External Electromagnetic Field Research Articles

Concatenation of Two Different Integrable Systems is Not Integrable

Aims/Objectives: Nonlinear, completely integrable Hamiltonian systems representing charged particle motion in external electromagnetic fields hold promise for models of novel intensity frontier particle accelerators. The main reason is the combination of large regions of stable orbits with damping of collective instabilities by conservative relaxation. Intensity frontier particle accelerators are essential for discovery science in particle and nuclear physics, and a host of industrial and security applications.Study Design: Mathematical proof.Methodology: Tools of Hamiltonian dynamics and differential geometry.Results: Realistic system lattices include additional sections or inserts that themselves may be integrable (such as linear optics, phase trombones, thin lenses, kicks, etc.). However, in general the full system fails to remain integrable.Conclusion: The non-integrability proof is presented and some consequences of integrability failure are explored.

Innovative technologies for strengthening of internal surfaces of suspension parts of heavy-loaded machines by laser and high-frequency induction methods

In the article innovative methods of surface hardening of internal surfaces of machine parts by laser and highfrequency induction heating are presented. The relevance of applying the methods of laser and induction hardening for the internal surfaces of heavily loaded parts of quarry equipment is proved. The results of modeling and calculation of thermal and electromagnetic fields under the influence of an external electromagnetic field and laser radiation beams are presented. The original design of a complex of equipment for processing the internal surfaces of suspension parts by external electromagnetic field is described. The optimal designs of inductors with magnetic circuits made of various materials are shown. The study of the structure and properties obtained on the internal surfaces of heavily loaded suspension parts of cars, line of the BelAZ company, treated according to the optimal modes of surface induction exposure is given. The developed original technology and equipment of laser surface hardening, which makes it possible to increase the wear resistance of heavily loaded parts, is described. Data on the implementation of research results at JSC “BELAZ” – the Management Company of the Holding “BELAZ-HOLDING” for processing a wide range of heavily loaded suspension parts are given.

Investigation of the influence of external factors on the operation of a fiber-optic dielectric temperature sensor

The article presents the design and test results of a fiber-optic dielectric temperature sensor intended for use under the influence of external electromagnetic field and aggressive environment.

Collecting the energy of the electromagnetic fields over the infrared band based on the metastructures

Predicated on the surface plasmon polariton, this study proposes the metastructures (MSs) constructed from copper and general dielectric films. The MSs are specifically designed to gather electromagnetic (EM) wave energy over the infrared band on the surface. Evidence illustrates that, when EM waves impinge the surface of the MSs, there is a significant surge in surface energy density, confirmed to be a staggering 2022.90 times higher than that of the ancillary EM waves. This substantial multiplication owes its genesis to the enhanced impedance matching between the MSs and free space. Furthermore, the MSs demonstrate the ability to accurately determine refractive indices ranging from 1 to 1.39, as well as measure hydrogen density spanning from 0 g/cm3 to 0.13 g/cm3. This is achieved through the assessment of absorption peak locations, the intensity of absorption, and the field enhancement factor (FEF) at the peak. The subtle absorption peak experiences a shift in alignment with the changes in refractive indices. The relationship between the peak position and the refractive index demonstrates an exceptional degree of linearity, achieving the R2 value of 1. The values of Q, Sλc, and FOM average at 1437, 1.24 μm·RIU−1, and 682.38 RIU−1, respectively. The study also examines the effects of the incident angle of the external electromagnetic (EM) field and the number of dielectric films. Within a limited range of incident angles, an increase in the angle results in a shift of the absorption peak towards shorter wavelengths. The number of films plays a role in modifying the absorption intensity and the field enhancement factor (FEF) at the peaks. The proposed MSs offer improved energy harvesting capabilities from the surface EM fields. They can also be employed for refractive index detection. Besides, the field enhancement phenomenon provides valuable insights into the adsorption and storage of the hydrogen.

Nonlinear optical properties of modified Möbius squared potential well: influence of electric and magnetic fields

ABSTRACT This work presents a numerical study on the electronic and optical properties of modified Möbius squared potential well in the presence of static electric and magnetic fields. The potential well is formed within GaAs/AlGaAs hetero structures. Schrödinger’s equation is solved within the framework of effective mass and envelope wave function approximations to get the wave functions and their corresponding energies of states. The optical absorption coefficients and relative refractive index changes are calculated via the expressions derived from the compact density matrix approach. The numerical results present strong blue shifts on the optical responses of modified Möbius squared potential well when the external electromagnetic fields are strengthening.

Electromagnetic-mechanical coupling analysis of high-temperature superconducting racetrack coil

The second-generation high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductor has been recognized as one of the most promising materialsfor high field magnets due to its superior electromagnetic and mechanical performances. HTS racetrack coils wound with the coated conductors are an extensively used configuration in engineering applications, such as HTS machines and high-speed maglevs. In this paper, in order to analyze the electromagnetic and mechanical behaviors of HTS racetrack coils, a 3D coupled electromagnetic-mechanical model is used to consider the effect of coil deformation and the strain dependence of critical current. The effectiveness of the coupled model is validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data in the literature. A numerical simulation of a 3D HTS racetrack coil subjected to an external electromagnetic field is carried out using coupled and uncoupled models. The results indicate that the structure deformation can reduce the penetration depth of the screening current, and the hoop stress and strain are mainly concentrated on the circular part of the racetrack coil. Afterwards, the influences of various parameters on the electromagnetic and mechanical responses of the HTS racetrack coil are also investigated.

Applicability of the 0–1 test for chaos in magnetized Kerr–Newman spacetimes

The dynamics of electrically neutral or charged particles around a magnetized Kerr–Newman black hole immersed in an external electromagnetic field can be described by a dimensionless Hamiltonian system. This Hamiltonian is given an appropriate time transformation, which allows for construction of explicit symplectic integrators. Selecting one of the integrators with good accuracy, long-term stabilized Hamiltonian error behavior and less computational cost, we employ the 0–1 binary test correlation method to distinguish between regular and chaotic dynamics of electrically neutral or charged particles. The correlation method is almost the same as the techniques of Poincaré map and fast Lyapunov indicators in identifying the regular and chaotic two cases. It can well describe the dependence of the transition from regularity to chaos on varying one or two dynamical parameters. From a statistical viewpoint, chaos occurs easily under some circumstances with an increase of the external magnetic field strength and the particle electric charge and energy or a decrease of the black hole spin and the particle angular momentum. A small change of the black hole electric charge does not very sensitively affect the dynamics of neutral particles. With the black hole electric charge increasing, positively charged particles do not easily yield chaotic motions, but negatively charged particles do. On the other hand, the effect of a small change of the black hole magnetic charge on the dynamical transition from order to chaos has no universal rule.

Regularization of electromagnetic field for self-force problem in de Sitter spacetime

The paper is concerned with the motion of a point electric charge in de Sitter spacetime. A point particle of mass m and charge q moving on a geodesic curve produces electromagnetic field that diverges at a particle’s position. The field is determined by the electromagnetic Green’s function by Higuchi and Lee (2008 Phys. Rev. D 78 084031). The self-force contains both divergent and finite terms, and the latter are responsible for the radiation reaction. Our derivation of an effective equations of motion is based on conservation laws corresponding to the group of isometry of de Sitter space. The Nöther quantities consist of particle’s individual characteristics and energy, momentum, and angular momentum carried by particle’s electromagnetic field. Following the Detweiler–Whiting concept that a charge’s motion should only be enforced by the regular component of its own field, we ignore the divergent terms in conservation laws. We assume that the divergencies are absorbed by particle’s individual characteristics within the renormalization procedure. Finite radiative terms together with kinematic particle’s characteristics constitute ten conserved quantities of closed particle plus field system. Their differential consequences yield the effective equations of motion of radiating charge in an external electromagnetic field and gravitation. Contributions to already renormalized particle’s four-momentum and its inertial mass originated from electromagnetic field and background gravity are also derived from ten balance equations.

Controlled‐NOT Gate Based on the Rydberg States of Surface Electrons

AbstractDue to the long coherence time and efficient manipulation, the surface electron (SE) provides a perfect 2D platform for quantum computation and quantum simulation. In this work, a theoretical scheme to realize the controlled‐NOT gate is proposed, where the two‐qubit system is encoded on the four‐level Rydberg structure of SE. The state transfer is achieved by a three‐level structure with an intermediate level. By simultaneously driving the SE with two external electromagnetic fields, the dark state in the electromagnetically induced transparency effect is exploited to suppress the population of the most dissipative state and increase the robustness against dissipation. The fidelity of the scheme is 0.9989 with experimentally achievable parameters.

Overview of the process technology for the preparation of ultrahigh purity indium required for the fabrication of indium phosphide related epitaxial structures based devices needed for advanced electronic applications

Indium, a rare metal, is created incidentally during the zinc refining process. When a zinc metal is produced, valuable elements, such as indium, are recovered and reused. The sulfide minerals, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, are all common hosts for indium metals. Indium metals of varying purities (from 99% to 99.9%) are used in many different commercial, other exclusive, specialty, dentistry, and research and development settings. In the production of indium phosphide and related select bulk single crystals, such as InP, InAs, InSb, etc., and select multilayered epitaxial material-systems based device structures, such as InGaAs/InP, InGaAsP/InP, etc., an ultrahigh purity (99.99999%) indium metal is used as one of the initial and primary input materials. light-emitting diodes, infrared detectors, lasers, and other components cannot be made without these device topologies. Triple junction solar cells made of GaInP, GaAs, and Ge with 40% conversion efficiency are being developed for use in space. Metal-organic and molecular beam epitaxial methods utilize trimethyl/triethyl-indium-epi-precursors, the high purity indium derivatives, as starting materials to develop and manufacture multilayered structures of InGaAs/InP, InGaAsP/InP, InGaN/InP AlInN, etc. The purpose of this review is to quickly touch on indium mineral sources, important uses for different indium metal grades, and the processes needed to refine, purify, and ultrahigh purify indium to higher purity levels using a zone refining–melting–leveling process, as well as impurity segregation considerations. The use of vacuum, inert gas environments, and an external electromagnetic field to efficiently segregate, levitate, stir, homogenize, and mix the molten zone/melt interface area (region) as well as purity analyses at ppb levels, class clean room, and packaging concepts were also discussed. This review also touched briefly on the use of ultrahigh purity indium in the preparation of TMIn, TEIn, and InCl precursors necessary for the growth of device structures by molecular beam, metal-organic vapor phase, atomic layer epitaxial, and chemical vapor deposition processes. Purifying and preparing polycrystalline indium to a type 7 N purity level as well as standardization and criticality testing for fine-tuning system parameters are essential parts of developing the purification process technology. It also highlights various compound semiconductors and epitaxial systems, such as high purity indium compounds, such as indium phosphide, for cutting-edge electronic applications. Material yield enhancement, impurity management (including C, O, N, and others), consistent results, impurity reduction (down to the ppb level), and class clean packaging are all active topics of research and development. There has been a rise in demand for ultrapure metals (7–10 N) with stringent purity criteria in the aerospace and defense sectors, where they are used in cutting-edge nanoelectronic applications. This literature review delves into these and related topics regarding the production of ultrahigh purity indium. The major objective of this review is to provide a concise summary of the research and development progress made toward the ultrahigh purity (7N-99.99999%) indium preparation and its epitaxial electronics application considerations as of the time of this writing.

Electromagnetic field and cardiovascular diseases: A state-of-the-art review of diagnostic, therapeutic, and predictive values.

Despite encouraging advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remained a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence has shown that the electromagnetic field (EMF) influences many biological processes, which has attracted much attention for its potential therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in multiple diseases, such as musculoskeletal disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Nonionizing EMF has been studied as a therapeutic or diagnostic tool in CVDs. In this review, we summarize the current literature ranging from in vitro to clinical studies focusing on the therapeutic potential (external EMF) and diagnostic potential (internal EMF generated from the heart) of EMF in CVDs. First, we provided an overview of the therapeutic potential of EMF and associated mechanisms in the context of CVDs, including cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Furthermore, we investigated the diagnostic and predictive value of magnetocardiography in CVDs. Finally, we discussed the critical steps necessary to translate this promising approach into clinical practice.

Dilaton photoproduction in a magnetic dipole field of pulsars and magnetars

According to Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton theory, the dilaton field varvec{psi } can be produced by electromagnetic fields with non-zero Maxwell invariant. So electromagnetic wave propagating in an external electromagnetic field is a typical source of dilaton radiation. For study dilaton photoproduction in astrophysical conditions it’s interesting to consider plane elliptically polarized electromagnetic wave propagating in the electromagnetic field of magnetic dipole textbf{m} of pulsars and magnetars. The dilation field equation is solved in case |varvec{psi }| {mathbf {ll 1}}. The angular distribution dilaton radiation is studied in every point of space. It’s shown that spectral composition of dilatons is similar to spectral composition of plane electromagnetic wave. Amount of dilaton energy radiated in time and all directions is greatest in condition ({{varvec{B}}}_{textbf{1}}^{textbf{2}}-{{varvec{B}}}_{textbf{2}}^{textbf{2}})({{varvec{m}}}_{{varvec{x}}}^{textbf{2}}-{{varvec{m}}}_{{varvec{y}}}^{textbf{2}})ge 0, where {{varvec{B}}}_{textbf{1}} and {{varvec{B}}}_{textbf{2}} are electromagnetic wave amplitudes along the axes of polarization ellipse. This condition is valid for many neutron star systems.

Second-harmonic generation in fluctuating Ising superconductors

In a two-dimensional noncentrosymmetric transition metal dichalcogenide Ising superconductor in the fluctuating regime under the action of a uniform external electromagnetic field, a second-harmonic generation (SHG) effect takes place. There emerge two contributions to this effect, one conventional, which is due to the electron gas in its normal state, and the other one is of the Aslamazov–Larkin nature. Namely, it originates from the presence of fluctuating Cooper pairs in the system when the temperature approaches the temperature of the superconducting transition in the sample from above. Employing a usual approach to Ising superconductors, we lift the valley degeneracy by application of a weak out-of-plane external magnetic field, which produces a Zeeman effect. In calculations, we use the Boltzmann equations approach for the electron gas in the normal state, and the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations for the fluctuating Cooper pairs, and show the emergence of SHG electric current characterized by a temperature-dependent broadening and a redshift.

Advances of biology sorter based on laminar flow

Now the biological sorters are widely applied in biology and medicine to separate specific sample. Each kind of the sorters are fitting different kind of situations and having a large difference between their cost, efficiency and other factor. In order to help researchers to find a suitable bio-sorters for their research, in this paper, four kind of passive bio-sorters that based on laminar flow were introduced, and their strengths and limitations were discussed. They share common strengths, such as simple design, low cost and so on. These makes them easy to be generalized and applied. Some possible improvements of the sorters were proposed, such as more detailed channels and external electromagnetic field to make the result more efficiency.

Metrological traceability of the results of testing for electromagnetic compatibility in accordance with the NATO standards

Ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of special-purpose equipment used in a complex saturated radio frequency environment requires testing in accordance with procedures that guarantee a valid verification of its immunity to external electromagnetic fields. The paper presents the national measurement standards and equipment used at the National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology” for the NRE02, NRE03 and NRS02 testing in accordance with the AESTR-500 standard. It is shown how metrological traceability to the SI units of the measurement results is ensured during tests. The paper presents the results of evaluating the uncertainty of the results of measurements of the electromagnetic field strength using the NARDA-550 meter for the frequency ranges of 10 kHz – 1 GHz when using the GTEM chamber, and for the frequency ranges of 1-43 GHz when using the anechoic chamber. The studies have proven that the measurement uncertainties, when calibrating the antenna in the anechoic chamber, and the uneven distribution of the electromagnetic field in the GTEM chamber are the most critical. The obtained results of the uncertainty evaluation of the NARDA-550 calibration coefficient are used for high-precision measurements of radio frequency signals both at emission and being exposed to electromagnetic fields when the disturbances have limit values as regards the provisions of these standards. These results with a discrepancy of no more than 0.05 dB confirm the characteristics of the device provided by the manufacturer. It is shown that the set of national measurement standards and test equipment of the NSC “Institute of Metrology” allows testing special equipment for electromagnetic compatibility according to the NATO standards with the required accuracy.

A comparative characterization of recording devices for vibration signals on the example of <i>Heterocerus fenestratus</i> (Thunberg, 1784) (Coleoptera: Heteroceridae)

Works on vibration communication for Orthoptera and Hemiptera are widely known in Russian literature. Basically, the piezoelectric adapter GZK-661 or the electromagnetic transducer GZM-105 are used for recording this communication. The use of these devices does not give satisfactory results when recording insects smaller than 1 cm. In this paper we consider a comparative characteristic of recording devices based on the piezoelectric transducer GZK-661, electromagnetic transducer GZM-105 and electrodynamic head eas15s02m when recording vibration communication of near-water rigid-winged Heterocerus fenestratus (Thunberg, 1784) (Coleoptera: Heteroceridae). A comparative analysis of the efficiency of the three transducers considered in this paper shows that the transducer based on the electrodynamic loudspeaker head used as a signal source (reverse mode of operation) has the best characteristics. In addition, the shielded magnetic system of the dynamic head provides high magnetic induction in the working gap and insensitivity to inductions from external electromagnetic fields. 176 stress signals were recorded for males and 189 for females. The range of dominant frequencies ranged from 857,29 to 1002,01 Hz for males and from 898,04 to 1189,12 Hz for females.

Glycerol Flow through a Shielded Coil Induces Aggregation and Activity Enhancement of Horseradish Peroxidase

Glycerol has found its applications as a heat-transfer fluid in heat exchangers, and as a component of functional liquids in biosensor analysis. Flowing non-aqueous fluids are known to be able to induce electromagnetic fields due to the triboelectric effect. These triboelectrically generated electromagnetic fields can affect biological macromolecules. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is widely employed as a convenient model object for studying how external electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields affect enzymes. Herein, we have studied whether the flow of glycerol in a ground-shielded cylindrical coil affects the HRP enzyme incubated at a 2 cm distance near the coil’s side. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been employed in order to study the effect of glycerol flow on HRP at the nanoscale. An increased aggregation of HRP on mica has been observed after the incubation of the enzyme near the coil. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of HRP has also been affected. The results reported that their application can be found in biotechnology, food technology and life sciences applications, considering the development of triboelectric generators, enzyme-based biosensors and bioreactors with surface-immobilized enzymes. Our work can also be of interest for scientists studying triboelectric phenomena, representing one more step toward understanding the mechanism of the indirect action of the flow of a dielectric liquid on biological macromolecules.

Effect of Terahertz Electromagnetic Field on the Permeability of Potassium Channel Kv1.2.

In this paper, the influence of external terahertz electromagnetic fields with different frequencies of 4 THz, 10 THz, 15 THz, and 20 THz on the permeability of the Kv1.2 voltage-gated potassium ion channel on the nerve cell membrane was studied using the combined model of the "Constant Electric Field-Ion Imbalance" method by molecular dynamics. We found that although the applied terahertz electric field does not produce strong resonance with the -C=O groups of the conservative sequence T-V-G-Y-G amino acid residue of the selective filter (SF) of the channel, it would affect the stability of the electrostatic bond between potassium ions and the carbonyl group of T-V-G-Y-G of SF, and it would affect the stability of the hydrogen bond between water molecules and oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl group of the 374THR side chain at the SF entrance, changing the potential and occupied states of ions in the SF and the occurrence probability of the permeation mode of ions and resulting in the change in the permeability of the channel. Compared with no external electric field, when the external electric field with 15 THz frequency is applied, the lifetime of the hydrogen bond is reduced by 29%, the probability of the "soft knock on" mode is decreased by 46.9%, and the ion flux of the channel is activated by 67.7%. Our research results support the view that compared to "direct knock-on", "soft knock-on" is a slower permeation mode.

Dual-frequency switchable bandpass filter in the terahertz range based on enhanced trapped-mode resonances

We propose a high-quality and mechanically tunable dual-band narrow bandpass filter working in the THz range. Its high transmittance and modulation depth are verified both by simulations and experiments. The proposed design consists of two metasurfaces with concentric fabricated meta-atoms back-to-back on the two sides of a thin polyimide layer. When the polarization of the incident THz waves changes from y to × direction, the modulation depth of transmittance monotonically changes from 95.46% to a few percent at the resonance frequencies of 0.481 THz and inversely varies from a few percent to 97.62% at the resonance frequency of 0.931 THz. The analysis of in-plane and inter-planar distributions of induced surface current reveals that the narrow bandpass response is attributed to the excitation of “trapped mode”. The induced antiphase current excitation between the two metasurfaces not only lower the dipole moment but also weakly couple to external electromagnetic fields, consequently, leading to the high transmittance and narrow bandwidth. These features of such a simple device potentially can contribute to the design of much more advanced THz modulators and other THz applications in the future.

Development and Benchmarking of Charged Particle Propagation Methods in G4-ASPP

A new transport tool that simultaneously accounts for the impacts of external electromagnetic fields and bulk shielding material on charged particle dynamics, G4-ASPP, was developed to streamline active radiation shielding assessment and design for spacecraft. Transport simulations were performed to assess the accuracy and speed of G4-ASPP particle propagation methods in electromagnetic fields against standard methods. The time-step-based Velocity-Verlet propagation method and an analogous distance-stepping method used in G4-ASPP were derived. The symplecticity and phase-space conservation properties of each method are discussed. Results suggest the implementation of a 4th-order Runge-Kutta distance-stepping method into G4-ASPP to improve trajectory accuracy without sacrificing much speed.