External Criticism Research Articles

THE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF THE INDIGENOUS MUSLIM COMMUNITY IN LABUAN DURING THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATION, 1946-1963

The theme of the political participation of the indigenous Muslim community in Labuan is important to fill the gap in Labuan’s political history. The main questions which the study aimed to answer were: what political roles did the indigenous Muslim community play during the British colonial period from 1946-1963 in Labuan? What were the factors contributing to their political involvement and what were the reactions of the British? The study’s three main objectives were: to describe the political participation of the indigenous Muslim community in Labuan from the period of 1946-1963, to analyse their roles in the British colonial administration, and to examine the British policy towards the involvement of the Muslim leaders in the political process. The study was mainly carried out through qualitative approach, involving archival research and in-depth interviews. Internal and external criticism methods were also applied in assessing, interpreting and analysing the primary, secondary and oral sources. All the key themes were presented in descriptive and chronological manner. The political participation of the indigenous Muslim community in Labuan can be divided into two phases: the first phase from 1946-1960 and the second phase, from 1961-1963. During the first phase, their political participation was essentially driven by their desires to safeguard their religious rights (Islam), ethnic identity and their collective ethnic interests. Throughout the second phase, the indigenous Muslim leaders were motivated by the Muslim community’s political rights and Labuan’s independence under the Malaysia proposal. The British attitudes towards the increased political awareness among the indigenous Muslim community leaders were generally accommodative. The indigenous Muslim community leaders were given opportunities to take part in the political activities. However, the political participation of the indigenous Muslim community was rather limited as Muslim leaders were incapacitated from playing greater political roles in the British colonial administration.Keywords: political participation, indigenous Muslim community, Labuan, British, Malaysia.

Cochrane Review as a \u201cWarranting Device\u201d for Reasoning About Health

Contemporary reasoning about health is infused with the work products of experts, and expert reasoning about health itself is an active site for invention and design. Building on Toulmin’s largely undeveloped ideas on field-dependence, we argue that expert fields can develop new inference rules that, together with the backing they require, become accepted ways of drawing and defending conclusions. The new inference rules themselves function as warrants, and we introduce the term “warranting device” to refer to an assembly of the rule plus whatever material, procedural, and institutional resources are required to assure its dependability. We present a case study on the Cochrane Review, a new method for synthesizing evidence across large numbers of scientific studies. After reviewing the evolution and current structure of the device, we discuss the distinctive kinds of critical questions that may be raised around Cochrane Reviews, both within the expert field and beyond. Although Toulmin’s theory of field-dependence is often criticized for its relativism, we find that, as a matter of practical fact, field-specific warrants do not enjoy immunity from external critique. On the contrary, they can be opened to evaluation and critique from any interested perspective.

PERANAN ALI MOERTOPO BIDANG MILITER DAN POLITIK DALAM UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN STABILITAS NASIONAL INDONESIA TAHUN 1950-1984

The problem in this research is the role of Ali Moertopo military and political fields in efforts to achieve national stability. The method used in this study is the historical method to conduct library research. Data collection techniques in this study using the steps of heuristics and the study of literature. In testing the correctness of the data or the validity of the data collection used internal and external criticism, while for the method of data analysis is the interpretation and historiography. The results of this study are (1) The role of the military in the field Ali Moertopo efforts to realize national stability Indonesia is conducting an insurgency against the PRRI / PERMESTA Because they can threaten the unity and integrity of the country. This makes the insurgency chaos and panic so do government crackdown by the military road and finally the uprising could be solved so that the creation of a national stability Indonesia. (2) Role Ali Moertopo politics in efforts to realize national stability of Indonesia is to help the course of politics, a period that also Ali Moertopo assigned Golkar in the first election. And also simplifying the political parties to be more effective in the next general election.

PENGARUH KONFLIK GAM-RI DI BIDANG POLITIK DAN SOSIAL TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT ACEH TAHUN 1976-2012

The problem faced in this research is how the influence of GAM-RI conflict is politically and socially on the lives of the people of Aceh especially in 1976-2012.The purpose of this study is to describe how the GAM-RI conflict, as well as explaining the influence of Aceh community in political and social fields. While this study is a historical study. In this study, using the methods of literary study. Data collection techniques in this study using the steps that heuristic and literature study. In testing the correctness of the data or the validity of data collection used internal and external criticism, while for the method of data analysis is the interpretation and historiography. Based on the research activities have been implemented, the effect of GAM-RI conflict in 1976-2012 in the field of politics is the enactment of the Military Operations Area and Military Emergency in Aceh as well as the emergence of Local Political Parties in Aceh. While the influence of the social field is to start the collapse of traditional values and norms that exist in Aceh and the change in attitude due to the impact felt by the people of Aceh conflict.

English in the OECD: transcultural tool or embodiment of symbolic power?

ABSTRACT The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) contributes increasingly to the generation and dissemination of public knowledge. Its publishing division and the OECD iLibrary provide access to around 219,700 publications. While the OECD offers translated summaries of some of its key titles in up to 25 languages, the majority of publications are authored in English, and are stylistically regulated in accordance with Anglo-Saxon writing standards, as set out in the OECD Style Guide. This article discusses the language effects (Pennycook 1994) – that is, the worldmaking implications – of the OECD’s predominant use of English in processes of knowledge production. It presents two contrasting perspectives: 1. (the OECD’s own view) that the English language standards imposed by the organisation mean that the knowledge generated becomes widely accessible, which in turn contributes to a transcultural knowledge world; 2. (an external critique) that the dominance of English language publications embodies the OECD’s symbolic power, so that knowledge can only be generated and accessed by accepting English as the legitimate language of authority (Bourdieu 1977). Attention will be drawn to the diverging role of translation in both scenarios, and to the concept of institutional translation (Koskinen 2008).

MAHATMA GANDHI DAN PERANANNYA DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEMERDEKAAN INDIA

This study aims to determine the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the effort to realize India's independence in 1914-1947. This type of research is historical research. Data collection techniques in this study using heuristic steps and literature techniques. The validity of data collection uses internal and external criticism with the steps of interpretation and historiography. The result of this research is Mahatma Gandhi invites the people of India to fight the British Colonial by fighting non-violence called satyagraha and also invite the people of India to use domestic products in fulfilling daily necessities called swadesi.

Scrutinizing the Embrace of Human Rights in Ugandan Prisons: An Ethnographic Analysis of the Equivocal Responses to Human Rights Watch Reporting

An acclaimed human rights reform process seems to change Ugandan prisons according to policy prescriptions. Yet prison officers continue to bend rules and use physical violence to actually ensure custodial control and survive professionally in situations of insecurity and exigency. An external audit by Human Rights Watch systematically reads this pragmatic appropriation of human rights as duplicitous and deviant, while the prison management takes the external criticism as an opportunity to reconsolidate itself as a human rights observer in the charged debate about reform. It is thereby argued that human rights take effect in Ugandan prisons as a form of governance that invigorates bureaucratic power and enables institutional reproduction.

Depolicing as Dissent Shirking

Theory suggests that bureaucratic actors express opposition to unfavorable organizational and policy changes by acting in ways inconsistent with established rules, norms, and community expectations . Empirical evidence from various professional contexts and geographic locations lends support to the notion that some public employees have indeed engaged in dissent shirking by refusing to perform at their best so as to express work-related dissatisfaction. This research relies on a quasi-experimental design to examine this phenomenon in the context of the police. The study’s analysis will be driven by a series of autoregressive integrated moving average models in order to examine the extent to which a form of dissent shirking—“depolicing”—has occurred in jurisdictions investigated by the U.S. Department of Justice under that agency’s pattern or practice authority. Despite qualitative support for depolicing under these conditions, this analysis shows no evidence that officers responded to external criticism and intensified oversight brought on by the pattern or practice reform process by policing less proactively. Findings are discussed in terms of both theory and policy.

External Quality Assurance of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Business Case—Too Little, Too Late, and Too Unreliable

The external quality assurance (EQA) of the Fehmarn Belt fixed link business case commissioned by the Danish Ministry of Transport is critically analyzed regarding the New Construction Budgeting requirements as well as common practical criteria. A time line of analyses, decisions and external quality assurance activities as well as external criticism is established as a basis for analyzing the completeness, timeliness and trustworthiness of the quality assurance. Information obtained per the Public Records Act is included. It is found that the external quality assurance was grossly incomplete with limited scopes and exclusion of major elements of the project. The overall financial performance and financial uncertainty analyses were not subject to external quality assurance at all. The bulk of external quality assurance was carried out only after the decision-to-build was made, preparatory construction activities initiated or major economic commitments made, thus jeopardizing the timeliness. The trustworthiness of the external quality assurance is limited for different reasons: bad timing of activities, lack of independence of consultancies, and controversial findings of opposing analyses. The external quality assurance is found to be too little, too late, and too unreliable. The status of the project as a high-risk business case is not improved by the external quality assurance.

The Function and Spirituality of Bonaventure's "Treatise" on the Miracles of St. Francis

The collection of miracle stories appended to Bonaventure's Legenda maior is a succinct adaptation of Thomas of Celano's Treatise on the Miracles of St. Francis. As such, it could be regarded as Bonaventure's own "treatise" on Francis' miracles. Until now, little scholarly attention has been given to this collection, particularly with respect to questions surrounding the redaction of Francis' story. In an attempt to address this lack of scrutiny, this article provides a close reading of the material that Bonaventure added to Celano's Treatise. It concludes that one prominent function of Bonaventure's "treatise" was to defend the Franciscan order from external criticism. In addition, it briefly explores how this apologetic function is connected to a theme that was central to Bonaventure's spirituality: the crucified Christ.

The Criticism of Written Sources in Ivan Franko's History-Pedagogical Works

The criticism technologies of written sources, which were applied by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Franko (1856–1916) in his works from the history of education, are analyzed in this article. Relevance of the study is attributed to the following factors: 1) nowadays active attention of the scientists is connected with the methodologies of history-pedagogical research; 2) technologies of criticism by historians of education including Ivan Franko are unexplored. The author used such methods as content-analysis of scientific and journalistic works of Ivan Franko from the history of education, analysis and synthesis, typological interpretation, logical- semantic method. The results of the study are: a) Ivan Franko paid great attention to written sources to study the history of education; b) the mechanisms of external criticism of sources which Ivan Franko applied (analysis of location, material basis, format, language, date and authorship, addressee, representativeness of documents) are indentified; c) methods of internal criticism of sources, which were based on explaining certain concepts, establishing the genesis of ideas, separating simple facts without further verification, are clarified. The following conclusions are drawn: Ivan Franko used external criticism in his works from the history of education but internal criticism was less used. The next task is to study the understanding of the concept ''fact'' by Ivan Franko.

Review: The Making of Liturgy in the Ottonian Church: Books, Music and Ritual in Mainz, 950–1050, by Henry Parkes

The Making of Liturgy in the Ottonian Church: Books, Music and Ritual in Mainz, 950–1050 , by Henry Parkes. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser., 100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. xvi, 259 pp. The “prince of liturgists,” Edmund Bishop (1846–1917), likened historians who busy themselves with “external criticism,” the verification of what primary sources can be made to say and what they cannot, to an army of “burrowing earth-worms”: > [I]t is well to remember that by their quiet, steady, persevering, and in the long run unerring labour, they have undermined more than one stately looking edifice which there can now be no question of shoring up or buttressing any more. Down it has, or inevitably must, come.1 Henry Parkes is less an earthworm than a blasting engineer, and the edifice he has demolished has been, until now, an axiomatically accepted datum of modern liturgical scholarship, the so-called Pontifical romano-germanique ( PRG ). Standard textbooks on the medieval liturgy (e.g., Vogel's Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the Sources and Palazzo's A History of Liturgical Books ) tell the story of the PRG and its reconstruction from some forty surviving manuscripts by Michel Andrieu.2 According to Andrieu, the PRG was created at Mainz in the middle of the tenth century as a “standard edition” of the bishop's liturgical book, complete with a guide to ordering the entire ecclesiastical year,3 in an attempt to unify liturgy under the Ottonians. Parkes has shown elsewhere that the PRG , as represented in its classic edition, never actually existed: the same texts are indeed encountered in some forty manuscripts, but seldom all together and often with significant alterations.4 In …

Data that warms: Waste heat, infrastructural convergence and the computation traffic commodity

This article explores the ways in which data centre operators are currently reconfiguring the systems of energy and heat supply in European capitals, replacing conventional forms of heating with data-driven heat production, and becoming important energy suppliers. Taking as an empirical object the heat generated from server halls, the article traces the expanding phenomenon of ‘waste heat recycling’ and charts the ways in which data centre operators in Stockholm and Paris direct waste heat through metropolitan district heating systems and urban homes, and valorise it. Drawing on new materialisms, infrastructure studies and classical theory of production and destruction of value in capitalism, the article outlines two modes in which this process happens, namely infrastructural convergence and decentralisation of the data centre. These modes arguably help data centre operators convert big data from a source of value online into a raw material that needs to flow in the network irrespective of meaning. In this conversion process, the article argues, a new commodity is in a process of formation, that of computation traffic. Altogether data-driven heat production is suggested to raise the importance of certain data processing nodes in Northern Europe, simultaneously intervening in the global politics of access, while neutralising external criticism towards big data by making urban life literally dependent on power from data streams.

The Research We Need in Teacher Education

Prompted by internal and external criticism, demands for accountability, and an authentic desire to better understand processes associated with learning to teach, the field of teacher education--and more specifically, of teacher preparation--is experiencing a vigorous period of change. In some cases, this has resulted in innovations--such as current proposals to evaluate and regulate teacher education and preparation programs, reform of the requirements to attain qualified teacher status (QTS), and the creation of systems for evaluating teacher effectiveness--that have been enacted without evidence of potential effectiveness. In addition, because different communities or networks operate using different rules and instruments to achieve intended goals, a persistent problem with respect to teacher education policy and practice is a lack of coherence leading to in the system. For instance, in the United States alone, a number of complex networks shape policy and practice in teacher education; these include, but are not limited to, university and non-university-based teacher educators, schools' policies and practices, including mentoring and induction, educational researchers with diverse scholarly backgrounds (e.g., political science, economics), accreditation agencies such as Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP), regulatory agencies at the local and federal levels such as the U.S. Department of Education (USDOE), and private advocacy groups such as the National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ). The resolution of that have emerged out of raising and addressing policy and practice questions in teacher education has in some cases served to move the field forward, but in other cases, has done just the opposite. An international case in point is in England, where the Department for Education has introduced a proposal to reform the current Qualified Teacher Status which, if implemented, would effectively transfer the responsibility to judge when a teacher is qualified from university-based teacher education to the school's headmaster after first undergoing a significant period of school teaching. In some cases, these are far from resolution as advances in related areas of knowledge and practice (e.g., cognitive science) have revealed the enormous complexity inherent in teaching and in learning to teach. These findings bring into question traditional ways of knowing in teacher education as well as current notions of what it means to be an effective teacher and by extension, what constitutes an effective teacher education/preparation program. The role of research at this moment has never been more important as a vehicle that can facilitate learning by examining and reflecting on the construction and resolution of continuously evolving contradictions (Engestrom, 1987, p. 79). Contradictions in Teacher Education and the Role of Research Globally and from a cultural and historical standpoint, teacher education has often involved the resolution of created by questioning, implementing, and reflecting on the system. The most prominent of these are what the goals and purposes of teacher education should be, who should teach and what should teachers know and be able to do, where and how should teachers be prepared, and how quality can be secured, evaluated, and reported. In the sections that follow, each of these issues is unpacked with respect to the need for research evidence to inform policy and practice directed at improving the preparation and ongoing development of effective teachers. What Should Be the Goals of Teacher Education? Much discussion has occurred around whether teacher education's key goal is to prepare teachers as autonomous professionals able to adapt the curriculum to the diverse needs of students guided by a strong moral compass, whether teacher preparation should be focused on equipping teachers with technical expertise capable of effectively enacting the curriculum and managing classrooms (e. …

Social Inquiry and the Pursuit of Reality

Although social scientists have been devoted to discovering specific realities of social life, many theorists devoted to critical judgment have turned to philosophy in search of universal grounds of truth and reality. They have, however, worried about the problem of relativism. Although Wittgenstein has often been characterized as a relativist, Cora Diamond, inspired by G. E. M Anscombe, argues that his work, despite internal tensions, provides rational grounds for external criticism of social practices. Her argument and her critique of the work of Peter Winch and Ilham Dilman are, however, neither adequately supported by Wittgenstein’s texts nor sufficiently developed on their own terms.

Mental health services in Libya.

Despite all the internal and external criticisms of mental health services in Libya, they remain underdeveloped across the country. The World Health Organization has made efforts to improve the country's mental health services; however, until a stable government is formed, patients with mental illness will continue to be deprived of their basic needs.

The ethical implications of the Daoist world view

ABSTRACTDaoist ethics are difficult to pinpoint in a Western ethical framework. At times classic Daoist texts advocate for certain ways of life over others, yet at other times they rebel against the notions of right and wrong. This attitude about right and wrong, leads some to believe that Daoists are moral relativists who believe that right and wrong are merely an arbitrary valuing within the mind and that there is no justification for external moral critique. Others believe that there is a Daoist ethic, but it advocates only not acting, in the literal sense, when we are faced with ethical choices. This paper attempts to show a coherent, universal ethic that can be inferred from a close reading of these texts.

External criticism by parents and obsessive beliefs in adolescents in Iran: the mediating role of emotional self-regulation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered to be a significant impairment in childhood and adolescence. According to cognitive theories, parents' external criticism and emotional self-regulation are among the variables that can directly or indirectly affect obsessive beliefs. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between parents' external criticism and obsessive beliefs in adolescents. In this study, 547 high school students aged between 15 and 18 years were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. An obsessive beliefs questionnaire-child version (OBQ-CV), a self-regulatory orientations scale, and a perceived criticism questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson's correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the study variables. For analysis of the mediation model, structural equation modeling using the AMOS software was employed. The fitness indices for the four-factor structure of the OBQ, two-factor structure of the emotional self-regulation instrument, and single-factor structure of parents' external criticism were reported as favorable [root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)<0.1]. External criticism was associated only indirectly with obsessive beliefs through emotional self-regulation. The two variables of emotional self-regulation and external criticism explained 47% of the variance in obsessive beliefs. This study showed that self-regulation can mediate in the relationship between parents' external criticism and obsessive beliefs in adolescents that could have implications for parents' behaviors and positive emotional regulatory processes. In order to identify other potential mechanisms of parents' criticism on obsessive beliefs, further studies are necessary, especially in clinical samples.

More than a feeling: Emotional responses to international criticism in Erdoğan’s Turkey

AbstractExtant studies suggest that criticism of state practices may create ontological crises in states, thus prompting emotional responses. This article examines what happens when target states reject external criticism, and the failure of outside attempts to shame and criticise. We show that recipients can view international criticism as opportunities to consolidate state identity rather than ontological crises. Using Turkey’s foreign policy towards Israel, we focus on the agency of weak states by expanding the range of emotions stemming from non-acceptance of criticism and by emphasising the role of leaders when crafting emotional responses to negative representations.

Traversing the Politics of Human Rights and Economic Globalization: A Critical Review of Literature on the International Political Economy of Human Rights

Human rights, in the sphere of the international political economy, has been a widely contested area. The concept has been correlated with pertinent ideas such as globalization, development and trade liberalization. Knowledge produced varies among different theoretical perspectives, as most positivist literature would affirm the relationship between human rights and economic globalization while critical literature would dismiss such. In this review essay, the researcher aims to provide a detailed summary of different literature on the subjects. The paper also provides a constructive internal and external critique of the articles, providing each of its strengths and weaknesses. Lastly, the paper also offers a prescription for future research agenda.