizational imperatives and the need to proceed with process adjustment. Results highlight the importance of sensing organizational triggers, allowing a quick switch between new strategies in implementing an OI approach. It was crucial for the company to co-develop new products and services with a large audience of stakeholders, not only limited to customers. The case remarks on the required ability of the organization and management team to activate mechanisms aimed at reconfiguring the competencies within each business unit, keeping an alignment with the needs of the stakeholders.Originality/valueThe study emphasizes the multi-level characteristics of OI and provides a framework for microfoundations on how to organize for OI. Results contribute to the recent debate on the skills and routines an organization should design and promote within their employees.

Long-term changes in floristic diversity, composition and stand structure in Acacia auriculiformis plantation in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines

Abstract. Hernandez JO, Ata JP, Combalicer MS. 2022. Long-term changes in floristic diversity, composition and stand structure in Acacia auriculiformis plantation in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines. Biodiversitas 23: 3631-3638. There have been continuous debates about whether exotic tree plantation facilitates vegetation succession. In the Philippines, the potential for the re-establishment of native plant communities and improvement of the plant community structure under exotic tree plantations has not yet been evaluated adequately. Thus, the study investigated the dynamics in floristic diversity, composition and stand structure of a reforested area using Acacia auriculiformis Benth. in Sitio Kay Inglesia, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR), Philippines. The changes in basal area, stem density, biomass growth, species diversity, species evenness and richness, and canopy closure were determined between two study periods, i.e., 1993-2008 and 2009-2019. Results revealed significant changes in stem density (i.e., 1324 to 2135 trees ha-1) and canopy closure (i.e., 18% to 10%) for mature trees and seedlings/saplings in 2009-2019. The changes in basal area and aboveground biomass were not significant between the two study periods. The species richness was significantly higher in 2009-2019 (i.e., 55 species) than in 1993-2008 (i.e., 22 species). The species diversity also significantly increased from low (i.e., H' = 1.99, S = 23) to moderate (i.e., H' = 2.88, S = 55). Moreover, the number of exotics decreased (i.e., 60 to 40% or 15 to 9 species) as the number of native ones increased (i.e., 27 to 72% or 15 to 40 species). Therefore, the findings of the present study show that re-establishment of native species is possible when restoring degraded land with A. auriculiformis plantation. However, monitoring studies on other key ecosystem attributes (e.g., ecosystem functionality, external exchanges, structural diversity) of the plantation are recommended to enhance our understanding of the species' potential for restoration.

2020년 발행 『중학교 역사②』 교과서의 ｢선사 문화와 고대 국가의 형성｣ 단원 서술 검토

This thesis reviewed the textual description of Chapter I ‘Prehistoric Culture and the Formation of an Ancient Nation’ of the 『Middle School History 2』 textbook developed according to the 2015 revised curriculum and used in school fields since 2020. First, by comparing the 2009 revised curriculum with the 2015 revised curriculum, the differences were confirmed, and the system and amount of text descriptions were compared for each textbook. Then, the textbook descriptions were reviewed by dividing the textbook into three categories: in case of errors or misunderstandings, in cases where academic research results are not reflected or in the case of controversy in theories, and other improvements. As a result of the analysis, there were several problems and improvements. The important ones are as follows. In the section ''Prehistoric Culture and Gojoseon'', first, the statement that rice farming started in the Bronze Age is an error because there was a lot of evidence of rice farming in the Neolithic Age. Second, it is wrong to present the pictures of bronze bells, small bronze swords, and agricultural patterns made in the Iron Age while introducing the relics of the Bronze Age. Third, there is a textbook that describes Gojoseon as a society that values human life through the eight laws of Gojoseon. However, this interpretation is wrong because the Gojoseon society was a society in which, when the ruler died, the slaves or maids were buried together in the grave. Fourth, since about 44,000 dolmens have been investigated in the Korean Peninsula alone, it is difficult to interpret them as the tombs of the rulers. In the ''Growth of Many Countries'' unit, first, the period of the countries described in this unit is not described in any textbooks, but the period must be revealed. Buyeo, Okjeo, and Dongye were annexed to Goguryeo, and the relationship between Mahan and Baekje, Jinhan and Silla, and Byeonhan and Gaya federations should be described. Second, ‘tribe’ is a term that refers to an egalitarian society in the Neolithic Age, so it should not be used as a term to refer to a political group in the Bronze Age or Iron Age. Third, it is necessary to describe the historical significance of Buyeo. In the ''Formation and Development of the Three Kingdoms'' section, first, the textbook description needs to be revised because King Seong of Baekje did not lead the army and attacked Silla, but was led by the Crown Prince Yeochang. Second, there is controversy about the time when the capital of Goguryeo was moved to Gukneacastle. However, what is written before King Taejo appears to be true during the reign of King Yuri, so it needs to be corrected. Third, it is correct to correct the statements that ‘the rule of law was promulgated’ or ‘the six jwapyeongs and the sixteen halls were installed’ during the reign of King Goi, as they are not orthodoxy in academia. Fourth, the fact that King Geunchogo of Baekje conquered Mahan and occupied the southern coast of Jeolla-do did not match the recent academic achievements, so it is time to consider a revision. In the section ''Culture of the Three Kingdoms and External Exchanges'', first, the stone tombs (Seokchon-dong tombs) of the early Baekje period are cited as the basis that the royal family of Baekje originated from Goguryeo. However, it was made at a different time, and it is difficult to believe that it was made by a person from Goguryeo. Second, the description of the spread of the culture of the Three Kingdoms and Gaya to Japan is still described as a one-sided spread, despite repeated criticisms from academia. A narrative is needed in terms of interaction.

Benefits of Company Management Systems with Combination of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

This study aims to determine the advantages of implementing a company management system with a combination of ERP in a company. The type of research used is a literature review. In this study, in the administrative control process, the ERP framework can be a facilitator in carrying out the administrative control process. For the preparation and planning process. The advantages of using an ERP framework combine the organizational lines of a coordinated business framework, extending the effectiveness and usefulness of the organization, disclosing precise detailed information and making controlled preparations. As a result of this research, there are several modules in the ERP framework, such as FI (Financial Bookkeeping), which are designed to provide a continuous estimate of an organization's revenue and measure an organization's financial performance against internal and external exchanges. information. Using the FI module, administrators can screen and examine an organization's financial exhibits that show how well the organization's faculty and staff are performing in extending benefits. The advantages of using an ERP framework combine organizational lines of a coordinated business framework, extending organizational effectiveness and usability, accurate disclosure of details, and controlled preparation.

Benefits of Company Management Systems with Combination of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

This study aims to determine the advantages of implementing a company management system with a combination of ERP in a company. The type of research used is a literature review. In this study, in the administrative control process, the ERP framework can be a facilitator in carrying out the administrative control process. For the preparation and planning process. The advantages of using an ERP framework combine the organizational lines of a coordinated business framework, extending the effectiveness and usefulness of the organization, disclosing precise detailed information and making controlled preparations. As a result of this research, there are several modules in the ERP framework, such as FI (Financial Bookkeeping), which are designed to provide a continuous estimate of an organization's revenue and measure an organization's financial performance against internal and external exchanges. information. Using the FI module, administrators can screen and examine an organization's financial exhibits that show how well the organization's faculty and staff are performing in extending benefits. The advantages of using an ERP framework combine organizational lines of a coordinated business framework, extending organizational effectiveness and usability, accurate disclosure of details, and controlled preparation.

Pattern of change of Yeongnam Excavated Small Size Imitated Bronze Mirror during the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period

원삼국시대 영남에서 처음으로 출현하는 방제경은 한경의 모방경으로 보는 인식이 지배적이나 형태상 시공간적으로 한경과는 상이한 모습을 보이므로 방제경이라는 명칭과 다소 부합하지 않는다. 오히려 궐수문·와문를 기반으로한새로운 문양이 창출된 이후 자체적으로 변화하며, 시문된 문양은 현지에서 변형·제작된 공반 마구에서도 발견되므로같은 맥락상 재지화된 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 요소들을 고려하여 방제경의 변화양상을 파악하고자 세부속성을 추출하여 형식을 설정하고, 시공간별 특징을 살펴보았다. 방제경은 크기·주연폭·문양을 기준으로 9개의 형식으로 세분되며, 각 형식들은 크게 금호강 유역과 김해에서 집중출토된다. 양자는 변화과정에서 세부속성간 연관성이 확인되는데, 이러한 변화는 당시 지역별 출토 청동기 및 대외교류의 양상과 관련된다. 당시 영남에서는 철기가 청동기를 대체하면서 공반된 외래품들은 점차 감소하는 추세이다. 금속기의 변화와 함께 대외교류의 주체가 금호강 유역에서 김해로 이동하면서 후한경과 방제경이 나타나며, 북부규슈와의 교류를 통해 왜계 방제경의 요소가 유입되어 변화한다. 즉 방제경은 청동기에서 철기로의 전환과 대외교류를 통해지역에 따라 단계별 변화의 궤를 같이한 것으로 판단된다.Imitated Bronze Mirror, which first appears in Yeongnam during the Three Kingdoms period, is somewhat inconsistent with the name Imitated Bronze Mirror because the perception of Hankyung as an imitation of Hankyung is dominant, but in form and space is different from Hangyeong. Rather, it changes itself after a new pattern based on the bracken pattern was created, and the written pattern is also found in the locally modified and be accompanied by horses tool, so it is judged to have been Localization. In consideration of these factors, detailed attributes were extracted to understand the change pattern of Small Size Imitated Bronze Mirror, a new format was set, and the characteristics of each space-time were examined. small size imitated bronze mirror is subdivided into nine types based on size, main width, and pattern, and each type is largely excavated from the Geumhogang River basin and Gimhae. The relationship between detailed attributes is confirmed in the process of change, which is related to the bronze and exchanges excavated by region at the time. At that time, in Yeongnam, as iron replaced the Bronze, the number of foreign products accompanying it gradually decreased. Along with the change in the metal phase, as the subject of external exchanges moves from the Geumhogang River basin to Gimhae, the Huhangyeong(後漢鏡) and imitated bronze mirror appear, and the elements of the Kyuchu style flow in and change through exchanges with the northern Kyushu. It is judged that the change in imitated bronze mirror was in line with the step-by-step change depending on the region through the transition from bronze to iron and external exchanges.

Drivers of variability of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine: roles of internal production and external exchange

Abstract The lipid-rich calanoid copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, plays a critical role in the Gulf of Maine pelagic food web. Despite numerous studies over the last several decades, a clear picture of variability patterns and links with key environmental drivers remains elusive. This study applies model-based scaling and sensitivity analyses to a regional plankton dataset collected over the last four decades (1977–2017). The focus is to describe the gulf-wide spatio-temporal patterns across three major basins, and to assess the relative roles of internal population dynamics and external exchanges. For the spring stock, there is strong synchrony of interannual variability among three basins. This variability is largely driven by internal population dynamics rather than external exchanges, and the internal population dynamics are more sensitive to the change of top-down mortality regime than the bottom-up forcings. For the fall stock, the synchrony among basins weakens, and the variability is influenced by both internal mortality and external dilution loss. There appears to be no direct connection between the spring stock with either the preceding or subsequent fall stock, suggesting seasonal or sub-seasonal scales of population variability and associated drivers. The results highlight seasonally varying drivers responsible for population variability, including previously less recognized top-down control.

Learning Innovation of Area-Based Approach to Sustainable Development Goals of Highland Community Resources Management of Social Studies Teachers in the Northern Thailand

The research aimed to study the context of area-based approach learning management and guidelines of area-based approach learning management for sustainable highland community resource management of social studies teachers in the learning center for Thai hill tribe communities in northern Thailand. The method of qualitative research was used. Purposive sampling was conducted to obtain key informants which were social studies teachers of the highland learning center, accounting for 285 people. This area is a development area of the royal project. Learning center for Thai hill tribe communities in northern Thailand have accessed to organize social studies teaching at the basic education level. The tools used in the research consisted of in-depth interviews and focus group discussion recording. Then, content analysis was conducted. 
 
 From the research result, it was found that the context of area-based approach learning management for sustainable highland community resources management of social studies teachers consisted of: executing the process of area-based management by surveying and collecting village data to be used as knowledge in learning management for pre-school students and students of basic education and the illiterate; developing occupations for the interested group in communities; developing life skills by using the method of coordination with community leaders; building local networks; participating in meeting with the community ;and exchanging information in order to inform people in the community of external exchanges. Regarding the use of area-based knowledge of social studies teachers, they have implemented the knowledge until this has brought about guidelines for promoting community resources management. For example, the community has participatory development plans. The community has networks of natural resources and environmental conservation and citizens have local conscience. Results of sustainable highland development are the fact that the community has strong power in conserving traditions, inheriting tribe cultures, establishing local herbal plants groups to take care of community health. Moreover, there are groups developing local products, building community declarations and regulations for living together in the community peacefully. The guidelines of area-based approach learning management for sustainable highland community resource management of social studies teachers consisted of 5 components which were FPCIL, namely (1) F: Facilitator, (2) P: Participatory assessment and planning, (3) C: Community capital value added, (4) I: Innovation of knowledge and (5) L: Lesson-learned.