External Doors Research Articles

鉄道車両向け乗降用ドア装置の技術史(技術史,<メカライフ特集>鉄道190周年)

鉄道車両向け乗降用ドア装置の技術史(技術史,<メカライフ特集>鉄道190周年)

Energy Saving Effects of Green Roof in Exiting Buildings according to Different Insulation Levels

Energy performance of building envelope components, including external walls, floors, roofs, windows and doors, is crutial for determining how much energy is required for heating and cooling in a building. Among various building technologies, a green roof system can be a good option for reducing heat gain and loss in new buildings as well as existing buildings for green remodeling. This paper evaluates the performance of green roof systems according to soil depth and Leaf Area Index (LAI) for existing buildings. It also attempts to quantify the energy saving effects on new and existing buildings with different insulation levels. Thermal performance of green roofs is mainly dependent on soil thickness and LAI. Installation of green roofs in deteriorated existing buildings can lead to improvements in roof insulation, due to the soil layer. An increase in soil depth leads to a decrease in heating load, regardless of conditions of vegetation on the green roof. Larger LAI values may reduce cooling loads in the cooling season. Installation of green roof in deteriorated existing buildings showed bigger energy saving effect in comparison to a case in new buildings. A simulation study showed that the installation of green roof systems in deteriorated existing buildings with low insulation levels, due to low thermal performance requirements when constructed, could improve the energy performance of the buildings similar or better to the peformance on new buildings with the most updated insulation standard. Thus, when remodeling a deteriorated building, green roofs could be a good option to meet the most recent energy requirements.

OVOS DE Enterobius vermicularis EM SALAS DE ESPERA E BANHEIROS DE UNIDADES BÁSICAS DE SAÚDE (UBS) DO MUNICÍPIO DE NOVA SERRANA-MG: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA O CONTROLE

In this study, the presence of intestinal helminth eggs was evaluated in samples collected from five Basic Health Units (BHU) using the Graham’s technique (1941), in the city of Nova Serrana (MG). In the total of 8 collections, 40 chair seats and 40 attendance tables were sampled in the reception and, on the toilet doors, 64 internal door handles and 64 external door handles. All the slides were analyzed by light optic microscopy with 10X and 40X magnifications in the Microscopy Laboratory FUNEDI / UEMG and re-examined in the Medical Malacology and Helminthology Laboratoryof the Research Center René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas). The results indicated the presence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs, mostly viable, with infection rates calculated by simple proportion. In the reception the contamination percentage was 25.0% on attendance tables and 17.9% on chair seats; in the toilets, 35.7% of internal door handles and 21.4% of external door handles presented eggs. There were no eggs and larvae of other helminths, only pollen grains, vegetable fibers and fungal spores. Lectures were held with employees of BHU to present the results and discuss measures that can be taken to prevent contamination of people who attend and work at these sites. The data showed that the BHU toilets and waiting rooms can be important vehicles of dispersal and contamination with enteroparasites. Health education measures are important and must be undertaken among the health center users and employees as they lead people to understand the problem, change their habits and discuss solutions to prevent and control this and other diseases.

Effects of different collector’s area on the coupling of a thermosiphon collector and a single zone

The novelty of this paper is the coupling between a thermosiphon collector and a single zone with the following details; a thermosiphon system (TYPE 45) which uses the solar energy as an unlimited renewable energy to produce the heat by using an internal coupling of a flat plate collector and a storage tank in a closed loop realized in TRNSYS. Consequently, the user simply utilizes TYPE 45 as thermosiphon ready to be run, and a single zone (TYPE 19) is a complex type which is designed for residential buildings that can be specified by the user in order to obtain an acceptable heating within a house. The user specified the characteristics of the internal space, external weather conditions, walls, windows, and doors. To facilitate this description, the parameters and inputs for this component are organized in separate table according to a logical structure. According to us, the choice of this model of thermosiphon coupled with a single zone can have multiple interesting engineering applications, in particular ameliorating the mode of the heating in residential buildings. Two flat plate collectors of aperture area of 6 and 8m2 are modeled. The solar fraction of the entire system is used as the optimization parameter. The temperature of the water in the storage tank, the collector’s temperature, the temperature inside and outside the house, the solar fraction for different collector areas and the total energy were also measured in 11h operation in January and 2880h operation in winter. The average solar fraction obtained was 85% and the system could cover all the hot water needs of a house of six people. The maximum auxiliary energy was needed during 11h operation in January and 4months in winter. The results show that by utilizing solar energy, the designed system could provide 40–70% of the hot water demands in winter.

Characteristic of Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations Over Decoration Period and Long-term Decay after Completion of a New Residential Unit

High volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations following building decoration have been observed frequently and they play a significant role in residents’ health. To analysis VOC characteristic of decoration stage and after decoration, we measured the VOC of a new residential unit over the decoration period and after the completion of renovation in the real-life situation. The external windows and door were left closed for about 12hs before measurements. The Tenax TA tube was used to sample VOC at 0.2-0.5ml/min for 10-20min, then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) to identify VOC type and concentration. The total time scale was about one and a half years. The results indicated that there was an obvious concentration fluctuation during the decoration period, which total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations fluctuated between 0.5-10mg/m3. By comparing the concentration after every decoration process complete, it indicated that door and doorframe, cupboard, furniture may the main VOC sources indoor. The indoor VOC concentration is rather high just after all the decoration process complete. A rapid decay of concentration level happened in the first few months and generally showed a slow decrease in the following months. Double-exponential model can be used to describe the long-term concentration decay pattern after decoration. Most of the VOC concentration decreased below Chinese national standard after decoration complete 6 months, but increased again in the following summer season. The concentration difference between each room is insignificant which means in the window close situation, if the time is longer than a certain hour, the house is well-mixed between each room.

Coordination of Design Processes in Two Perspectives of Computer Aided Design

The design process may be regarded as a compound of two sub-processes performed respectively on internal and external part of a building. Due to different specifics, constraints or standards for both of them, sub-processes are usually carried out separately. The potential problems related to such an approach may arise in areas where both environments share common elements, like windows, external doors, and so on. In the article we overview the mechanism of solving this issue by introducing a coordination between both design sub-processes, namely the external and internal one. Thanks to this an overall consistency of a design is preserved.

Inadequate domestic insulation in Australia – an additional risk factor for lethal hypothermia

Case report An 86-year-old woman was found deceased at her home address having not been seen for 4 days. The major findings at autopsy included a fractured neck of femur, recent pressure areas over her buttock, Wischnewski spots of the stomach and pancreatic necrosis. There were no significant underlying organic diseases and no other evidence of trauma. Minimum overnight temperatures around the time of death ranged from 8.0-14.6°C. Death was attributed to hypothermia complicating immobility from a fractured neck of femur. This case demonstrates that frail, elderly and socially-isolated individuals may be at risk of lethal hypothermia. Importantly, a subsequent scene investigation indicated additional risk factors. specifically the house, which was a pre-World War II brick bungalow, lacked double glazed windows, and had no wall or floor insulation, or underfloor heating. The external doors had gaps that would have been associated with significant air leakage. Discussion The evaluation of possible hypothermic deaths should, therefore, include not only measuring room and environmental temperatures, but also noting the type and quality of heating and insulation. As the population of Australia ages, and fuel and energy costs rise, more of these types of deaths may be expected to occur.

Controlling and sampling adult sand flies with a fumigant containing permethrin and deltamethrin

The efficacy of a new smoke-generating formulation (fumigant, MidMos Solutions Ltd., GB), containing the active ingredients permethrin and deltamethrin, was evaluated against adult sand flies in an apartment (280 m(3)), a semi-open large animal shelter (enclosing an area of 300 m(2)), a closed Bedouin animal tent (104 m(3)), and a garden (141 m(2)) enclosed by a stone wall. In each location, four cages with approx. 100 Phlebotomus papatasi were exposed to the fumigant 0.5 m and 2.0 m above ground for 15 and 60 min. Controls were kept in untreated similar rooms and there were two repetitions. In the apartment and the animal tent, a single cartridge caused 100% mortality within 15 min. In the large animal shelter, one fumigant caused mortality of 86% in the lower cages and 75% in the upper cages after 15 min. After 60 min, mortality was 94 and 87%, respectively. With two fumigants, mortality was 98.5 and 91% after 15 min and after 60 min all sand flies were dead. In the garden, one fumigant caused mortality of 93% in the lower cages and 85.5% in the upper cages after 15 min. After 60 min the mortality was 98 and 92%, respectively. With two fumigants, all flies were dead within 15 min.

Building Energy-Saving Technology

With the improvement of people's living standard, the building energy consumption is increasing day by day. In order to reduce energy consumption, we should develop energy-saving building and analyze building energy saving technology. This article mainly introduces three kinds of energy saving technology which include the external wall thermal insulation technology, doors and Windows energy saving technology and roof insulation technology.

Benefit Analysis of the Energy Saving Reconstruction of the Office Building in Chagan Hada

The project of the office building of the People’s Government of Chagan Hada was initiated by the Norwegian government for helping with energy saving reconstruction in undeveloped areas of developing countries. By reconstructing the office building’s external walls, doors, windows, roofs and heating system, the coal consumption of the office building has decreased from 50kg/m2 to 23.8kg/m2, saving raw coal by about 26t each year. After the reconstruction, the temperatures of various zones in the office building have risen by 13°C to 15°C respectively. The project fully adopts existing building energy saving technologies and locally produced building energy saving materials. What’s more, it introduces building energy saving ideas of Norway and has reached three achievements: First, both strict working attitude and skillful operations were ensured in construction; second, demonstration effect was emphasized; third, importance was attached to ability development.

Fuel Injection System

The invention relates to a fuel-injection system (1) comprising at least one fuel-injection valve (1a) and an adapter that can be heated (1b), which is attached to a fuel rail (1c) and to the fuel-injection valve (1a) of the fuel-injection system (1). The fuel rail (1c) is equipped with a thermal switch (2), which is connected to an external door contact switch (3) and to the heatable adapter (1b). The thermal switch (2) has a thermal sensor to ensure a reliable start from cold. In said system, if the fuel temperature falls below a predefined fuel temperature, a changeover of the thermal switch (2) causes the fuel (8) to be heated.

Research on Housing Energy-saving Design for “Resource-saving and Environment-friendly” in Small Town

Considering “resource-saving and environment-friendly” small town demonstration project as an example of residential energy conservation, through design and selection of the materials to main parts such as exterior wall, roof,ground, external door, window and thermal bridge, studying on the basic methods of energy-saving design and analyzing the energy-saving effect of the housing, and empirical studying the rationality of the thermal-insulating and energy-saving design.

Relationships of Outdoor and Indoor Ultrafine Particles at Residences Downwind of a Major International Border Crossing in Buffalo, NY

PP-31-006 Background/Aims: This aim was to assess the penetration of ultrafine particle (UFP) into homes and the resulting change in particle size distributions as particles move indoors near a major diesel traffic source. Because people spend most of their time in their homes, exposure estimates for epidemiological studies are generally determined using ambient concentrations. The findings of this study will contribute to improved size-resolved UFP exposure estimates for near roadway exposure assessments and epidemiological studies. Methods: During winter 2006, indoor and outdoor UFP size distribution measurements for particles with diameters from 5.6 to 165 nm were made at 5 homes in a neighborhood directly adjacent to the Peace Bridge Complex, a major international border crossing connecting Buffalo, New York to Fort Erie, Ontario. Monitoring with 1-second time resolution was conducted for several hours at each home. Participants were instructed to keep all external windows and doors closed and to refrain from cooking, smoking, or other activity that may result in elevating the indoor UFP number concentration. Results: Overall, particle concentrations indoors were lower and less variable than particle concentrations outdoors, with average indoor-outdoor ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 (mean 0.34) for particles between 5.6 and 165 nm in diameter. Conclusion: With no indoor sources, the average indoor/outdoor ratios were lowest (0.2) for 20 nm particles, higher (0.3) for particles less than 10 nm, and highest (0.5) for particles 70–165 nm.

Wind effects on atria fires

A series of unsteady atria fire calculations are performed using a finite-volume CFD program on two and three dimensional generic buildings immersed in simulated atmospheric boundary layers. The model results reveal that external winds can modify the infiltration and exfiltration of air through external doors and windows, distort thermal and smoke columns rising above test fires in the atria, cause the plumes to impact directly against atria walls, and modify the resultant filling of elevated atria spaces. In some cases aggressive fire “whirls” form, which can enhance fire strength, enclosure mixing, and exposure. Results are compared qualitatively with similar physical model experiments.

Maintenance services in social housing: what do residents find important?

Purpose – Knowing which services are essential to tenants gives the housing associations the background to set priorities in maintenance policy and purchasing. The purpose of this paper is to explore residents' perceived importance of various maintenance services.Design/methodology/approach – The research question is explored through a large‐scale survey of more than 6,000 tenants of Dutch housing associations. Priorities were studied in three different ways: respondents were asked to provide direct importance ratings, importance weights were derived from regression analyses, and, an importance‐performance analysis (IPA) was performed.Findings – The results with regard to the priorities differ somewhat according to which method is used. However, the methods agree in that maintenance of heating and water systems and maintenance of hinges and locks of windows and external doors should get priority. If the goal is to increase customer satisfaction, the maintenance of exterior paintwork and bathrooms should a...

Environmental impact of dwellings in use: Maintenance of façade components

The use of dwellings contributes significantly to human-induced environmental burden in a number of ways, including energy consumption and the maintenance and replacement of building components. The present study deals with the maintenance and replacement of external doors and windows in a Dutch reference dwelling and describes how life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology can be applied to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of various maintenance scenarios for the façade components. First, the most effective way to reduce the negative environmental impact in this context is to replace existing single and double glazing with high efficiency double glazing, thereby reducing energy consumption for space heating. Second, the use of timber frames causes less environmental impact than PVC frames with a steel core. Third, extending the service life of building components decreases the input of material resources, production processes and the waste processing of building components during the service life of a dwelling, which is beneficial to the environment. Maintenance activities should only be performed when needed, keeping the building components in good condition while minimising the transportation movements of maintenance workers. Finally, protecting timber components with an alternative paint that contains less solvent does not lower the assessed environmental impact, but low-solvent paint may be preferred because of health aspects both for maintenance workers and occupants of the dwelling.

Relationships of outdoor and indoor ultrafine particles at residences downwind of a major international border crossing in Buffalo, NY

During winter 2006, indoor and outdoor ultrafine particle (UFP) size distribution measurements for particles with diameters from 5.6 to 165 nm were taken at five homes in a neighborhood directly adjacent to the Peace Bridge Complex (PBC), a major international border crossing connecting Buffalo, New York to Fort Erie, Ontario. Monitoring with 1-s time resolution was conducted for several hours at each home. Participants were instructed to keep all external windows and doors closed and to refrain from cooking, smoking, or other activity that may result in elevating the indoor UFP number concentration. Although the construction and age for the homes were similar, indoor-to-outdoor comparisons indicate that particle infiltration rates varied substantially. Overall, particle concentrations indoors were lower and less variable than particle concentrations outdoors, with average indoor-outdoor ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 (mean 0.34) for particles between 5.6 and 165 nm in diameter. With no indoor sources, the average indoor-outdoor ratios were lowest (0.2) for 20-nm particles, higher (0.3) for particles <10 nm, and highest (0.5) for particles 70-165 nm. This study provides insight into the penetration of UFP into homes and the resulting change in particle size distributions as particles move indoors near a major diesel traffic source. Although people spend most of their time in their homes, exposure estimates for epidemiological studies are generally determined using ambient concentrations. The findings of this study will contribute to improved size-resolved UFP exposure estimates for near roadway exposure assessments and epidemiological studies.

Adaptive use of natural ventilation for thermal comfort in Indian apartments

Thermal comfort research in India is in its nascent stage. Indian codes specify uniform comfort temperatures between 23 and 26 °C for all types of buildings. About 73% of energy in Indian residences is consumed for ventilation and lighting controls. Therefore, a thermal comfort field survey was conducted in apartment buildings in Hyderabad, which included information on the use of building controls. The present analysis is based on this database. Due to the poor availability of adaptive opportunities, 60% of the occupants were uncomfortable in summer. The comfort range obtained (26.0–32.5 °C) was way above the standard. The occupants adapted through clothing, metabolism and the use of various controls like windows, balcony and external doors and curtains. The subjects operated the controls, as the indoor temperature moved away from the comfort band. At comfort temperature, maximum use of openings was found, which correlated robustly with indoor/outdoor temperature and thermal sensation. Use of controls was critically impeded by lack of privacy and safety and non-availability of controls. Several design and non-thermal factors, such as operation and maintenance of controls, mosquitoes, noise, and occupant's attitude, age and tenure impacted the occupant's adaptive behaviour and thermal comfort significantly. The building's ‘ restrained adaptive opportunity’ seriously hampered the occupant's thermal satisfaction and adversely affected the sensation vote.

A stingless bee hive design for a broader climate range

Stingless bees, managed hives, colony health, hive design Journal of Apicultural Research 49(3): 290-292 (2010) © IBRA 2010 DOI: 10.3896/IBRA.1.49.3.11 The increased interest in pollination services provided by Australian stingless bees (Heard, 2001) and increased interest from crop growers (Pintus, L. and Hannah, L. pers comm.) is creating the need for improved maintenance of stingless bee colonies in areas that are beyond the bees’ natural, geographic distribution, which is along the northern coast of Australia and down the eastern coast to Bega (lat. 37oS). It is, therefore, important that stingless bee hive designs keep improving to provide better protection against adverse climatic conditions, thus enhancing the chances of colony survival in areas with temperate climates (Slaa et al., 2006; Dollin, 2007). Many natural colonies of Trigona carbonaria and Austroplebeia australis are found in temperate regions (Michener, 2000) and are able to survive in these regions, because they nest in logs that offer good insulation against extremes of temperature (Dollin, 2007; Dollin and Sakagami 1997; Macieira and Proni 2004; Roubik 2006). The hive designs currently in use (Heard 1988) are, however, better suited to tropical and subtropical areas and may not provide sufficient insulation for the periods of extreme hot and cold experienced in temperate regions. Here, a new design, the Temperate Climate (TC) hive, emulating successful, natural, stingless bee nesting sites found in temperate regions was compared with the Original Australian Trigona Hive (OATH) that is commonly used in tropical and subtropical areas of Australia. Similar to the OATH hive, the TC hive is light, compact, easy to construct and enables propagation of colonies by separation of the top box. Unlike the solid timber of the OATH hive, however, it is made from inexpensive, hollow, humidity-resistant, external door panelling (Fig. 1a). In contrast to the OATH hive, worker bees can access the feeder box by a transit tube, which helps prevent feeder robbing, and the hive has a honey super that is accessed internally via a queen excluding slot in the top box. The internal and external casings are separated by a 30 mm air gap, which has 10 mm holes that can be opened or closed manually to enable air to circulate as ventilation during temperature extremes. The internal dimensions allocated for brood rearing are 120 mm x 120 mm x 120 mm (1,728,000 mm

The Architectural Nervous System

The Architectural Nervous System