External Diffusion Research Articles

Ecological restoration affects the dynamic response of alkaline minerals dissolution in bauxite residue

Regulating alkalinity is the key process to eliminating environmental risk and implementing sustainable management of bauxite residue. Nevertheless, continuous release of free alkali from the solid phase (mainly sodalite and cancrinite) is a major challenge for long-term stability of alkalinity in amended bauxite residue. In order to understand the dissolution behavior of sodalite and cancrinite, their dissolution kinetics under simulated pH conditions of 8, 9 and 10 were investigated. Additionally, PHREEQC software and shrinking core model (SCM) were employed to analyze the release pattern of saline ions. The results revealed that the ratio of Na/Si and Na/Al values exhibited greater stability in sodalite than in cancrinite. The dissolution of elemental Na, Si, and Al in sodalite and cancrinite was matched with non-chemometric characteristics. The kinetic calculations by the shrinking core model (SCM) suggested that both sodalite and cancrinite exhibited slow dissolution kinetics, and their dissolution processes belong to internal diffusion control and external diffusion control, respectively. pH controlled the dissolution kinetic rates of sodalite and cancrinite mainly by changing their coupled dissolution-precipitation processes. More importantly, these findings can predict the change of alkaline components accurately, thus facilitating the implementation of efficient alkalinity regulation strategies for the ecological restoration of bauxite residue disposal areas.

Preparation of cross-linked chitosan magnetic microspheres and immobilization of pectinase

Abstract In this paper, the kinetic model under the influence of each factor is given by investigating the effects of distribution effect, external diffusion effect and internal diffusion effect on the immobilized pectinase reaction system. The magnetic chitosan microspheres were prepared by the reversed-phase suspension cross-linking method, and the effects of the type and amount of cross-linking agent and the ratio of chitosan to magnetic core incorporation on the performance of the magnetic spheres were investigated. Then, the immobilized pectinase was prepared by using cross-linked chitosan magnetic microspheres as a carrier, and an orthogonal test was used to determine the conditions of immobilized enzyme preparation and to study the enzymatic properties and operational stability of immobilized pectinase. The results showed that the transmittance of the magnetic microspheres of this test increased from 32% to 90.79% in 10 min in a magnetic field, but in a gravity field, the transmittance increased from 32.12% to 46.44% in 50 min. The experimentally prepared microspheres exhibit good magnetic responsiveness. The optimum temperature of immobilized pectinase was 50°C, and the remaining enzyme activity was still 61.24% after 6 repetitions. The immobilized pectinase made by crosslinking glutaraldehyde with chitosan magnetic microspheres has a high recovery of enzyme activity and good operational stability, as indicated by this.

ADSORPTION OF LEAD (II) IONS FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING COCONUT SHELL CARBONS ACTIVATED BY NaOH

In this study, Carbons made from coconut shells that were activated with NaOH used to remove Pb (II) from aqueous solutions. SEM was used to analyze the structure and porous morphology of coconut shell carbons. Adsorption behavior was also investigated, as are the conservation equations and kinetics of sorption on carbons synthesized from coconut shells, as well as the impacts of adsorbent dose, agitation time, and starting concentration level. The findings demonstrate that the formation of rich porous structures was promoted by a material containing an appropriate weight percentage of NaOH. When it came to remove Pb (II) from aqueous solutions, the adsorbent produced from coconut shells had a significant specific surface area of 1550 m2/g and a high adsorptive capacity. According to kinetic data, pseudo-second-order kinetic models best represent adsorption. After intra-particle diffusion and external diffusion, this happened during the adsorption process

Modeling the effect of grain boundary diffusivity and trapping on hydrogen transport using a phase-field compatible formulation

Hydrogen grain boundary (GB) trapping is widely accepted as the main cause for hydrogen induced intergranular failure. Several studies were conducted to unveil the role of GBs on hydrogen transport; however, a clear understanding is yet to be attained. This is due to the limitations of the state-of-the-art experimental procedures for such highly kinetic processes. In this study, we aim at providing a deeper understanding of hydrogen-GB interactions using full-field representative volume element (RVE). The phase-field method is chosen for generating RVEs, since it is an appropriate numerical tool to represent GBs. A novel fully-kinetic formulation for hydrogen diffusion and GB trapping is presented, which is compatible with the phase-field based RVEs. GB diffusivity (Dgb) and trap-binding energy (Egb) were used as parameters to understand the interactions between diffusion and GB trapping. Uptake and permeation simulations were performed with constant and gradient occupancy boundary conditions respectively. In both cases, increasing Egb, increased the hydrogen GB occupancy. The permeation simulations showed that the hydrogen flux along the GBs increased with increasing both, Dgb and, surprisingly, Egb. Since trapping increases the hydrogen occupancy along GBs, it also increases the occupancy gradients, resulting in a higher flux. This led to the conclusion that, in the case of an external occupancy gradient, GB trapping and diffusion cooperate, rather than compete, to increase the hydrogen flux. On the other hand, the decisive factor for the retention of hydrogen at the GBs in permeation simulations was Dgb rather than Egb.

An Experimental Study on the Kinetics of Leaching Ion-Adsorbed REE Deposits with Different Concentrations of Magnesium Sulfate

As an important substitute for ammonium-free leaching, magnesium sulfate is applied as a leaching agent for the mining of ion-adsorbed REE (rare earth element) deposits. Upon deriving the equation regulating the leaching kinetics on the basis of the REE “shrinking core model” during the leaching process of magnesium sulfate, we conducted leaching experiments of natural particle-sized REE deposits by applying magnesium sulfate with concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. Hence, the leaching efficiencies and mass transfer rates were obtained. The results show that the hybrid control equation μδD1α+3μr2D21−23α−1−α23=3C0Mρr is applicable for describing the leaching process when the concentration of magnesium sulfate is 1%; when the concentrations reach 2%, 3% and 4%, the external diffusion control equation α=kt is appropriate to describe the leaching processes. The leaching efficiency of REE deposits reaches over 90%, specifically, 94.65%, 97.24% and 97.98%, when the concentration of magnesium sulfate is 2%, 3% and 4%, respectively. The maximum mass transfer rate appears when the concentration of magnesium sulfate is 4%, and the leaching time is reduced by 1.96 times compared to 1% concentration of magnesium sulfate. The results provide a favorable theoretical basis for the green and efficient extraction of ion-adsorbed REEs.

Features of Wear of Gears of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract The paper presents data on the resource and wear of the gears of agricultural tractor transmissions, on the basis of which the research problem and the novelty of the proposed methodology are formulated, based on the development and application of the stress state model of the gear, taking into account surface hardening. The methodology and calculation scheme for determining the power parameters of gearing are described in detail. In this case, the dependences and results of previous studies in the field of increasing the durability and reducing the wear of gears of transmission elements of vehicles of various functional purposes were used. To achieve this goal, the mathematical models of the stress state of gears are constructed without the presence of an external diffusion hardening coating and with a coating. Based on the simulation of the process of interaction of rubbing pairs of gears, the distribution of stresses in the contact zone over the surface layer of non-hardened and cemented to a depth of 1 mm gears, as well as the dependence of deflection on the thickness of the cemented layer and the deformation of the cemented layer during operation was established. Considering the research results given in literature, as well as those obtained on the basis of our own research, it should be noted that the analysis of gear stress state is an important direction in the study of the durability of gear units, the entire gearbox, and other gears of tractor transmissions and automotive technology at the present time. At the same time, the actual task is to establish the ratios of the allowable wear of gears and the limiting value of displacement of the centre distance, taking into account changes in the stress state scheme when using various types of coatings.

Evaluation of Pb2+ ion adsorption by roasted and grounded barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waste

This work was carried out with the objective of studying the process of adsorption of Pb2+ ions by barley dust, Hordeum vulgare L. The adsorbent material was prepared by boiling in water with consequent sedimentation, drying, grinding and sieving. Kinetic, isothermal and thermodynamic studies were carried out in the adsorption processes. Factors such as contact time (1–128 min), initial concentration (20–400 mg.L-1) and temperature (288–298, 308 and 318 K) were considered. Mathematical models were applied and satisfactorily demonstrated the adsorptive process. The pseudo-first order models, pseudo-second order models Elovich and Boyd showed that equilibrium was reached within the first 40 min, with the pseudo-second order model as the most suitable to describe the process, as well as adsorption by external diffusion was demonstrated from the model of Boyd. The adsorption isotherm was evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models, demonstrating great applicability to the adsorptive process. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained in the Langmuir model was in the order of 25.76 mg.g−1. The Freundlich model indicated that the process is favorable. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated, demonstrating that the adsorption is endothermic and favorable. Therefore, the results obtained showed that the waste of roasted and ground barley powder can be used as an alternative, viable and low-cost adsorbent for use in processes aimed at decontaminating effluents containing Pb2+ ions.

Phosphor thermometry evaluation of heat transfer enhancement on a hot plate achieved by a vortex-based fluidic oscillator

Recently, a vortex-based feedback fluidic oscillator has been proposed as an alternative to conventional feedback fluidic oscillators. This study aimed to compare the heat transfer performance of a newly designed fluidic oscillator with that of conventional feedback fluidic oscillators with and without an output diffuser using phosphor thermometry. To obtain the instantaneous temperature field in a wide range of high temperatures, a lifetime-based method was employed in two-dimensional phosphor thermography, with Mg4FGeO6: Mn serving as the sensor material and being excited by a UV-LED. A high-speed camera was used to capture images of the hot plate at 4,000 fps. The calibration test was conducted in the temperature range of 25–325 ˚C, and the results were compared with data from thermocouples. The study investigated the impact of the mass flow rate and throat-to-plate distance ratio of three fluidic oscillators to obtain the optimum Nusselt number. The results demonstrated that the newly designed fluidic oscillator exhibited significantly superior cooling effects in comparison to other types of fluidic oscillators. At the lowest ratio of the throat-to-wall distance to the outlet throat height (Z/D = 4.5) and a flow rate of 100 Lpm, the vortex-based fluidic oscillator demonstrated 78 % and 45 % higher heat transfer rates compared to the conventional oscillator with and without an external diffuser, respectively. Furthermore, the newly designed oscillator was more sensitive to the mass flow rate and throat-to-plate distance ratio than the other oscillators.

A global‐scale study on decision making in renewable energy policy: Internal and external factors driving the adoption of Feed‐in Tariffs and Renewable Portfolio Standards

AbstractTo accelerate the clean energy transition, it is necessary to better understand the global policy dynamics and motivations behind clean energy policy adoptions and diffusion. This article examines the differential roles of internal and external diffusion factors on decisions to adopt renewable energy policies, that is, Feed‐In Tariffs (FIT) and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), employing a unique blend of cluster analysis and event history analysis. Cluster analysis uncovers a dichotomy in adopting countries. First, early adopters emerge as high‐income, democratic countries, mostly energy importers with high CO2 emissions, with OECD and EU membership. Conversely, the second cluster consists of adopters from middle‐income, non‐OECD, and non‐EU nations with lower CO2 emissions. Strikingly, these clusters align with UNFCCC party classifications, underscoring the pivotal role of international agreements. Event history analysis suggests that especially environmental pressure, but also democratic governance and economic development are important when adopting renewable energy policies. Interestingly, environmental endowments seem to be less important. These findings lead to an important question: Are the requisite policy tools readily available to navigate diverse socio‐economic, political, and environmental landscapes, and are they deployed in a timely fashion? Beyond these findings, the study also shows that policy diffusion especially through normative emulation and social learning—operationalized as political globalization, OECD member and following regional neighbors—are important for policy adoption, suggesting the importance of such tools for promoting policies. Moreover, distinctive factors come into play when examining the adoption of FIT versus RPS policies, emphasizing the need for nuanced policy approaches.

Chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol-diatomite hydrogel removes methylene blue from water

Dye pollution in the aquatic environment can harm ecosystems and human health. Here, we developed a new green adsorbent by applying an improved drying process. Diatomite was embedded in a network structure formed between chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol without using any crosslinking agent to prepare chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol-diatomite hydrogel beads through alkali solidification. The beads were tested for removing a cationic dye (methylene blue (MB)) from water. The structure of the adsorbent beads was analysed using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity was investigated, and the results indicated excellent MB adsorption properties. The adsorbents had a rough surface and high swelling capacity of 66.9 g/g. The maximum MB adsorption capacity was 414.70 mg/g, and the adsorption followed the Freundlich isothermal and quasi-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption was an endothermic spontaneous process governed by both intra-particle and external diffusion processes. The proposed adsorption mechanisms involved hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. These adsorbent beads have considerable application potentials owing to their high adsorption capacity, green composition, and non-polluting nature.

Hopf bifurcation and patterns in a modified SIR model

Infectious diseases have constantly threatened human safety because the diffusion of the susceptible and infected may make more individuals infected and even die. In this paper, a modified SIR model with both external stimulus and diffusion is considered to illustrate the dynamical mechanism of the periodic outbreak and pattern formation. Firstly, we propose a modified SIR model based on the propagation behaviour of infectious diseases to show the effects of the different parameters and diffusion on the outbreak. The Hopf bifurcation and multiscale methods are performed to analyze the stability of this model, which explains the dynamical mechanism of the periodic outbreak. Then, the pattern formation and Turing instability are discussed through comparison principles to reveal the role of periodic disturbances and diffusion in selecting pattern formation. Also, we find rich patterns that may occur when the frequency modulation is close to the intrinsic frequency. Finally, our theoretical results are verified by numerical simulation.

Coal gangue geopolymers as sustainable and cost-effective adsorbents for efficient removal of Cu (II)

Coal gangue geopolymers (GP) were employed to eliminate Cu (II) as an economical absorber. This study explores the feasibility of employing coal gangue geopolymers (GP) to be an economical absorber with a function of eliminating Cu (II). The results showed that GP is a mesoporous structure, which pore size distribution is around 5.60 nm. The optimal adsorption capacity of Cu (II) was achieved when the ratio n(SiO2)/n(Na2O) was 1.2. Cu (II) adsorption capacity of GP may achieve a maximum of 72.3 mg/g. Silicon and aluminum hydroxide groups of GP facilitated strong interactions and effective trapping of Cu (II). Data analysis discovered that the adsorption procedure in examinations followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the Langmuir model providing the best appropriate to the adsorption isotherm data. These confirm that charge and chemisorption simultaneously appeared in the spontaneous Cu (II) adsorption on GP. The intra-particle diffusion model (IPD) and Boyd models supported by observation that positive relationships result in initial Cu (II) adsorption onto the outer layer of GP, followed by subsequent diffusion into internal pores. Internal and external diffusion processes jointly dominate the Cu (II) adsorption rate. Furthermore, the adsorption-related characteristics of a combination of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) demonstrated that GP effectively removes Cr (VI) without compromising its adsorption performance for Cu (II), without any discernible competition or synergy between the two. Notably, the GP could be reused for five times, and Cu (II) removal rate is 80.88%, indicating the possibility of its application as an effective, sustainable Cu (II) removal absorbent.

Improvement of charge carrier lifetime in heat exchange method multicrystalline silicon wafers by extended phosphorous gettering process

External phosphorous diffusion gettering were applied using homogenous and extended schemes on multicrystalline silicon (Mc-Si) wafers obtained from solar grade (SOG) silicon feedstock by the heat exchange method (HEM) growth technique. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) characterization shows the presence of transition metals like Chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in the analyzed as-cut Mc-Si substrates with a predominance of Mn and Fe elements. Before and after gettering process, we have observed that the Cr atoms concentration drop from 4.1015 at.cm-3 in the as-cut Mc-Si samples to 2.5 1015 at.cm-3 with homogeneous gettering and to 3.1014 at.cm-3 in the wafer undergoes extended gettering. The quasi-steady-state photo conductance (QSSPC) technique is used to characterize the minority charge carrier’s lifetime tn before and after gettering process. It was found that the response of Mc-Si wafers is better (form point of view of lifetime improvement) to the extended process but in some regions it is less effective and the homogenous process give the best amelioration due probably to the spatial distribution of crystalline defects and metallic precipitates densities. With tn initial values before gettering in the range of 2.5-8 usec we have measured lifetime values in the range of 15 to 37 usec with extended process and from 10 to 30 µsec with the homogenous one which ensure cell efficiencies in the range of 15 to 16%.

Enhancing Methylene Blue Dye Removal using pyrolyzed Mytella falcata Shells: Characterization, Kinetics, Isotherm, and Regeneration through Photolysis and Peroxidation.

The potential of pyrolyzed Mytella falcata shells as an adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye molecules from aqueous solutions was investigated. The study found that the adsorbent produced at 600 °C of pyrolysis temperature, with an adsorbent mass of 0.5 g, particle diameter of 0.297-0.149 mm, and pH 12.0, demonstrated the highest dye molecule removal efficiency of 82.41%. The material's porosity was observed through scanning electron microscopy, which is favorable for adsorption, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction analysis analyses confirmed the presence of calcium carbonate in the crystalline phases. The pseudo-second order model was found to be the best fit for the data, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism involves two steps: external diffusion and diffusion via the solid pores. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model better represented the equilibrium data, and the methylene blue adsorption was found to be spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic. The hydrogen peroxide with UV oxidation was found to be the most efficient method of regeneration, with a regeneration percentage of 63% achieved using 600 mmol.L-1 of oxidizing agents. The results suggest that pyrolyzed Mytella falcata shells could serve as an ecologically viable adsorbent alternative, reducing the amount of waste produced in the local environment and at the same time removing pollutants from the water. The material's adsorption capacity remained almost constant in the first adsorption-oxidation cycles, indicating its potential for repeated use.

Removal of dichromate-, molybdate-, and nitrate ions from wastewater using modified natural montmorillonite

Natural montmorillonite (cationic adsorbent) was modified with sodium metasilicate to invert its adsorption capacity for the ability to adsorb anions from wastewater. The textural characteristics decreased several times due to interlayer space blocking with a surface area of 2.7 m2/g. The ζ-potential changed from negative to positive (10.4 mV). The adsorption of inorganic anions Cr2O72-, MoO42- and NO3– was 0.11; 0.049; 0.052 mmol/g. Equilibrium was achieved within 25–30 min with 80–85 % adsorption in the first 10–15 min. The adsorption kinetics of all anions correlated well with the pseudo-second-order model with R2 0.993–0.999 and was largely determined by the external diffusion of the adsorbent to the surface. Adsorption increased with an increase in mass and charge of the adsorbent anions. The adsorption isotherms were best approximated by the Redlich-Peterson model, with a value of i = 0.6–0.65 at 293 K and i = 0.8–0.95 at 313 K. The activation energy of the process was: Ea(Cr2O72-) = 0.63 kJ/mol; Ea(MoO42-) = 11.59 kJ/mol; Ea(NO3–) = 22.49 kJ/mol). The values of the energy and enthalpy of adsorption indicated that nitrate anions were adsorbed on the surface due to the physical adsorption (orientation component). Besides, the chromate and molybdenum anions were adsorbed due to the formation of weak hydrogen bonds with protonated aluminol and silanol groups of montmorillonite. Finally, the removal of these anions was up to 90 % at a natural water pH of 6.5. It means that the reported method may be prospective to remove Cr2O72-, MoO42-, and NO3– from water.

Mass transfer and equilibrium modelings of phenol adsorption on activated carbon from olive stone

Activated carbon was produced from olive stones by chemical activation using ZnCl2 at 20 % w/w for 12 h. Pyrolysis was performed at 700 °C for 2 h in a quartz tubular reactor. The adsorbent was characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and the BJH. The images showed the presence of voids on the surface of the activated carbon. Diffractograms revealed a material of reduced crystallinity containing predominantly short-range ordering. BET surface area was 667 m2 g −1, and total pore volume was 0.318 m2 g −1. The equilibrium study showed that a higher temperature intensified the phenol adsorption capacity, and the highest value was around 120 mg g−1. Besides, the Freundlich isotherm was the more suitable to represent the equilibrium data. The thermodynamic study indicated that phenol adsorption onto activated carbon produced was spontaneous, favorable, endothermic, and entropy-controlled. According to physical statistics interpretation, the dual layer with one energy site was the most suitable model for describing the adsorption equilibrium. The concentration decay for the phenol showed that the initial phenol concentration direct affects the experimental data profile. Concerning the estimated mass transfer parameters and statistical parameters for the PVSDM, it was found that the external mass transfer and surface diffusion increased with the initial concentration. This trend indicates that the extremal mass transfer affected the adsorption kinetics.

Kinetic compensation effects of non-isothermal gasification in the diffusion control region

The aim of this study is to investigate the kinetic compensation effect during the non-isothermal gasification of coffee char and lignite char in a CO2 environment. The non-isothermal gasification experiments were carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer in the temperature range of 321 K–1273 K. The activation energies (E) and pre-exponential factors (A0) of different diffusion control zones were determined, and the relationship between kinetic compensation effects and diffusion was investigated. This study shows that different kinetic parameter calculation methods have no influence on the kinetic compensation effect; intrinsic reaction or external diffusion has a very weak kinetic compensation effect, and only bed diffusion has a more obvious kinetic compensation effect. The kinetic compensation effect shows a dependence on bed diffusion.

Pyrolyzed mesoporous activated carbon preparation from natural rubber common effluent biosludge: Characterization, isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and ANN modeling during phenol adsorption

In the current research, a natural rubber common effluent biosludge (NRCEBS) was utilized for the first time to prepare activated carbon (NRCEAC) as a prominent adsorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solutions. FTIR, XRD, EDS, FESEM, BET, and AAS were used to characterize both NRCEBS and NRCEAC. As per BET results, the prepared adsorbent (NRCEAC) has a specific surface area of 52.52 m2/g. Batch adsorption studies were performed by varying initial concentration (10–60 mg/L), pH (1–12), NRCEAC dosage (2–25 g/L), temperature (20–50 °C), and adsorption time (15–300 min). The optimal value of adsorption operating parameters including pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were identified to be 6, 10 mg/L, 20 g/L, and 300 min, respectively. The highest phenol removal efficiency was reported to be around 86%. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity of NRCEAC was estimated to be 1.142 mg/g. The adsorption outcomes were evaluated through the implementation of different kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models. Nonlinear plotting and statistical analysis showed that pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Liu isotherm are the best fitted with the experimental kinetic and equilibrium data. Weber-Morris diffusion model suggested that both intra-particle and external diffusions contribute to the adsorption mechanism. Findings of thermodynamic study exhibited the endothermic, spontaneous, and random nature of adsorption. Finally, artificial neural network (ANN) modeling has been successfully applied to predict the phenol removal efficiency using 5-8-1 arrangement. The findings (R2 = 0.9972 and MSE = 2.131) obtained from ANN model showed good alignment between predicted response with experimental data. The study suggests that the inexpensive, natural bio-adsorbent (NRCEAC) is suitable for phenol remediation in refineries and other associated chemical industries.

Application of Natural Polymer and Metal Oxide Composite for Removal of Arsenic(V) Ions from Aqueous Solutions

In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized within alginate gel exhibited promising potential for the removal of arsenic (V) ions. The preparation of the polymer-oxide composite was achieved by the ionic crosslinking of an alginate/iron oxide solution with a calcium (II) ions solution. The maximum amount of arsenic adsorbed by the investigated composite under the experimental conditions tested was slightly above 26 mg/g in 120 min. The results indicated that arsenic adsorption by this composite material follows a fast kinetic profile, adhering to a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption process occurs in multiple stages, as suggested by the Weber-Morris model, with external diffusion dominating initially, followed by intraparticle diffusion. Importantly, the results confirmed that the use of alginate gel does not significantly impact the adsorption process, preserving the adsorption capacity of the metal oxides. Overall, the investigated composite successfully removed arsenic (V) from the solution, addressing a critical issue in water treatment.

Drop Tube Furnace에서 석회석 입자의 내외부 확산과 CO₂ 분압을 고려한 소성반응 수치해석 모델

Drop Tube Furnace에서 석회석 입자의 내외부 확산과 CO₂ 분압을 고려한 소성반응 수치해석 모델