External Demands Research Articles

Influence of game and quarter results on external peak demands during games in under-18 years, male basketball players.

To quantify and compare the external peak demands (PD) encountered according to game result (win vs. loss), quarter result (win vs. tie vs. loss), and quarter point difference (± difference in score) in under-18 years (U18), male basketball players. Thirteen basketball players had external load variables monitored across 9 games using local positioning system technology, including distance covered, distance covered in different intensity zones, accelerations, decelerations, and PlayerLoad™. PD were calculated across 30-s, 1-min, and 5-min time windows for each variable. Linear mixed models were used to compare PD for each variable according to game result (win vs. loss), quarter result (win vs tie vs loss), and quarter point difference (high vs. low). External PD were comparable between games that were won and lost for all variables and between quarters that were won and lost for most variables (p > 0.05, trivial-small effects). In contrast, players produced higher (p < 0.05, small effects) 1-min high-speed running distance and 5-min PlayerLoadTM in quarters that were won compared to quarters that were lost. Additionally, high quarter point differences (7.51 ± 3.75 points) elicited greater (p < 0.05, small effects) external PD (30-s PlayerLoadTM, 30-s and 5-min decelerations, and 1-min and 5-min high-speed running distance) than low quarter point differences (-2.47 ± 2.67 points). External PD remain consistent (trivial-small effects) regardless of game result, quarter result, and quarter point difference in U18, male basketball players. Accordingly, external PD attained during games may not be a key indicator of team success.

Within-week and between-week variability of external and internal load demands of professional male volleyball players

Purpose.The aim of the present study was to analyse the within-week variations according to the internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE], and session-RPE) and external (jump height average, minimum jump, maximal jump, range of jump, number of jumps and density) intensity.Methods.Twelve male elite/international volleyball athletes from the Portuguese 1st division (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) participated in this study. The players were monitored over 26 microcycles, 101 training sessions, and 20 matches. To assess the workload, the CR10 Borg scale and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) were used.Results.According to the internal workload, RPE revealed significant differences between MD-4 and MD-2, MD-4 and MD1, MD-3 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). In the same line, session RPE showed significant differences between MD-4 and MD-2, MD-4 and MD-1, MD-3 and MD-2, MD-3 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, the external load demands revealed statistical differences regarding the number of jumps (MD-4 and MD-2, MD-4 and MD-1, MD-3 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1) and the density of the training sessions (MD-4 and MD-1, and MD-2 and MD-1).Conclusions.The primary findings of this study suggest that higher-intensity training sessions tend to occur during the middle of the week, with a tapering effect observed as the competition date approaches.

Technological-economic study of a unique hydrogen-based hybrid energy system for on-grid and off-grid use: Tegal-Pesawaran-Lampung Islands, Indonesia

Indonesia has several uninhabited islands. Lack of basic facilities like a place to eat may hinder corporate value-raising. Indonesia has unique energy issues as a developing country, but integrating new energy sources to fulfill regional demands is a viable option. This article describes a cutting-edge hydrogen-based hybrid energy system (HRES) that produces hydrogen fuel from solar-powered electrolysis and supercritical water gasification (SCWG). It is commonly known that hydrogen can store freshly generated energy until heat is introduced to turn it into electricity via fuel source pyrolysis. In typical residential areas of Pulau Tegal, Pesawaran-Lampung, the HRES provides base load energy. Technology and economic evaluation of the designed system uses an integrated optimization and simulation framework to minimize total system costs while operating off-grid and maximize profits from using cutting-edge electricity generation methods and selling excess power to the grid. The planned HRES can produce 47,3 MWh of energy under all scenarios, which is enough to meet the area's external demand during the study. Scenario 1 has a 55,92 IDR/kWh levelized energy cost (LCOE), whereas Scenario 2 has 56,47 IDR/kWh.

Արտաքին գոծոնների ազդեցությունը ՀՀ տնտեսական աճի և հարկային եկամուտների վրա / The Impact of External Factors on Economic Growth and Tax Revenues of RA

The purpose of the article is to identify the structure of RA economic growth and external factors affecting economic growth and tax revenues and to evaluate their impact. The tasks of the work are to identify the range of external factors affecting economic growth, identify external factors affecting the trend of tax revenues, and evaluate their impact and transfer mechanisms using econometric models. The analyses in the work were carried out using statistical and econometric methods using the structural vector autoregressive model. When evaluating the impact of external factors on the economic growth and tax revenues of RA, external demand, supply and monetary policy shocks were considered as the main external shocks. As a result of the study, it will be revealed that the impact of external shocks on the GDP spreads mainly through money transfers and trade leverage. Tax revenues are also highly sensitive to external shocks. Tax revenues explain quite a small part of the variation in GDP, and GDP accounts for about 14 percent of the variation in tax revenues, from which it can be concluded that the impact of tax revenues on GDP is weaker than the opposite effect.

ФРАГМЕНТАЦІЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ЛАНЦЮГІВ СТВОРЕННЯ ВАРТОСТІ ПІД ВПЛИВОМ ПОТОЧНИХ РИЗИКІВ

The article is devoted to the study of the characteristics of trade integration through global value chains. Factory closings and rising income inequality have contributed to the erosion of social support for globalization in advanced economies over the past decade. Considerations of national security and strategic autonomy have gained prominence, risking forming a more fragmented economic and political order. The development of global value chains was characterized by the following factors: an increase in the value of the final product due to the reduction of tariffs, the reliability of the transportation of goods across borders, and the effective coordination of geographically dispersed production enterprises thanks to the development of information and communication technologies, the wide access of companies not only to a large and cheap labor force but also to an expanded circle of potential customers. Offshoring not only lowered the marginal cost of production but also encouraged an increase in output to more effectively amortize the fixed costs associated with moving production overseas. The author noted that the integration and emergence of global value chains brought many benefits to consumers and producers. The development of the multilateral trading system sharply reduced the consumer price of intermediate goods and increased the range and quantity of goods produced. But there is also the reverse side of these processes, namely: dependence of countries on imports, including products that are the basis of the green and digital transition, increasing dependence on external demand; highly concentrated production of some types of products in specialized companies and countries; increasing the length of value chains, their complexity and, accordingly, potential vulnerability and susceptibility to shocks. The current economic and geopolitical environment creates challenges and risks for the development of global value chains. Among the main strategies for reducing risks, the strategy of diversification of resource sources was noted; (near-shoring), and (re-shoring). The advisability of applying a strategy to reduce the impact of risks on the activities of HLSW and ensure national security depends on many factors, so combinations are likely. Keywords: trade integration, global value chains (GVC), risks, economic security.

Russian Talent Training Mode Optimization Using OBE in Higher Vocational Colleges

To narrow the gap between Russian education in vocational colleges and “One Belt One Road” needs, this work employs reverse design principles to design the curriculum structure and reorganizes the Russian teaching content based on the OBE (Outcome-Based Education). Starting from internal and external demands, we develop the training goals and graduation requirements for students, which further guides the design of teaching content to match occupational needs. Through a four-year education with two sessions of students' practice at Xinjiang Vocational University, it is verified that the Russian talent training mode under the OBE theory is beneficial. It can enhance the attractiveness of the Russian major, improving the initiative of talent training objectives and the overall quality of talent training and job competency.

Лесной комплекс Дальневосточного федерального округа: тенденции развития в 2022–2023 гг.

An assessment is made of the impact of ongoing sanctions shocks, as well as internal export restrictions on the national and Far Eastern forest complexes. It is shown that the crisis of 2022 only aggravated the situation previously formed by institutional innovations in the forest regions of the Far East. The crisis did not have a catastrophic impact on the state of timber industry enterprises, which managed to both partially maintain external demand and partially offset the ban on wood exports by supplying the domestic market. In 2023 compared to 2022, despite the increase in profitability from the supply of products to the foreign market as a result of the rising dollar exchange rate, improving conditions in the Chinese market due to the easing of covid restrictions, the negative effect of sanctions shocks (market closures, restrictions in logistics, reduction in imports of equipment and materials) have intensified. As a result, there was an increase in losses of enterprises due to delays in the transportation of timber cargo, an increase in transport costs, the cost and delivery time of imported spare parts, which led to a decrease in production activity in the main forest regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, which has negative social consequences, especially in remote settlements. In conditions of low population density, the development of domestic demand for timber products in the Far East, even with government support, is uncompetitive in comparison with external demand, which is increasingly oriented toward the monopsony Chinese market

On the Growth Factors and Model of Economic Development of China

The growth dynamics of the Chinese economy and the factors of its growth in recent years (2017–2022) are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the role of foreign trade, the movement of cross-border capital in the economic development of the PRC, and the state of its debt position. A number of conclusions are made regarding the prospects for growth and evolution of China&amp;apos;s economic development model. Over the past ten years, the third sphere (services) has become a leading in the production of China’s GDP, ahead of the second (industrial) sphere. The analysis of GDP structure on expenses shows that the economic growth of the PRC is primarily supported by the internal factors of consumer and investment demand. The net export of goods and services currently occupies a secondary position among growth factors. A comparison of China’s GDP dynamics and foreign trade shows the high stability of the Chinese economy to changes in trade volumes. It is noted that China&amp;apos;s priority efforts are focused on the formation of a new model of economic development: innovative in nature, based on a capacious domestic market, closely interacting with the world. Actively used by China until recently, the export-oriented development model has long exhausted itself in many respects. The new innovative development model will differ from the development model of new industrial countries that have solved similar tasks of maintaining growth. First of all, in China’s huge domestic market and the need to use to all domestic and external growth factors. Such a development model is designed to ensure high quality growth and sustainable development. Innovation will replace export orientation and capital accumulation as a key driver of growth. This will make it possible to fully develop an intensive type of growth instead of an extensive one. The factors of domestic consumer and investment demand, as well as external export demand, will continue to play an important supporting role in ensuring China&amp;apos;s economic growth.

Fall Risk and Coping of Older Adults After Hospitalization: A Mixed Methods Study.

Coping is defined as cognitive and behavioral effort to manage specific external and/or internal demands, such as managing one's own fall risk. Little is known about the relationship between the risk of falling in older adults and their coping strategies. The purpose of this study is to examine the fall risk after hospitalization, the adequacy of self-perceived fall risk and coping strategies of older adults. In this mixed-methods study, the adequacy of perceived fall risk was determined using the de Morton Mobility Index and the ABC Scale in 98 geriatric patients recruited in a geriatric hospital. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a subsample of 16 participants 6 months after discharge to identify coping strategies. The six interviewees who adequately assessed their fall risk reported active/positive coping. In contrast, participants who assessed their fall risk inadequately (10 out of 16) reported passive/negative coping. Older adults who inadequately assessed their fall risk need special accompaniment in geriatric wards to develop active/positive coping strategies.

ПАРАДИГМА УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗМІНАМИ В КОНТЕКСТІ КАДРОВОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

The article explores the change management process from the perspective of human resource management, taking into account the functioning peculiarities of modern organizations. The influence of organizational inertia on its adaptability to external and internal environment demands, as well as its ability to change, is identified. Based on organizational criteria, the impact of inertia on the speed of change for different organizations is determined. It is argued that organizational changes are complex, hard to predict, and somewhat conflicting processes, requiring the consideration of human resource management specifics. The study demonstrates that the human aspect plays a fundamental role in any change process, as the potential and interactions between employees and organizational leaders define the success of change implementation. Practical recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of change components are provided using D. Gleicher's change formula. Typical mistakes in change implementation are detailed, and managerial approaches to prevent such symptoms are proposed. The most significant reasons inhibiting the achievement of personal goals by both managers and individual employee groups are identified. Approaches for more effective time utilization and the implementation of individual and team changes are suggested. The typology of employees concerning changes is analyzed, and utilizing practical results from the diffusion of innovation theory, appropriate managerial directions are identified to activate collective efforts towards change. The application possibilities of D. Kolb's four-stage learning cycle for engaging and implementing changes among various employee psychotypes are substantiated. The study concludes that different employee types exhibit different strengths and weaknesses, motivating and demotivating factors, as well as diverse needs and prospects for personal development. Considering distinctive characteristics, motivational and demotivating influences, and risk zones in professional activity, the main employee types are delineated, accompanied by recommendations to mitigate risk zones during their integration into the change process.

АНДРАГОГИЧЕСКАЯ КОНЦЕПЦИЯ СОПРОВОЖДЕНИЯ ПЕДАГОГОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ВЕДУЩИЕ ИДЕИ, ПРИНЦИПЫ И ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ

In the context of the digital transformation of education, it is of interest to study the structural elements of the andragogical concept of accompanying teachers. We have systematized ideas and views on the organization of procedural and effective characteristics of the author’s concept as a new form of scientific psychological and pedagogical knowledge. The semantic core of the pedagogical goal-setting of the author’s concept and the system of fundamental leading ideas of the concept: 1) timely identification of problem areas of digital transformation of education and barriers that complicate the formation of digital literacy of teachers for optimal minimization of the identified risky areas of professional and pedagogical activity based on the implementation of various types and strategies of support; 2) the need to take into account andragogical invariants when implementing support for teachers in the context of the digital transformation of education in a complementary combination of the desire of teaching staff for full selfrealization in the profession and increasing the level of their own digital literacy; 3) implementation of organizational facilitating aspects of support for the optimal transition of teachers from the traditional teaching model to an integrated one using the multifunctional capabilities of the electronic information and educational environment, digital technologies and resources. The patterns of the author’s concept set the logic for the functioning of the phenomenon under study: a) the productivity of the formation of digital literacy of teachers (as a result of the concept) depends on the complementary use of strategies to support teaching staff in the electronic information and educational environment of the organization; b) the active development by teachers of new social-role functionality and methods of professional activity in the field of digitalization of education depends on the timely implementation of the andragogical position of the teacher-mentor; c) the constructiveness of the development of andragogical invariants of teachers in the context of the digital transformation of education depends on the directions of support for updating the mechanisms of social partnership of educational subjects and the development of professional collaborations. Based on the identified patterns, principles have been identified that are designed to fulfill the regulatory function of pedagogical activity: openness of education to external demands of the digital world; subjective focus on continuity of education; collaboration and digital dialogue; facilitation; social and professional activity; personal self-realization of teachers as digital professionals.

Who You Gonna Call? Gender Inequality in External Demands for Parental Involvement

Who You Gonna Call? Gender Inequality in External Demands for Parental Involvement

Existing Barriers to the Development of the Climate Agenda for Banks

In the face of declining external demand for climate action and weak domestic competition, the climate agenda in Russia may be perceived by companies and financial institutions as additional difficulties in conducting their activities. Even in the presence of an evolving national regulatory environment, it is difficult for banks to quickly change internal processes in the interests of low-carbon development. Banking organizations face certain obstacles that the Russian financial market and business in general have yet to overcome. Despite the growing trend and attention to the climate agenda, not all banks understand the value of low-carbon investing. Banking organizations consider investment loans for green projects either less profitable or too risky. Low-carbon projects have not yet been widely developed in Russia, which does not allow in practice to assess the economic benefits and risks of investing in them.

National Petition Analysis Related to Nursing: Text Network Analysis and Topic Modeling

This study aimed to identify the main keyword, network structure, and main topics of the national petition related to "nursing" in South Korea. Data were gathered from petitions related to the national petition in Korea Blue House related to the topic "nursing" or "nurse" from August 17, 2017, to May 9, 2022. A total of 5,154 petitions were searched, and 995 were selected for the final analysis. Text network analysis and topic modeling were analyzed using the Netminer 4.5.0 program. Regarding network characteristics, a density of 0.03, an average degree of 144.483, and an average distance of 1.943 were found. Compared to results of degree centrality and betweenness centrality, keywords such as "work environment," "nursing university," "license," and "education" appeared typically in the eigenvector centrality analysis. Topic modeling derived four topics: (1) "Improving the working environment and dealing with nursing professionals," (2) "requesting investigation and punishment related to medical accidents," (3) "requiring clear role regulation and legislation of medical and nonmedical professions," and (4) "demanding improvement of healthcare-related systems and services." This is the first study to analyze Korea's national petitions in the field of nursing. This study's results confirmed both the internal needs and external demands for nurses in South Korea. Policies and laws that reflect these results should be developed.

Something New out of Africa: States Made Slaves, Slaves Made States

AbstractIn this article I explain a nexus between slavery and state formation in Africa, proceeding from initial demographic and institutional conditions to an external demand shift, individual state responses, and their collective systemic consequences. Historically, African rulers faced distinctive challenges: low population density prioritized control of people more than territory, and internal disintegration was often a greater threat than external conquest. A massive expansion in the demand for slaves offered African rulers increased opportunities to use external resources for “outside-in” state building. Many did so by creating highly militarized predatory slaving states. The collective consequence was heightened systemic insecurity. Variation in the timing of these developments reflected regional and historical variation in the expansion of the demand for slaves. Slaving states appeared first in West Africa, reflecting the late-seventeenth-century expansion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, before spreading to East Africa a century later, following the parallel later increase in the Indian Ocean slave trade. This “outside-in” path to state formation both parallels and contrasts with contemporary postcolonial state formation.

An Economic Study of The External Demand Functions for Frozen Egyptian Strawberries in its Most Important Import Markets

An Economic Study of The External Demand Functions for Frozen Egyptian Strawberries in its Most Important Import Markets

Models of Higher Education Governance in Europe: From ‘Organised Anarchy’ to Business-Corporate Organisations

This article discusses the shift from collegial governance of higher education systems and institutions to managerial governance in articulation with the change from state control regulation to the state supervision models. The rise of boardism (i.e. the strengthening of managerial approach to governance and the decrease of the power of academics) influenced by the development of New Public Management approaches is convened to identify the models of European higher education governance. Moreover, under the framework of the increasing digitalisation of management and governance of higher education, the future(s) of higher education institutions as business-corporate organisations is/are debated. While the academy’s ability to deal with external demands is considered, the introduction of new principles underlining the power of managers over academics emphasizes the decrease of academics’ power in governance and management practices.

Innovation as a Delicate Process of Balancing Conflicting Internal and External Demands

Engaging in innovation requires companies to go through a lengthy and detailed process in order to develop and introduce their innovation. In such a process, they face a number of demands. Internally, they need to do take into account the demands of top management, different departments, and people who are influenced by the innovative initiatives. Their demands can also be conflicting (e.g., while the marketing department might emphasize innovation needed by customers, the manufacturing department might emphasize innovation that is easy to manufacture, and yet the finance department might be interested in innovation that is less expensive). Externally, companies also need to deal with customers, suppliers, investors, and competitors. Similar to the internal demands, external demands can also be conflicting (e.g., while customers might want useful innovation, the investors might want higher and quicker returns on their investments). As a result, companies need to balance all these conflicting demands in order to be successful. In this research, we present an empirical evidence showing how these conflicting demands influence the innovation process. Keywords: Innovation, Demands, Manufacturing.

POVEZANOST STRATEGIJA PREVLADAVANJA STRESA SA PSIHOLOŠKIM BLAGOSTANJEM U KASNOJ ADOLESCENCIJI

The goal of this research was to examine possible connections between coping strategies and dimensions of psychological well-being in the period of adolescence. In transactional stress theories, coping is defined as all effort that a person undertakes to cope with the external and internal demands of a stressful situation. This research used the Endler and Parker classification of coping strategies: problem-focused, emotionfocused coping strategies, and avoidance. The dimensions of psychological well-being were included from the Carol Ryff model: autonomy, self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, and personal development. The sample of the research consisted of 216 participants, aged from 18 to 25 years, with the average age being 21.73 years. Most participants were female, 81.40%. The results of the canonical correlation analysis point to a positive relationship between problem-focused coping and all dimensions of well-being, as well as a negative relationship between emotion-focused coping and all dimensions. Avoidance was positively connected with positive relationships with others. These analyses suggest that experiences in which adolescents successfully face controllable developmental stressors via problem-focused coping are essential for a healthy sense of well-being. Adolescents build key developmental capacities such as positive relations with others, autonomy, feelings of meaning, and purpose exactly through facing problems and mastering new capabilities and experiences. Excessive use of emotion-focused coping may bring short-term relief, but at the price of long-term well-being and maturity. One area of possible interventions is preventive adviser work with young people for them to develop optimal problem-focused strategies, such as situation analysis, searching for possible alternatives, careful preparation of actions, etc. Keywords: coping strategies, psychological well-being, adolescence, developmental crises

China’s Economic Growth, Global Economic Crisis and China’s Policy Responses (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)

As a result of opening and reform, China has maintained an annual average growth rate of 9.8 percent for nearly three decades. China’s growth is based on high savings and high investment. Its export promotion policy has also played a very important role in promoting economic growth. However, as a result of China’s growth pattern characterised by investmentdriven and export promotion, the Chinese economy also has been suffering from serious structural imbalances. Its high and ever-rising investment rate has created overheat and overcapacity in tandem. Its high dependency on external market makes its economy vulnerable to external shocks. The global financial crisis has hit the economy seriously and exposed the structural weakness of the economy. The dramatic fall of external demand led to dramatic slowdown of the economy. The Chinese government responded to the slowdown of the economy swiftly and forcefully. A four trillion Renmibi stimulus package and expansionary monetary policy have successfully stabilised the economy. However, the stimulate policy has worsened structural problems. China’s structure problems include high external dependency, high investment rate, deterioration of environment, widening income gap between different social group and between rural and urban areas, insufficiency in the provision of social goods and so on. Due to its strong fiscal position, there should be no problem with China to achieve a growth rate of 8 percent. At the same time, the Chinese government should be able to tackle its structural problems successfully so as to ensure the sustainability of China’s economic growth. JEL classification: G01, E44, E65 Keywords: Growth, Global Financial Crisis, Stimulus Package, Structural Adjustment