External Environment Research Articles

Consumer Preference and Willingness to Pay for Rice Attributes in China: Results of a Choice Experiment.

Understanding urban consumers' preferences for rice attributes is crucial for rice breeders, producers, and retailers to meet diverse and evolving market demands. Based on the sample data of 629 rice consumers in Shanghai, China, obtained through the choice experiment (CE) approach, this study uses the mixed logit (ML) model to analyze consumers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for food safety labels, brands, nutritional quality, and taste quality. Furthermore, the latent class (LC) model examines the heterogeneity in consumer group preferences. The research findings highlight that consumers prioritize taste quality as the most crucial attribute, followed by nutritional quality, food safety labels, and brand attributes. The premium rates for superior taste quality, organic certification labels, and green certification labels exceeded 100%. Interestingly, while combining organic certification with well-known international or domestic brands does not uniformly boost consumer preferences, incorporating green certification alongside well-known international or domestic brands significantly elevates those preference levels. Factors such as the external environment, consumption habits, and personal characteristics significantly influence individuals' preferences for rice attributes. Based on these insights, the study puts forth policy recommendations for rice breeders, producers, and retailers.

Розробка та впровадження удосконалених методів управління бізнес-процесами підприємств торгівлі та апк

The study aims to identify methods of improving the management of business processes in trade and agricultural enterprises. Integration and transformational processes in the Ukrainian economy, high competition, pressure of crisis factors, and high unpredictability of changes in the external environment require Ukrainian trade and agricultural enterprises to search for new, more effective management methods constantly. New management methods should be aimed at strengthening the competitive advantages of trade and agricultural enterprises in the market and the stable operation of the enterprise from a strategic perspective. Therefore, one of the most problematic areas is reorienting trade and agricultural enterprises to a high-tech model of improvement and development of business processes. However, the potential benefits of improving the methods of managing business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises within the framework of implementing the development strategy are promising. It allows them to optimize their activity (economic efficiency) while considering future management specifics. The conducted analysis, which was thorough and comprehensive, made it possible to develop and systematize the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of managing business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises based on the proposed algorithm in accordance with the goals of business processes and consumer requirements. The work has developed a methodology for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of business process management of trade and agro-industrial complex enterprises, which allows the evaluate the business processes of the enterprise of the correspondingly achieved level (effectiveness of business processes) and increases the efficiency of business processes of trade and agro-industrial complex enterprises relative to the industry and global levels (benchmarking of business processes). During the research, the technology of conducting benchmarking was improved, which allows for an increase in the effectiveness of business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises due to the inclusion of a stage for evaluating the effectiveness of the developed measures in the benchmarking process. Thanks to this, a toolkit is proposed to determine the effectiveness of business process management and its ranking based on Harrington’s verbal-numerical scale. The Harrington scale allows you to determine the effectiveness of business processes, considering the results that are obtained that fall into numerical intervals. The paper proposes using the method of analyzing hierarchies to obtain the most reliable value of the performance indicator of the business process management system of trade and agricultural enterprises. Keywords: business process management, assessment criteria, business process performance, business process benchmarking.

Organisation management in the digital economy: graduation according to the degree of using digital technologies

The active introduction of digital technologies by business entities does not only rapidly change their external and internal environments, but also affects the essence of the economy, forming qualitative structural transformations in it, which should be reflected in the terminology. The purposes of the work are to analyse modern approaches to the interpretation of the digital economy; to consider the conceptual and terminological situation in the management of an organisation; to propose a reasonable terminological set of concepts reflecting the gradation of management according to the degree of digital technologies application. The author has conducted the research within the framework of a systematic information and cybernetic scientific approach. Scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, generalisation, comparison, etc., are used. The data is taken from open sources. The author has analysed and summarised approaches to the interpretation of the digital economy, has grouped them and allocated as follows: technocratic, specific, scientific and industrial, industrial and sectoral, information and spatial, evolutionary. The article uses the generic concept “digital economy” and reasonably suggests a set of terms, such as “analog management”, “digitised management”, and “digital management” to differentiate the concept “organisation management” according to the degree of applying digital technologies. The paper shows the expediency of this gradation (including semantic content and terminological continuity), its integrity, completeness, consistency, and compliance with modern scientific knowledge. The author suggests using the introduced set of terms for various socio-economic phenomena, processes, and objects.

Competing for Dominance in the Game Industry--A Strategic Analysis of Microsoft's Acquisition of Activision Blizzard

After enduring the impacts of a three-year pandemic, the gaming industry has witnessed a series of remarkable marketing activities. Amidst the continuous unveiling of novel products, the landscape has been disrupted by significant acquisitions among major gaming corporations, breaking the long-standing veneer of silence in the market. Among them a representative case is focuses on Microsoft's acquisition of Activision Blizzard. By combining an internal and external environment in which Microsoft made its acquisition decision, we analyse meticulously to the rationality and impetus behind the formulation of this strategic initiative. We further analyse the performance impact of this merger and acquisition strategy to further evaluate the effectiveness of the merger and acquisition strategy. Ultimately, based on our analysis, we propose corresponding suggestions sand insights for companies in the process of preparing for acquisitions and those within the gaming sector, with the objective of mitigating potential risks.

Regional digitalization and corporate ESG performance

Against the backdrop of rapid digitalization growth and deep integration with the real economy, companies are faced with more extensive and complex social responsibilities. Based on the data of 1178 A-share listed companies in China's Shanghai and Shenzhen markets from 2014 to 2021, this study empirically analyses the impact of regional digitalization on corporate ESG performance by constructing a double-difference model using the establishment of China's National Pilot Zone for the Innovative Development of the Digital Economy. This paper found that regional digital construction can improve corporate ESG performance by enhancing corporate environmental information disclosure, improving the scale of social donations, and enhancing risk resilience. In addition, the higher the level of public environmental concern in the region, the more obvious the enhancement of digital construction on corporate ESG performance. The contribution of regional digital construction to corporate ESG is also stronger in firms with high executive environmental awareness than in those with low. At the same time, this paper also responds to some scholars' questioning of corporate ESG by verifying that corporate ESG report disclosure is motivated by corporate sustainability rather than self-impression management from the dimensions of corporate management's manipulation of information and the corporate's actual environmental behavior. This paper enriches the research on the impact of the external digital environment on corporate ESG performance. It is of great significance for developing countries to promote the active participation of enterprises in ESG practices through the opportunity of digital development.

Pedestrian flow-environmental pollutants interactions and health risks to residents in high-occupancy public areas of apartment buildings

The current interaction of pedestrian flow and environmental pollutants in high-occupancy public areas of apartment and the risks of residents being exposed to environmental pollutants are issues that are often overlooked but urgently need to be addressed. In this study, we provide a comprehensive of pedestrian flow-environmental pollutants interactions and health risks to residents in first-floor public areas of apartment with high-occupancy. The main findings indicate that under closed management conditions, there is a significant increase in TVOC and noise levels during the peak periods of nighttime pedestrian flow. In the correlation analysis, the significant impact of time granularity selection in clarifying the correlation between pedestrian flow and environmental pollutants has been highlighted, with larger time granularities generally showing stronger correlations, while finer time granularities may help identify specific risks in areas directly connected to the external environment. There is a significant correlation exists between pedestrian flow and environmental pollutants (TVOC, ozone, and noise), with higher concentrations of these pollutants observed during peak pedestrian flow periods, thereby increasing the risk of residents being exposed to adverse environmental conditions. To mitigate the risks associated with TVOC pollution and noise exposure, it is crucial to maintain proper ventilation, avoid conducting cleaning or maintenance activities during peak hours, and implement noise-reducing measures, such as distancing noise sources from residential areas or installing soundproofing barriers. Additionally, the study identifies total volatile organic compounds originating from property maintenance activities and clarifies their dispersion patterns, emphasizing the importance of developing robust, standardized maintenance protocols for indoor environmental quality assurance. This research can improve the environmental sustainability of apartment buildings and provide a theoretical basis for the development of environmental health strategies for high-occupancy public areas of apartment buildings.

Afterglows from Binary Neutron Star Postmerger Systems Embedded in Active Galactic Nuclei Disks

The observability of afterglows from binary neutron star mergers occurring within active galactic nuclei (AGN) disks is investigated. We perform 3D GRMHD simulations of a postmerger system and follow the jet launched from the compact object. We use semianalytic techniques to study the propagation of the blast wave powered by the jet through an AGN disk-like external environment, extending to distances beyond the disk scale height. The synchrotron emission produced by the jet-driven forward shock is calculated to obtain the afterglow emission. The observability of this emission at different frequencies is assessed by comparing it to the quiescent AGN emission. In the scenarios where the afterglow could temporarily outshine the AGN, we find that detection will be more feasible at higher frequencies (≳1014 Hz) and the electromagnetic counterpart could manifest as a fast variability in the AGN emission, on timescales less than a day.

On the issue of the security of bank payments in modern Russian practice

he interaction of the banking sector with the external environment (which is not always favorable) determines the possibility of new threats, financial losses and, as a result, the need to use tools to ensure the security of bank payments. Its development is a priority task for the banking community and falls within the sphere of interests of each participant in the settlement and payment segment. In this publication, a dynamic and factor analysis of the number and volume of fraudulent transactions with bank customers' funds is carried out. It is possible to reduce their number thanks to the joint actions of IT specialists and employees of the security services of banks, telecom operators, law enforcement agencies, and the regulator. To achieve greater efficiency in protecting client funds, the entire arsenal of available methods should be used, starting from the simplest, such as training in selfsecurity skills, and ending with complex scientific, methodological and technological methods.

The Impact of Different Basic Trust Types During Critical Situations: The Case of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait

The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the impact of ontological security on states’ foreign policy preferences. The study posits that foreign policy preferences are closely related with their basic trust, a product of the intricate interplay between actor’s agentic capacity and its internal and external environment. This theoretical proposition is subsequently subjected to comparative examination within the contexts of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The study contends that despite sharing similar concerns regarding physical and ontological security, these two actors have pursued distinct foreign policy trajectories regarding the Arab uprisings and normalization with Israel that owe to differing types of basic trust. In doing so, the study aims to contribute to the ontological security literature from two perspectives: 1) to refine and elucidate the scope of the basic trust concept by reinterpreting it and highlighting its central role in ontological security analysis, and 2) to contribute to the practical applications of the field by applying the concepts developed in the ontological security literature to case studies of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

Impact of boundary-spanning search on firm innovation performance: a strategic knowledge integration perspective

Purpose This study aims to explore the mechanism of boundary-spanning search on firm’s innovation performance under environmental dynamics from the perspective of strategic knowledge integration. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted among Chinese firm managers and R&D personnel, resulting in the collection of 315 valid samples. Hierarchical regression analysis was mainly adopted to demonstrate the hypothesized relationships, while the Sobel test and bootstrap method were used to further validate the mediating effects. Findings The results demonstrate that boundary-spanning search in different dimensions is a critical factor in the improvement of firm innovation performance (FIP). Two types of strategic knowledge integration are the main factors causing FIP and mediate the influence of boundary-spanning search on FIP. Furthermore, environmental dynamics moderate the relationship among boundary-spanning search, strategic knowledge integration and FIP. Practical implications Managers need to strengthen the boundary-spanning search for market and technical knowledge, which will promote firm innovative performance. Managers also need to implement strategic knowledge integration, which specifically includes using planned strategic knowledge integration to compensate for knowledge deficiencies, thereby achieving predetermined objectives; and using emergent strategic knowledge integration to update their understanding of internal and external environments, and to reset strategic objectives. In dynamic environments, managers should emphasize strategic knowledge management activities more. Originality/value From a strategic management perspective, this study categorizes strategic knowledge integration into planned and emergent forms. By applying the logic of knowledge acquisition, integration and creation, it explores how boundary-spanning search affects FIP through strategic knowledge integration as the intermediary and the boundary conditions of environmental dynamics. This not only provides a deeper understanding of the nature and effects of boundary-spanning research but also enhances the theory of strategic knowledge management.

Critical role of keratinocytes in cutaneous immune responses

Keratinocytes play an integral role in the human epidermis, serving as a barrier between the internal and external environment. They are immune-competent cells involved in both innate and adaptive cutaneous immune responses, crucial for maintaining skin integrity. Keratinocytes are essential for epidermal repair, facilitating proliferation and re-epithelialization following injury. They secrete pro-inflammatory markers such as cytokines and chemokines, which promote the recruitment of inflammatory cells like polymorphs and macrophages to the site of skin injury. The immune response mediated by keratinocytes involves signaling molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Langerhans cells respond to factors secreted by keratinocytes, migrating towards draining lymph nodes to activate T cells and initiate an adaptive immune response. Additionally, keratinocytes express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), enabling them to detect molecular patterns of pathogens. Recent studies have focused on understanding these interactions of keratinocytes to develop therapeutic strategies for managing various skin diseases. Genetic defects in keratinocytes underlie conditions like psoriasis. We also discuss the role of keratinocytes and the effect of neuro-endocrinal signaling and interventions, associated corticosteroidogenic pathways, and response to UV radiations to maintain a state of homeostasis. This article underlines and improves our understanding of the immune function of keratinocytes, which is crucial for developing more effective therapies against skin diseases.

Reselling or agency selling? The impact of live-streaming on selling formats

PurposeChoosing the proper selling format for online retail has long been a critical issue for many platforms to consider, whereas the emergence and popularity of live-streaming have had a massive impact on the platform's business. As a result, selecting the suitable operating strategy for the live channel has become another critical issue for platforms. In such a context, what will be the impact of live-streaming on selling formats?Design/methodology/approachIn order to explore these issues, we identified two selling formats (wholesale reselling or agency selling) as well as two operating strategies (introduce or discard). Thereby, four channel-structures are constructed, namely the reselling-discard model (WN), the reselling-introduce model (WL), the agency-discard model (AN), and the agency-introduce model (AL). We comprehensively compare how different structures affect stakeholders' interests, consumer surplus, and social welfare through equilibrium analyses.FindingsThese results help clarify the impact of critical factors (e.g. self-effort attribute, cross-effort attribute, and commission ratio) on the choice of models. We find that regardless of the selling agreement between the manufacturer and the platform, the introduction of a live store is necessary; specifically, when the commission ratio is high, the platform's optimal decision is first to sign an agency agreement and then apply live selling (AL); conversely, when the commission ratio is low, the platform's optimal strategy is first to enable the live channel and then to select the reselling format (WL), together, this also reveals, from a theoretical perspective.Originality/valueOur study includes the dual analysis of selling formats and channel operations, considering the inherent dual attributes of service efforts and the external competitive environment.

A multi-source data fusion driven power field effect transistor health state assessment and remaining useful life prediction method

Abstract The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is subjected to various stresses due to the external and internal operating environments, leading to ageing and failure of the device. With multiple degradation mechanisms, a single piece of information can no longer fully reflect the health state of MOSFETs, so how to use multi-source data to characterise the state of the device and predict the remaining useful life (RUL) is an issue worth exploring. To address this problem, a method for constructing health indicators (HI) as well as predicting RUL using multi-source data is proposed. In this method, firstly, the features are computed by selecting the appropriate ageing signal from the ageing mechanism. Secondly, the extracted features are filtered using Pearson’s algorithm to find the features that are strongly correlated with longevity. Then, the filtered features are merged by dimensionality reduction using the kernel principal component analysis algorithm and the HI is constructed from the reduced result. Finally, an unsupervised clustering algorithm is used to classify the states based on the data distribution in HI, and the filtered features are used as input to the grey wolf optimisation bidirectional long short-term memory neural network to predict the RUL of the device. In this paper, the proposed method is validated using data from the MOSFET Accelerated Aging Experiment at the NASA Ames Centre of Excellence for Prediction. The results show that the method is able to achieve good results in health state assessment and RUL prediction of MOSFETs. The proposed method is an effective and comprehensive strategy that is more helpful for the operation and maintenance of electronics.

The curvilinear effect of environmental, social, and governance performance on stock price crash risk in China

AbstractWith the concept of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) gaining traction worldwide, firms are becoming increasingly transparent about their ESG practices to enhance their legitimacy. This study draws on signaling theory, stakeholder theory, and opportunism theory, and uses panel data from Chinese A‐share listed firms from 2009 to 2022. It identifies a U‐shaped relationship between ESG performance and stock price crash risk, indicating that the increase in ESG performance decreases stock price crash risk, but after reaching a threshold value, it increases the risk. Green innovation moderates this U‐shaped relationship, reinforcing its effects. Meanwhile, earnings management plays a mediating role in this U‐shaped relationship. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that the U‐shaped relationship is significant in polluting industries, firms without the duality of chairperson and CEO, firms with high analyst coverage, and those under high market competition. The moderating effect of green innovation is particularly significant in firms with poor external legal environments and firms with positive management tone. Our findings provide novel insights and recommendations for policymakers, managers, and stakeholders to develop effective ESG policies.

Predicting Tourist Arrivals: A Google Trends-Based Model for Destination Management

In this paper, a review of the scientific literature on the importance and knowledge of the tourist destination for the formation of a correct strategy for its development and promotion is made. The possibility of managing the tourist destination by modeling with Google Trends data is represented. A review of studies using the mentioned tool in the field of tourism is conducted. The potential benefits of using Google Trends data on searches for a city as a keyword in combination with archival data are summarized. The possibilities for modeling the visits of tourists using data from Google Trends are investigated, as a result of which a model is built by applying polynomial regression to predict the overnight stays of foreign citizens in the city of Veliko Tarnovo based on archival data from the National Statistical Institute and Google Trends data. Through data analytics with Google Trends, it is concluded that key value is created for the external and internal environment, influencing the destination. The data creates conditions for the development of management strategies for attracting tourists based on primary and secondary data for analysis. The application of the received data sets through data analysis are also important for tourism organizations and institutional bodies in tourism (macro- and meso-level). The resulting analysis affects issues related to the management and marketing of the destination, and on the other hand, it directly affects the segmentation of the market and the distribution of products and services to the end user (micro level).

Current status and perspectives in environmental oncology.

Cancer stands as a leading global cause of death, with its etiology characterized by complexity and multifaceted factors. Growing research indicates a strong correlation between environmental factors and cancer incidence, underscoring the critical importance of intervening in environmental risk factors to mitigate cancer occurrence. Despite this, specialized research institutions focusing on the intersection of environment and cancer remain scarce, with global investment in cancer prevention significantly trailing behind efforts in diagnosis and treatment. Against the backdrop of rapid global climate change, industrialization, urbanization, aging populations, and the globalization of lifestyles, we proposed the concept of Environmental Oncology (EO) to address these challenges. We discussed the rationale and necessity of developing EO and presented a comprehensive research framework focusing on cancer prevention and treatment. Future EO research will aim to identify cancer causes and implement early prevention strategies using advanced scientific technologies and methods. By emphasizing multidisciplinary collaboration and integrating molecular biology at the micro level, EO will explore the relationship between external and internal environments and cancer. EO will identify potential therapeutic targets by studying the pathways through which environmental exposures lead to carcinogenesis. EO will develop early warning systems and disseminate research findings by collecting big data, employing robust statistical models, and establishing research centers.

Unveiling microbial dynamics in lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent nontumor tissues: insights from nicotine exposure and diverse clinical stages via nanopore sequencing technology.

Lung is the largest mucosal area of the human body and directly connected to the external environment, facing microbial exposure and environmental stimuli. Therefore, studying the internal microorganisms of the lung is crucial for a deeper understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and the occurrence and progression of lung cancer. Tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues were collected from 38 lung adenocarcinoma patients and used nanopore sequencing technology to sequence the 16s full-length sequence of bacteria, and combining bioinformatics methods to identify and quantitatively analyze microorganisms in tissues, as well as to enrich the metabolic pathways of microorganisms. the microbial composition in lung adenocarcinoma tissues is highly similar to that in adjacent tissues, but the alpha diversity is significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues. The difference analysis results show that the bacterial communities of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Neisseriales were significantly enriched in cancer tissues. The results of metabolic pathway analysis indicate that pathways related to cellular communication, transcription, and protein synthesis were significantly enriched in cancer tissue. In addition, clinical staging analysis of nicotine exposure and lung cancer found that Haemophilus, paralinfluenzae, Streptococcus gordonii were significantly enriched in the nicotine exposure group, while the microbiota of Cardiobactereae and Cardiobacterales were significantly enriched in stage II tumors. The microbiota significantly enriched in IA-II stages were Neisseriaeae, Enterobacteriales, and Cardiobacterales, respectively. Nanopore sequencing technology was performed on the full length 16s sequence, which preliminarily depicted the microbial changes and enrichment of microbial metabolic pathways in tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues. The relationship between nicotine exposure, tumor progression, and microorganisms was explored, providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of lung cancer through microbial targets.

Controllable Fabrication of Multifunctional Micro-thermocouples for Temperature Detection inside Single Suspended Droplets.

Microdroplets have recently emerged as an exciting technological platform for wide applications. In this work, we developed a controllable fabrication approach to novel tungsten-platinum micro-thermocouples that function not only as a sensitive temperature sensor but also as a flexible suspender for individual microdroplet studies. The controllable fabrication hinges on the formation of tungsten tip apex nodes to make junctions with platinum, which was achieved through a unique combinational strategy, involving gradient coating with a complete insulating layer and subsequent targeted removal by tip electroporation. Benefiting from its coaxial structure, microspherical contact node end, hydrophobic surface, and thermoelectric performance, the as-fabricated micro-thermocouple was successfully employed for the microdroplet suspension and in situ temperature detection throughout the droplet evaporation cycle. It was observed that the temperature inside the suspended microdroplets was lower than that of the external environment, and there existed temperature discontinuity during droplet evaporation. By integrating the capabilities of temperature monitoring and droplet manipulation into a single micro-thermocouple, this work demonstrates its versatility and promising applications in expanded sensing for single microdroplets and other microsystems.

Lost at sea: Impact of an ocean survival experience on psychological, physiological and cognitive abilities (RAD'LÔ)

Survival in an extreme environment places high physiological and cognitive demands on the individual. These environments are characterized by specific stimuli, including unusual sensory stimulation and uncertainty, which induce intense stress. Thus, the aims of this study are: i) to evaluate the impact of a five-day survival at sea simulation on human adaptive capacities, based on the assessment of psychological, cognitive, physiological, and sensorial measures; and ii) to assess recovery. Twenty-one healthy participants were enrolled in a 5-day simulation onboard a lifeboat or an inflatable raft. Psychological, physiological, sensory, and cognitive measurements were recorded before leaving (baseline), at the end of the experiment (post) and during the week that followed (recovery). Our results are unequivocal. The harshness of the environment affected the majority of the organism's responses. On the cognitive level, performance significantly deteriorated. On the psychological level, there was low mood, a decrease in subjective exteroceptive acuity and sleep disorders, increased energy, and less perceived stress. On the physiological level, a decline was recorded with respect to autonomous nervous system measurements. On the sensory level, we observed a state of hypervigilance and hypersensitivity to stimuli from the external environment. Proprioception was deeply impacted. Moreover, at recovery, many individuals did not fully recover or deteriorated further, especially regarding sleep, interoceptive abilities and sensory distortion. It appears that participants entered a state of psychological hibernation, associated with increased physical and cognitive load, and sensory hypervigilance. These results raise the question of the risks that may be incurred during future long-term space missions, as astronauts will have to maintain their cognitive performance at a high level to be able to respond to environmental demands and remain alive. It is essential to continue to explore countermeasures that will support adaptation in future spacecraft crew.

Enhancing Enterprise Efficiency through Cross-Domain Supply Chain Linkage Management

In recent years, with the complexity and variability of international finance, debt, and geopolitical risks, the growth rate of domestic economic operations has slowed down. More enterprise groups are facing the transformation and upgrading from domestic leadership to internationalization, achieving revenue growth of nearly 10 billion yuan per year against the trend. The severe and complex internal and external environment has brought many challenges to the supply chain for enterprises. This article focuses on the goal of an “enterprise supply chain system focusing on value creation, strengthening system linkage, and improving overall chain efficiency,” aiming to find solutions to problems such as strong demand variability, frequent emergency needs, coexistence of project shortages and inventory surplus, long material turnover cycles, and high organizational complexity. By searching for key activities in the entire business chain of demand, design, production, service, and finance, implementing source planning, process control, system linkage, analysis and summary, and team collaboration, we have achieved more scientific demand forecasting, more accurate planning, more effective procurement cost reduction, more stable production performance supply, more convenient inventory sharing services, and more efficient integration of business and financial policies.