External Dangers Research Articles

THE RELEVANCE OF IMPLEMENTING COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY CONCEPT (COMSEC) TOWARDS THE ENDEMIC ERA OF COVID-19

The discussion in this paper refers to Comprehensive Security (COMSEC) as a continuous effort that is balanced, integrated at every level of government administration and societal structure and across all fields. In order to maintain the Federation of Malaysia’s sovereignty, peace and prosperity, it is necessary to protect the country from all internal and external dangers. This paper discusses COMSEC and its relationship to the sovereignty and security of our nation, Malaysia. The discussion’s focus has shifted when a number of issues were brought up, including the problem of cross-border crime and the current digital threat, where it is important to comprehend COMSEC in order to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak and build public awareness and resilience in order to ensure national security and sustainable development, which is the key to sustainable development. The primary objective of this discussion is to identify the issues that play a significant role in the government’s attempts to implement COMSEC, as well as the challenges faced by the government in addressing the contested issues. The qualitative approach used in this writing uses secondary sources such published study findings, academic writing, online news sources, and public forums. The issue of cross-border crime, such as smuggling, human trafficking, and the invasion of illegal Immigrants (PATI) continues to plague the majority of developing nations, including Malaysia. The problem of digital threats also sparked alarm among the public and the government, since it is one of the issues the government faces in ensuring the security and sovereignty of the nation. In the meantime, there are doctrines regarding the implementation of COMSEC that are still applicable in the current day, but they should be modified to reflect the changing patterns of the times. According to the findings of the study, the government also had a crucial role in preventing the growth of the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia. However, other parties also play a crucial role in breaking the chain of the Covid-19 epidemic. Especially in this epidemic period, all parties must work together to realise the government’s goals so that the safety of the people and the nation can be ensured through the application of the COMSEC concept.

Testing individual variations of horses' tactile reactivity: when, where, how?

Tactile perception is involved in a variety of contexts (adaptations to climatic conditions, protection of the body against external dangers…) and is as important as the other sensory modalities for the survival of an individual. This tactile modality has been particularly well studied in humans, revealing high individual variations modulated by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as age, sex, pathological disorders, or temperament. Tactility is also involved in animals' social lives, although there are disparities between species. For example, social tactile contact among horses is limited, but this does not mean that they do not react to tactile stimuli but rather with their very thin skin they are able to detect minute stimuli (although they respond more to larger stimuli). Despite a fairly large effort to characterize it, there are controversies concerning equine tactile sensitivity. In this review, we examine studies that have used the same tool (von Frey filaments) and try to disentangle what could explain the differences observed. It appears that many aspects are poorly known or controversial and that the procedures may be so different that the results of different studies cannot be compared. We went further by testing tactile reactivity of a population of unridden horses and found that four factors influenced their tactile reactivity (type of horse, filament size, body area, time of day). These results could explain some of the discrepancies observed in the literature and suggest, in particular, that more attention should be paid to the context of the test.

Adverse Childhood Events, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Infectious Encephalopathies and Immune-Mediated Disease.

Adverse Childhood Events (ACE), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and infectious encephalopathies are associated with immune-mediated diseases. Data supporting this are reviewed, and an integrated hypothesis is provided. All three can be associated with intrusive symptoms and temporal lobe pathology. ACE and PTSD are accompanied by an impaired mental capacity to differentiate external danger vs. safety. Infectious encephalopathies are accompanied by a failure of adaptive immunity and an impaired immune capacity to differentiate internal danger vs. safety. All three conditions are associated with impairments to differentiate danger vs. safety and adapt effectively. There are reciprocal interactions between ACE, PTSD, and infectious encephalopathies with accompanying persistent immune activation. This is associated with immune dysregulation, chronic hyperarousal, activation of the stress response, and impairments of the fear recognition and response neural circuits, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, amygdala, and hippocampus. The pathophysiological processes can result in a broad spectrum of chronic neuropsychiatric and somatic symptoms and diseases. Understanding the psychodynamic, neurological, neuroimmune, inflammatory and autoimmune components of this interactive process expands the effective treatment opportunities.

The role and tasks of law enforcement authorities in the ‘external’ protection of the state

Aim: The aim of this study is to point out current differences in the field of different procedures of law enforcement agencies working at the border. Namely, how certain rules of border control and activities of other authorities working on the borders harmonise with the common EU border protection, policies and procedures. The paper aims to draw up a sketchy overview of these systems of two EU member states (Hungary and Germany) by highlighting the main differences and similarities.Methodology: The research is based primarily on the analization of written materials, documents and processing of relevant Hungarian and German legislation. In my access to German regulations I was assisted by a Baden-Württemberg police officer.Findings: My main hypotheses have been that the procedures of the Hungarian and German law enforcement agencies are different. At the same time, it should be clear that there are many similarities between the common federal and EU regulations. The problems detected and suggestions formulated during the research and as a part of the study are well detectable.Value: On the researched and processed topic emerge always changing new challenges and the mentioned law enforcement agencies require new procedural and regulatory techniques accordingly. Further research may be justified by multifaceted factors that challenge the mentioned law enforcement agencies, such as the security risks affecting the Member States of the European Union (illegal migration, neighboring war situations, etc.). The main task of the law enforcement agencies is to maintain and ensure public order and public safety. Order must also be protected from external danger. The work presents the German-Hungarian police activity performing the task of border protection, presenting common features and differences.

Threats to academic freedom: The French case

Academic freedom is currently threatened not only in dictatorial or authoritarian regimes but in democracies as well. Thus, this analysis of the contemporary French experience, in which we observe a destructive climate maintained by intellectuals and political actors on both the right and the left. The extremization, intolerance, and radicalization of debates have increased since the election of Emmanuel Macron in 2017. At the same time, university institutions often appear overwhelmed or powerless in the face of both internal and external dangers.

C10orf99/GPR15L Regulates Proinflammatory Response of Keratinocytes and Barrier Formation of the Skin.

The epidermis, outermost layer of the skin, forms a barrier and is involved in innate and adaptive immunity in an organism. Keratinocytes participate in all these three protective processes. However, a regulator of keratinocyte protective responses against external dangers and stresses remains elusive. We found that upregulation of the orphan gene 2610528A11Rik was a common factor in the skin of mice with several types of inflammation. In the human epidermis, peptide expression of G protein-coupled receptor 15 ligand (GPR15L), encoded by the human ortholog C10orf99, was highly induced in the lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. C10orf99 gene transfection into normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) induced the expression of inflammatory mediators and reduced the expression of barrier-related genes. Gene ontology analyses showed its association with translation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), mitochondria, and lipid metabolism. Treatment with GPR15L reduced the expression levels of filaggrin and loricrin in human keratinocyte 3D cultures. Instead, their expression levels in mouse primary cultured keratinocytes did not show significant differences between the wild-type and 2610528A11Rik deficient keratinocytes. Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of Il1b and Il6 was less in 2610528A11Rik deficient mouse keratinocytes than in wild-type, and imiquimod-induced psoriatic dermatitis was blunted in 2610528A11Rik deficient mice. Furthermore, repetitive subcutaneous injection of GPR15L in mouse ears induced skin inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that C10orf99/GPR15L is a primary inducible regulator that reduces the barrier formation and induces the inflammatory response of keratinocytes.

The Clan Structure of the Elites of a Democratic Society

The elite in a democratic society is contradictory, and one might even say paradoxical phenomenon. On the one hand, the elite, due to their monopoly on the resource, controls and determines the life of society. Consequently, they are the most important, necessary part of the social mechanism. On the other hand, the very existence of the elite contradicts the principles of democracy, especially in the extreme form in which these principles are understood now. This contradiction is difficult to resolve, but a solution was nevertheless found — elite groups must be protected from society. A mechanism is needed that would help to concentrate efforts to protect the elite from the aggression of the democratically-minded part of society. But the mechanism of mutual assistance is not enough. Therefore, a more important defence tool is needed — disguise, which will not allow the majority to find targets for their attacks. Both of these tasks are accomplished through the form of organization of the elite. Each elite group is a clan. The main function of a clan is to protect its members and the clan itself from external danger.

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN UKRAINE

Abstract. The article states that the financial and economic security of the agricultural sector is aimed at ensuring a sufficient level of efficiency of financial and economic activities; protection from external and internal dangers, improvement of financial firmness, and stability. It is established that one of the ways to solve these problems is the application of modern approaches to determining the level of financial and economic security of agricultural sector entities in order to identify the most significant threats to the market, as well as the application of modern approaches to improving the level of financial and economic security of the Ukrainian agricultural sector. It was found that the financial security of the country directly and proportionally affects the financial and economic security of the agricultural sector, and the presence of problems can prevent the agricultural sector from reaching the desired economic level. The basic elements of financial and economic security in agricultural entities are identified as financial resources, financial stability (solvency), and profitability of operating activities, effectiveness of financial and economic activities, the possibility and cost of attracting external financial resources. The indicators for financial and economic security of agricultural enterprises in Mykolayiv region are assessed and a model of factors influencing the indicator, which is the profitability of operating activity, is developed. General and specialist research methods were used to study theoretical, and methodological issues of financial and economic security in the agricultural sector; monographic, causal relationships, and logical modeling are also used in determining the indicators of assessing the level of financial and economic security in the agricultural sector; method of dynamic analysis and — in order to assess the rate of economic growth of the main macroeconomic indicators of the country, taking into account the dynamics of their change in the market environment; calculation-constructive, graphic — when assessing the level of financial and economic security. It is proved that the financial and economic security of the agricultural sector is aimed at ensuring a sufficient level of efficiency of financial and economic activities in the market environment, protection from external and internal dangers, as well as creating conditions for long-term development, given globalization challenges. Keywords: agricultural sector, financial security, financial and economic security, indicators, approaches. JEL Classification Q14, Q18 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 6; bibl.: 13.

Ecological risk assessment and difference analysis of pit ponds under different ecological service functions-A case study of Jianghuai ecological Economic Zone

As a critical ecosystem type, wetlands have received extensive attention from scholars worldwide. Previous studies have mostly taken the entire wetland as the research object, and there is a lack of differentiated research on wetland subsystems. Ponds are a vital component of wetland ecosystems, and they are widely distributed, provide high ecological service value, and are related to many ecosystem functions; however, they have not attracted sufficient scholarly attention. This study divided ponds into three categories according to differences in geographic location, surrounding land-use types, and ecological service functions: ponds surrounding farmland, ponds around lakes, and ponds near towns. Taking county-level cities in the Jianghuai Ecological Economic Zone as the research area, a comprehensive evaluation system was established based on the external dangers and internal vulnerabilities of pit ponds. This evaluation method was based on the current wetland evaluation system, which considers actual pond characteristics, introduces indicators that characterize pond pollution, and conducts ecological risk assessments of ponds with different ecological service functions. The results demonstrate that (1) the ecological risks of pond wetlands in the northern part of the study area are higher than those in the south; (2) the ecological risks of cultivated land and pond wetlands around towns are less than those around lakes; (3) The primary risk sources of ponds with different ecological service functions vary. The small number of ponds surrounding farmland and ponds near towns, and their unstable structure and internal fragility are the main factors affecting their ecological risk assessments. Ponds around lakes are predominately affected by natural man-made external risk factors.

EYE-RELATED PHRASES IN JAPANESE AND UZBEK LANGUAGE

Eyes are organs of the visual system. The human eye is a sense organ that reacts to light and allows vision. It well known that the eye is a sensory organ, and while seeing protects us from external dangers, we perceive the external environment. That is why this part of the body is so important. Sight, whose main function is to help a person feel different things. Thanks to this member, many works of art have created. That is, writers wrote down what they saw with their own eyes. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the phrases in which these eye functions transferred in Japanese and Uzbek languages.

ДУХОВНО-МОРАЛЬНА БЕЗПЕЧНІСТЬ-НАПРУЖЕНІСТЬ У ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІЙ БЕЗПЕЦІ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

Констатується наукове положення, за якого людина зустрічається з ситуаціями як фізично-біологічними, так і штучно створеними, зокрема засобами масової інформації у їх особистісно деструктивному варіанті. Проблема кожної людини — це протистояти негативним впливам середовища, вміти оцінити руйнівний ступінь цих впливів і зберігати власні ціннісні орієнтири, способи доцільної суспільно значущої поведінки, діяльності та спілкування. За такої соціальної установки особистість має бути готовою розгорнути відповідну внутрішню діяльність з метою запобігання зовнішнім небезпекам і утвердження своєї психологічної безпеки. Така внутрішня готовність ґрунтується на двох домінантних станах — духовно-моральної напруженості та духовно-моральної безпечності. Вони є психологічно опозиційними процесуальними утвореннями, що активують відповідний перебіг усіх психологічних набутків особистості, насамперед, емоційно-почуттєвих. Духовно-моральна напруженість — це психічний стан, проявами якого є ретельність, уважність, дбайливість, запальність людини у її духовно-моральній поведінці та спілкуванні. Духовно-моральна безпечність є станом, який характеризується пасивністю, безтурботністю, недбалим ставленням до діяльності, відсутністю старанності. Пропонується у першому наближенні тактика подолання духовно-моральної безпечності й утвердження відповідної напруженості. Звертається увага на необхідність культивування особистісної рефлексії, за якої відбувається перецентрація мислення вихованця з власного інтересу на спосіб мислення, який орієнтує його на потреби іншої людини. Це вимагає від особистості сформованості вміння самоставлення, зокрема самоосудження. Важливим у подоланні стану безпечності й утвердження напруженості має стати прояв вольової форми мотивації.

Structure, Activation and Regulation of NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasomes.

The inflammasome is a three-component (sensor, adaptor, and effector) filamentous signaling platform that shields from multiple pathogenic infections by stimulating the proteolytical maturation of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptotic cell death. The signaling process initiates with the detection of endogenous and/or external danger signals by specific sensors, followed by the nucleation and polymerization from sensor to downstream adaptor and then to the effector, caspase-1. Aberrant activation of inflammasomes promotes autoinflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiometabolic disorders. Therefore, an equitable level of regulation is required to maintain the equilibrium between inflammasome activation and inhibition. Recent advancement in the structural and mechanistic understanding of inflammasome assembly potentiates the emergence of novel therapeutics against inflammasome-regulated diseases. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the recent and updated insights into the structure of inflammasome components, their activation, interaction, mechanism of regulation, and finally, the formation of densely packed filamentous inflammasome complex that exists as micron-sized punctum in the cells and mediates the immune responses.

Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: Early Diagnosis and Prognostic Information.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multiple organ disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Among the organs and tissues affected by the disease, the skin has received less attention. Skin is the largest tissue in the body and is responsible for temperature maintenance, protection against external dangers and dehydration, and other roles. Although the skin manifestations of COVID-19 are common, the lack of standardization in the description of its signs makes it difficult to group them together. Considering the literature available so far, the skin manifestations can be divided into 4 patterns: exanthem, urticarial lesions, vascular and acro-papular eruptions. The localization, age, onset, symptoms and severity vary among them. The treatment, when necessary, is usually focused on the inflammatory response control. The pathophysiological mechanisms seem to involve the apoptosis of keratinocytes as well as endothelial cell dysfunction, favouring the establishment of skin inflammation. The better characterization of the skin manifestations is essential to understand the possible effects of COVID-19 on skin as well as for the development of appropriate treatments.

“For the Party Acted Wrong”: Noble Reflection of Court Trials in Volhynia in the Second Half of the 16th — First Half of the 17th Century

The article uses documentary material from the act books of Volhynia borough courts to analyze the perception and importance of the court for the Volhynia voivodeship nobility as an institution for protecting its honor and property in the community. The social changes that started in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the conclusion of the Union of Lublin (1596) are highlighted. It is shown that those transformations were a pan-European trend determined by changes at the political, economic, social, cultural, and religious levels. The article singles out criteria which caused class discord in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and presents the two-pronged classification of the federal judicial system including the division into political and civil proceedings. It is noted that the concepts of “honor”, “freedom”, “right”, and “privilege” were crucial for the establishment of a noble corporation.The examples of four cases from borough courts show how noblemen could interpret encroachment on their status, which required the opposing party to behave ethically and respectfully despite the conflict situation. It is traced that the nobility demanded similar respect for its property, which was an important determinant of its place in the community. It is established that the main legislative source of appeal for the voivodeship gentry seeking to preserve its rights were Lithuanian Statutes, namely the Second, so-called Volhynian Statute (1566). It could be used both for the benefit of the injured party and the defense; however, the case was not always solved in favor of the injured. A legally savvy defense attorney could achieve the desired result for their party even in the event of its guilt. The article shows the connection between the noble perception of the law as a system of codification clauses, which protected noblemen from external dangers and social reality of the Commonwealth, with non-legal instruments of a stratified society, where the notions of sedentarity, patron-client relations, and clear knowledge of the specific legal system functioning were important.

اتفاقیة القواعد العسکریة عام 1947م بین الولایات المتحدة الأمریکیة والفلبین

تعد اتفاقية القواعد العسکرية الموقعة بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية والفلبين عام 1947م ترجمة حقيقية لحالة التقارب بين الدولتين، ورغبة کل منهما في تحقيق المصالح المشترکة بينهما. وبينما کانت الفلبين تطالب بالاستقلال عن الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية في منتصف ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين کان الخطر الياباني آخذا في التعاظم بمنطقة الشرق الأقصى، وبدت الفلبين بالنسبة للولايات المتحدة الأمريکية خط الدفاع الأول في مواجهة الأطماع اليابانية. لذا؛ أخذت الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية في وضع ترتيبات دفاعية معهم لإقامة قواعد عسکرية جديدة؛ حتي وقع الهجوم الياباني علي أراضيهم عام 1941م. وقد تلاقت المصالح بين الدولتين بصورة کبيرة بعد نجاح الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية في اخراج الوجود الياباني من الأراضي الفلبينية عام 1945ولتبدأ مرحلة جديدة في العلاقات بين الدولتين تمثلت في الدخول في مفاوضات خاصة بالتوقيع علي اتفاقية القواعد عام 1947م . هذا وقد اثبتت المفاوضات الخاصة بالاتفاقية نجاح الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية في تحقيق عدد من الأهداف ؛ من خلال حل المسائل الخلافية، بما يضمن الحفاظ علي جوهر الاتفاقية، لخدمة الأهداف الأمريکية، وإقناع الفلبينيين بأهمية القواعد للحفاظ على أمنهم، وإبعاد صفة الهيمنة الأمريکية على أراضيهم. ولم تلق اتفاقية القواعد العسکرية الموقعة عام 1947م أية معارضة حقيقية على المستويين الرسمي والشعبي؛ نتيجة لوجود رغبة فلبينية في الحصول على الحماية الأمريکية في مواجهة الأخطار الخارجية، واستمرار بقائها في بؤرة الاهتمام الامريکي. الکلمات المفتاحية: اتفاقية، الاستراتيجية، المفاوضات، القدرات العسکرية، الأطماع التوسعية، اتفاقيات، التقارب، مواقع، المصالح المشترکه. Military Bases Agreement in 1947 Between the USA and the Philippines Wail Mohammed Mahmoud Ali El-Refae Assistant professor of Modern History- Faculty of Arts-King Faisal University. Email: wael.m.elrefae@gmail.com Abstract: This paper examines the 1947 Military Bases Agreement between the United States of America and Philippines, which constitutes a true interpretation of the state of accord between the two countries, and their common desire to achieve shared interests. While the Philippines was seeking independence from the United States of America in mid of 1930s; the Japanese threat was growing in the Far East region, thus Philippines seemed to the United States of America as the first line of defence in the face of Japanese ambitions. Consequently, The United States of America arranged defence arrangements with Philippines to establish new military bases; Until the Japanese attack on their lands in 1941 AD. The two countries had mutual interests grown greatly after the success of the United States of America in dismissing the Japanese presence from the Philippine lands in 1945; thus a new stage in the relations between the two countries commenced, which was represented in commencement of negotiations for the military bases agreement in 1947. The negotiations on this agreement proved the success of the United States of America in achieving several goals, through solving the quarrelsome issues, to keep the kernel of the agreement, in order to serve the American objectives, and, at the same time, convince the Filipinos of the importance of the Us Basses to preserve their security, as well as to eliminate the feature of American hegemony on their lands. The Military Bases Agreement signed in 1947 did not face any real opposition at the official and popular levels, due to the Philippine desire to acquire American protection in the face of external dangers, and ensure their continuous existence on focus of US attention. Key words: agreement, strategy, negotiations, military capabilities, expansionist ambitions, agreements, convergence, positions, common interests.

Law and tech collide: foreseeability, reasonableness and advanced driver assistance systems

ABSTRACT Recently, many scholars have explored the legal challenges likely to be posed by introduction of automated and autonomous vehicles. Minimal attention has focused on the legal implications of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in vehicles already currently available. These can warn of external dangers, monitor driver behavior and control how a vehicle brakes, accelerates, maintains speed or position on the road. The dynamic driving task is no longer reliant simply on the physical interaction of human driver with that vehicle. Instead, the vehicle may act apart from human direction as it senses other objects in the immediate environment or monitors the human driver’s behavior or biometrics. These technological tools, which reduce the opportunity for human error, can be described as augmenting human driving capacity. Increases in safety promised by ADAS, arguably already evidenced by data, may require a reassessment of the risks posed by ‘un-augmented’ human drivers, what is now foreseeable given the data generated by ADAS and wearable driver-monitoring technology, and whether ‘un-augmented’ driving is any longer a reasonable response to that risk.

The analysis of expert survey on factors of self-preserving behavior of population of the central regions of Russia

For the reproduction of healthy society, it is necessary to pay special attention to self-preserving behavior of population, since health is not only medical, but also and social category. The health acts both as result of interaction of individual and the social environment, and as key condition for successful implementation of social statuses and roles, viability of social system as a whole. The spontaneous "health-saving" socialization, and, as a result, lacking of formation of behavioral patterns related to maintaining and strengthening health, imitation practices of self-care, which are demonstrated by different social demographic groups, especially young population, form danger of development of chronic diseases, further deterioration of national health indices, including decreasing reproductive potential of the state and increasing risks of for demographic policy in the future. This dictate needs for systematic analysis of factors and causes that lead to weak behavioral activity of Russian population in matters of "health-saving", determining their significance and relationship with health indices. The expert survey was carried out that allowed to identify configuration of main factors and risks in the system "environment - health", significantly affecting development of patterns of behavior in relation to it. The participation of experts representing various areas of professional activity (health care, physical education, ecology, state and municipal administration, education and science) proves high reliability of results and makes it possible to consider localization of main external dangers with highest rates of negative impact on development of self-preservation attitudes. The overall pattern of significance of various factors determining possible variations and main line of behavior of population of the central regions of Russia in context of health conservation allows to bring to foreground personal factors associated with willingness to ensure reproduction of one's own health, infrastructural and socio-economic factors that determine individual and group opportunities for Russia population to use potential of "health-saving" attitudes as well as factors of trust acting as an impulse, activating relationship of population and health care system.

Japanese Tools & Techniques of Production Management

The research script links through the implementation of measuring lean manufacturing and its efficiency in Japanese vehicle business. Case study is done on Japanese vehicle business on the execution of lean manufacturing concerning the Japanese method to the Supply Chain organization method to furnish. Kaizen system generates surroundings and directorial customs which encourage the labour force to obtain improved organization’s goods and inner process, also in the phase of affluence missing any external danger. The KANBAN structure is a manufacture as well as record control system in which the downstream position obtains sufficient mechanism as compulsory and the upstream place make just sufficient to all-inclusive what has been used. Theory of Transaction Cost (TCT) has arriving fresh awareness meant for it’s utilize in building choice designed for the speculation within inter-firm’s associations.

Slovenci, Jugoslavija in začetek vojne

Po oblikovanju Banovine Hrvaške 26. avgusta 1939 so se jeseni 1939 v katoliškem taboru, ki je v Dravski banovini – jugoslovanski Sloveniji imel absolutno oblast, začeli pripravljati na vzpostavitev posebne Banovine Slovenije. V vprašanje državnopravne emancipacije v Kraljevini Jugoslaviji so se leta 1939 poglobili tudi v opozicijskem ljudskofrontem gibanju. Narodni demokrati, krščanski socialisti in komunisti so oblikovali tri zelo določne, izvirne in radikalne avtonomistično-federalistične narodne programe. Ob narodni so bile na Slovenskem poudarjene tudi idejnopolitične opredelitve. V katoliškem taboru so zaostrili ideološki boj ne le proti liberalizmu, temveč posebej proti socializmu in komunizmu. Obenem je v njem prišlo do cepitve, saj so krščanski socialisti s katoliško politiko pretrgali vse vezi. Ideološko stališče večinskega dela katoliškega tabora so leta 1939 izrazili na VI. Mednarodnem kongresu Kristusa Kralja 25. do 30. julija 1939 v Ljubljani z zahtevo po nujni katoliški obnovi. Živo je bilo narodnoobrambno gibanje, ki je spodbujalo povezovanje ljudi, društev in organizacij ne glede na politično pripadnost zaradi obrambe pred zunanjo nevarnostjo fašističnih držav in v boju zoper hitlerizem. Leta 1939 je izšel tudi znani Spominski zbornik Slovenije, Univerza v Ljubljani je praznovala dvajsetletnico obstoja, Antonu Korošcu pa so ob tem podelili naslov častnega doktorja prava. Leta 1939 je postal tudi častni ljubljanski meščan. Vojna in bojazen, za marsikoga že prepričanje, da Jugoslavije ne bo obšla, so ob pričakovanju demokratičnih sprememb v državi, ideoloških in političnih razhajanjih ter odločenosti braniti Jugoslavijo spremljali Slovence po začetku druge svetovne vojne 1. septembra 1939. Ko je novi svetovni spopad dobro leto in pol kasneje vase potegnil celotni slovenski narod ter njegovo idejno in socialnopolitično zaznamovanost, sta nastopila najtežja zgodovinska preizkušnja Slovencev in v njej njihovo srečanje samih s seboj.