External Ends Research Articles

A moral community of a realm of ends: Its (im)possibility in education?

When education only is affected by the instrumental principle and its substantiation vis-à-vis specific normative requirements as narratives, practices and traditions of certain kinds, education merely promotes and preserves such normative requirements rather than altering them. I therefore argue that education should not only be affected by the instrumental principle and its substantiation through certain narratives etc. Education should also embrace the value of moving beyond these so that new ways of thinking can be made possible. This it can do when it engages in the creation of a moral community of a realm of ends. However, even though such a creation is possible in principle, it is not necessarily the case that each and every one will engage in making such a moral community possible or that each and every one will be successful in such a pursuit. It is, nonetheless, a worthy quest, and when people engage in creating such a moral community, they strive to set and pursue morally permissible ends in systematic connection, rather than merely external ends valued in specific circumstances. By doing so, they respect each other as ends-in-themselves rather than as means to some further end, or so I argue.

Effect of the State-of-the-art Condenser Configuration on the Performance of Axially Rotating Wickless Heat Pipes

Abstract This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of a newly shaped condenser on the thermal performance and operational parameters of a horizontally rotating wickless heat pipe. The new condenser shape has been developed based on assessing the effect of conical external ends and inner tapered wall condensers. The newly developed condenser configuration implies an external conical end of 60° and an inner tapered walls condenser of 3°. The heat pipe was subjected to a consistent rotational speed of 1500 rpm while being exposed to different heat loads, ranging from 25 to 200 W. Various filling ratios of water, from 5 to 55% of the total inner volume of the heat pipe, have been tested at rotation speeds of 750, 1000, and 1500 rpm. The results indicated that the heat pipe with the advanced condenser has a superior performance over the ones with the plain condenser by 46.75%, the conical end condenser by about 31.15%, and the tapered condenser by about 7.54%, on average over the tested heat loads from 25 to 200W. The filling ratio of 25% achieved better performance than the other tested filling ratios as the effective thermal resistance of the heat pipe decreased by 3.1 to 10.1%, 2.8 to 19.5%, and 8.9 to 24.8% for rotational speeds 750, 1000, and 1500 rpm, respectively.

Molecular Investigation of the Achnanthidium minutissimum Complex (Bacillariophyceae) from the Transbaikal Region with the Description of Three New Species

Representatives of the Achnanthidium minutissimum complex have been studied from the Transbaikal region, Russia. The Transbaikal region is known for its unique algal flora and high levels of endemism. Despite the group of monoraphid diatoms being studied quite extensively in this region in recent years, only four species of Achnanthidium have been reported so far. Three new species are described based on LM and SEM microphotographs and molecular data: Achnanthidium baicalonanum sp. nov., A. obscurum sp. nov. and A. angustum sp. nov. Comparison with similar species is given. The new species differ from other species of the genus by valve shape, striae and areolae structure, shape of external distal raphe ends and central area. According to molecular data, the new species form separate branches within the A. minutissimum complex. Ecological preferences of the new species are examined. All of the new species are only known from the Transbaikal region. This study contributes to the understanding of Achnanthidium taxonomy and biogeography and will be an asset to future biomonitoring studies.

Luticola tenera sp. nov. (Diadesmidaceae, Naviculales)-A New Diatom from the Soil of the State Nature Reserve "Bastak" (Jewish Autonomous Region, Russia).

Diatoms inhabit different aquatic and non-aquatic environments, including soils. The naviculoid genus Luticola is widespread in various habitats and accounts for 264 species that are only based on morphological and morphometric characteristics. These parameters can greatly vary during the life cycle, making the species very similar to each other and complicating their unambiguous identification. During a study on soil algal diversity in the Russian Far East (Jewish Autonomous Region), we isolated a strain of naviculoid diatom and examined it using an integrative approach (phylogenetic, morphological, ultrastructural data, and life cycle). Phylogenetic analyses, based on chloroplast rbcL gene data, showed affinity of the new strain with the genus Luticola. Our alga shares morphological features typical of the genus members but differs from them by having valves with a larger width and hook-shaped external proximal raphe ends deflected to the side opposite the stigma. It was revealed that the strain reproduces via two types of sexual reproduction-isogamy and cis-anisogamy. Based on these phenotypic traits, we described the new isolate as Luticola tenera sp. nov.

Livelihood investments as incentives for community forestry in Africa

This study examines community incentives to participate in donor-sponsored community forestry initiatives using the case of a multi-year biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihood project in West Africa sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development. In this project, communities established community forests and prohibited most extractive uses to promote forest biodiversity conservation, receiving livelihood and water infrastructure investments in return. I assess whether livelihood investments are an effective incentive-based conservation strategy for community forestry initiatives, and in what context; and, once external project support ends, whether community forestry based on this incentive strategy persists. I examined community forestry in 27 communities across three study areas in Guinea and Sierra Leone between 2012 and 2015, when the project ended, and conducted a follow-up assessment in 2018 to see whether community forestry persisted post-project. I found that, despite mixed benefits from livelihood activities, livelihood investments were effective incentives for community forestry during the project’s lifetime. Most successful were Village Savings and Loan Associations and tree nurseries and plantations (coffee, cacao, oil palm, rubber), both of which provided tangible economic benefits to participating households. Intrinsic incentives associated with the ecosystem services community forests provide were also important. All but one community forest persisted 2.5 years post-project, though management byelaws had informally changed in many community forests to allow more extractive uses. These changes were least evident in the study area where benefits from livelihood investments were greatest and endured. This study demonstrates that livelihood investments can be effective in-kind incentives for community forestry in Africa, whether as central or ancillary incentives, but more effort is needed to design livelihood investments that deliver their expected benefits. Context also matters; there is a need to better understand the relationship between incentive types, community forestry model, and the social-ecological conditions in which community forestry occurs.

Four new species of the genus Lacustriella (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Baikal

We add four new species to the recently established genus Lacustriella Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot et Metzeltin and characterize morphology of the taxa based on LM and SEM observations. Lacustriella cuspidata, L. rombea, L. radiata and L. solita share all of the typical morphological features of the genus including longitudinal canal along each valve margin, radiate uniseriate striae terminated with large elongated areolae, and external distant raphe ends bent oppositely. L. cuspidata is peculiar among the other Lacustriella with rows of small pores look as if they continue striae on the surface of longitudinal canals as well as with the axial area sharply widened into the asymmetrical central area. L. rombea is different in combination of valve outline with unprotracted rostrate apices, irregular areolation at centre of the external valve, and slit-like areola occluded with volae. In L. radiata distinctive characters include protracted rostrate valve apices, rhombic central area and volated slit-like areolae. L. solita differs in the highest density of areolae in striae and an ornamented surface of longitudinal canals. New species were compared to the closest morphologically similar taxa. Some general ecological properties and distribution in the littoral zone of the ancient lake are given.

A new freshwater species Achnanthidiumkangdingnese (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Sichuan Province, China.

A new freshwater diatom species, Achnanthidiumkangdingnese Yu, You & Wang, sp. nov. from Sichuan Province, China, is described. The morphology of this species was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). A.kangdingnese belongs to the A.initium-like subgroup, which has external distal raphe ends curved in opposite directions of the valve. The main characteristics of A.kangdingnese are its linear shape, rounded apices and transpically-elongated areolae on the both valves. The central area is well defined with one or two spaced striae of the raphe valve. And on the internal valve, areolae are occluded by hymens perforated by delicate slits, and each hymen is closely joined with the adjacent hymen. We compared the new species with other similar species of Achnanthidium, A.kangdingnese is considered to be sufficiently different from other similar species based on valve outline, shape of the axial and center areas, and striae density. The new species is known only from its type locality, a mountain lake in Kangding County.

Cymbopleura deqinensis sp. nov. (Cymbellaceae; Bacillariophyceae), a new species from Yunnan Province, China

Cymbopleura deqinensis sp. nov. was found in surface sediments of a small, oligotrophic high-mountain lake in Deqin County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. We describe the morphology of this new species using light and scanning electron microscopy. Cymbopleura deqinensis sp. nov. has the morphological characteristics that are typical for the genus, including dorsally deflected external distal raphe ends and often ventrally deflected proximal raphe ends as well as lacking stigmata and apical pore fields. The new species is most similar to C. similiformis var. angusta and shares features with some other species in this genus, as well. Due to the apices being bent in opposite directions, giving the valves the appearance of being slightly sigmoid, this species may, also due to its small size and finer striation, be compared to species in the genus Encyonopsis. However, a unique set of characteristics sets C. deqinensis sp. nov. apart as a new species: 1) valve ends bend in opposite directions, 2) the shape of areolae are mostly round to elliptical, partly T-shaped, V-shaped or irregularly-shaped externally and round internally, 3) it has several larger areolae near the central area, 4) the shape of central area is rectangular to elliptical or occasionally not well expressed, with irregularly shortened striae. Brief notes on the associated diatom flora and its ecology are provided.

Artworks are Valuable for Their Own Sake

AbstractTo hold that artworks are valuable for their own sake—regardless of whatever secondary value they may have, such as entertainment, formation, education, or a pleasurable experience—is to hold that their final worth is not derived from external or secondary ends. I call this collective set of views the end-in-itself view (or EI view). Nicholas Stang recently leveled a twofold charge of reductio ad absurdum and operating from a double standard against the EI view. In this article, I refute Stang by showing that the charges do not obtain for at least one variation of the EI view that holds artworks to be valuable for their own sake as internally purposive ends-in-themselves (the IP view).

Business Development Strategy Tenant Business Incubator STP IPB; Case Study PT Ecodoe Widya Candia Internasional

Ecodoe is one of the companies that move in the field of E-Commerce souvenirs and gifts that are present to provide solutions for companies that need souvenir kits, without having to buy retail. Behind the growth of startups that seem significant, there are also failures that befall the perpetrators in various business sectors. Once support from governments and external agencies ends, revenue from startups tends to decline to the point that puts these businesses in a situation called the 'Valley of Death'. The study used the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) and the External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) to identify the inernal environment and external environment of the company that are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Ecodoe. Furthermore, using Matrix IE analysis to find out the position of the company and produce alternative strategies using the SWOT matrix The results of the analysis of the preparation of alternative strategies with the SWOT matrix method on Ecodoe resulted in thirteen alternative strategies. Keywords: ECODOE, SWOT, Start Up.

Taxonomy and nomenclature of some members within the Obtusae section of Nitzschia Hassall (Bacillariophyceae) including descriptions of two new species

Light and scanning electron microscope observations are made on some members of the section Obtusae in the genus Nitzschia (Bacillariales, Bacillariophyceae). We use type and other material derived from both the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program in the USA and from Egypt to assess five different taxa, two of which are described as new to science (Nitzschia lowei, sp. nov., Nitzschia potapovae, sp. nov.) and another is made as a new nomenclatural combination (Nitzschia kurzeana var. multistriata (Hohn) comb. nov.). Other names used in the literature for some of these taxa are considered and discussed. Based on the features of sigmoid valves, eccentric raphe not in an elevated keel, lack of a conopeum, strongly bent, elongated external proximal raphe ends extending onto the valve face, and presence of a differentiated central 'nodule', members of this group are clearly differentiated from the generitype of Nitzschia and most other recognized sections of the genus.

Recognition of surgical anatomy for intersphincteric resection

Intersphincteric resection (ISR) involves the anatomy of hiatal ligament, internal and external sphincter and conjoined longitudinal muscle. The hiatal ligament is actually a branch of the longitudinal muscle of rectum, shown as an uneven ring attached to the levator ani muscle. The internal sphincter is the end of the circular muscle of rectum which begins at the level of hiatal ligament formation. The distance from the upper boundary of internal sphincter to dentate line is significantly different among individuals. Although there is adipose tissue in the space between the internal and external sphincters, no evidence of mesentery structure in the anal canal is found as in the rectum. The conjoined longitudinal muscle is the remaining branch of the longitudinal muscle, whose return passes through the external sphincter and ends at the anococcygeal ligament/coccyx after reaching the anal margin. The synergistic action of conjoined longitudinal muscle and the hiatal ligament participates in the defecation process. The individualized difference of ISR-related anatomy affects the operation, especially the anastomosis.

Oricymba gongshanensis sp. nov. (Cymbellaceae; Bacillariophyceae), a new species from southwest China

Oricymba gongshanensis sp. nov. is identified as a new cymbelloid species, and described from a rock wall in Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, China. A detailed morphological description of the new species is presented, based on light and scanning electron microscopy. O. gongshanensis sp. nov. has the features that assign it to the genus Oricymba, including a thickened ridge positioned around the margin of the valve, presence of pore fields at the apices, a stigma with a single opening externally and two openings internally together with external distal raphe ends deflected dorsally. There are three features that easily distinguish the new species from all others in the genus. They include: 1) valves that are weakly asymmetrical about the apical axis, 2) presence of mostly biseriate striae and 3) areolae that are round to elliptical in shape. Among the currently described species of Oricymba, the new species is most similar to O. tianmuensis in valve shape, but is easily distinguished by the degree of asymmetry about the apical axis and presence of biseriate striae. These findings increase our understanding the morphology and distribution of the genus Oricymba in China.

Simple Endoscopic Application of Laryngeal Keel Stent.

This study describes a simple extraendolaryngeal technique to apply laryngeal keel in dealing with anterior commissure web/fibrosis. Standard extraendolaryngeal punctures were applied via 20-gauge needles, 30° from the skin surface, in midline through the cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membranes. These needles were used as a conduit for the passage of 2/0 Prolene threads, which were retrieved through the laryngoscope by crocodile forceps. Both laryngoscopic ends of the Prolene threads were passed through a fabricated silastic sheet (keel stent) via a 22-gauge free needle, and these ends were tied to have a secure internal knot. Steady traction was applied on the other 2 external threads until there was appropriate application of this keel stent within the vicinity of anterior commissure. Finally, these external ends were tied to have a secure external knot. A keel stent could be applied without the need for special instrumentation and with reasonable outcomes (proper healing of anterior commissure, satisfied voice outcome, and patent airway).

Biogeography of the cosmopolitan terrestrial diatom Hantzschia amphioxys sensu lato based on molecular and morphological data

Until now, the reported diversity of representatives from the genus Hantzschia inhabiting soils from different parts of Eurasia was limited to the few species H. amphioxys, H. elongata and H. vivax and some of their infraspecific taxa. We have studied the morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny of 25 soil diatom strains, which according to published description would be assigned to “H. amphioxys sensu lato” using 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and rbcL. We show that strains are made up of seven different species of Hantzschia, including five new for science. Five strains were identified as H. abundans. This species has a slight curvature of the raphe near its external proximal ends. Four of the examined strains were represented by different populations of H. amphioxys and their morphological characteristics fully correspond with its isolectotype and epitype. The main specific features of this species include 21–25 striae in 10 μm, 6–11 fibulae in 10 μm, 40–50 areolae in 10 μm and internal proximal raphe endings bent in opposite directions. H. attractiva sp. nov., H. belgica sp. nov., H. parva sp. nov., H. pseudomongolica sp. nov. and H. stepposa sp. nov. were described based on differences in the shape of the valves, significant differences in dimensions, a lower number of striae and areolae in 10 μm and the degree and direction of deflection of the internal central raphe endings. Based on the study of the morphological variability and phylogeny of soil Hantzschia-species from different geographical locations we conclude that while some species such as H. amphioxys are truly cosmopolitan in their distributions, some sympatric populations of pseudocryptic taxa exist in the Holarctic.

Two new species of the diatom genus Navicula Bory (Bacillariophyceae) from Vietnam (Southeast Asia)

We present light and scanning electron microscopical observations on two new species of Navicula Bory sensu stricto from Vietnam. These new species, Navicula babeiensis Chudaev, Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek sp. nov. and Navicula pseudokuseliana Chudaev, Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek sp. nov. are described and distinguished from others in the genus on the basis of valve outline and shape of the apices, as well as stria and areola densities. These species possess all the typical morphological features for the genus, including uniseriate lineolate striae covered by internal convex hymenes, median raphe with accessory rib, and external distal raphe ends that are hooked in the characteristic way for the genus. Comparisons with similar taxa are given. Our new data extend the information about the diversity of diatoms in general and for Navicula taxa specifically, in Southeast Asia.

Balancing Conflicting Conceptions of Justice in Taxation

This paper elaborates on different conceptions of justice. Economic justice aims at correcting market outcomes to warrant a fair distribution of resources, whereas tax justice focuses on the fair distribution of the tax burden. Both elements of distributive justice have their own ‘domain-specific’ principles. These principles may collide. Hence, balancing both elements of distributive justice is necessary. However, a balance also has to be sought between economic justice and legal justice and its core principles, such as legal equality, legal certainty and proportionality. Legal justice and economic justice pose diverging demands which the legislature should carefully balance. Unfortunately, hasty parliamentary decisions and political decisiveness often seem to prevail over respect for legal values and principles, such as legal certainty and equality. This has been explained with an example of Dutch tax legislation: the (rapid) evolvement of an instrumental incentive in the tax regulation for homeownership. Tax regulations therefore require a more careful political reflection on the fundamental tension between the focus on ends which are external to the law and legal principles. Moreover, the use of tax legislation for external ends should also be balanced with tax law’s internal values and principles of tax fairness – foremost the ability-to-pay principle.

<p><strong>Taxonomy, valve ultrastructure, nomenclature and a comparison of two species of Bacillariales from freshwaters of Puerto Rico</strong></p>

We have investigated two canal-raphe bearing taxa from two freshwater long-term ecological monitoring sites in the NEON program from Puerto Rico. The identity of these two taxa have been misunderstood, and they have been mistaken for one another, due to being similar in size, shape and having interrupted striae across the valve face. Denticula occidentalis Østrup was described from the U.S. Virgin Islands, and like its congeners has fibulae that extend across the valve face as thickened ribs. The species also has valvocopulae that are typical for the genus, with arched sections that clasp onto the knob-like fibulae. Denticula occidentalis has a discontinuous raphe system, and external proximal raphe ends are hooked towards the valve center and elongated. Grunowia portoricensis, sp. nov. has fibulae restricted to the raphe side of the valve, though unlike most members of the genus the fibulae are knob-like. The raphe is continuous across the central area. Though described here as new to science, the species has been illustrated previously from Venezuela. Distinctions between Nitzschia, Denticula and Grunowia are discussed.

Morphology of direct and indirect rib fractures.

Rib fractures are a common finding in legal medicine and information on the impact mechanism is relevant for trauma reconstruction. This study focuses on morphological characteristics of rib fractures resulting from direct or indirect force. Fresh human ribs (n = 312) were divided into two groups and broken through local force (direct) and bending (indirect) in anterolateral areas. The ribs were macerated, visually investigated and the results statistically analysed. The indirect fractures showed a significant larger lateral offset of the internal and external fracture ends while the fracture ends of the direct fractures were more often straight, in line. Also, the morphology of the inner and outer fracture edges was significantly related to fracture type. Direct fractures mostly had rough and jagged inner edges (tension side) and straight, smooth outer edges (compression side), whereas indirect fractures more often showed the characteristics vice versa. The results were more convincing in combination and in ribs from persons aged ≤ 75years at death. In summary, the direct and indirect rib fractures showed significantly different characteristics regarding orientation and offset of the fracture lines and roughness of the inner and outer fracture edges, which can be helpful to distinguish the traumatizing impact mechanisms in forensic autopsy routine.

<p><strong>New diatom species <em>Navicula davidovichii</em> from Vietnam (Southeast Asia)</strong></p>

We present light and scanning electron microscopical observations on one new species of Navicula Bory sensu stricto from Vietnam. The new species, Navicula davidovichii Chudaev, Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek sp. nov., possesses all typical morphological features for the genus, including uniseriate striae covered by internal convex hymenes, median raphe with accessory rib at the internal surface, and hooked external distal raphe ends. Navicula davidovichii sp. nov., is distinguished from others in the genus on the basis valve outline, shape of the apices, as well as striae and areolar densities. The very interesting shape of the valve, with widely rounded capitate apices, is more typical for species in the genus Pinnularia than in Navicula. Morphologically similar species are almost unknown, except possibly Navicula reinhardtii (Grunow) Grunow. Comparison with the above-mentioned species is given.