External Criticism Research Articles

Religious Transformation In Wajo: The Islamization Era 1582-1626

This article endeavors to uncover the process of Islamization within the Cinnottabbangka Kingdom, more commonly recognized as the Wajo Kingdom. Employing a historical approach, it utilizes various stages of historical research, involving heuristic methods for source collection, internal and external critique of historical sources, interpretation, and historiography. The findings from this research suggest the establishment of Wajo as a kingdom believed to have originated around the mid-15th century, initiated by an individual who founded the Lampulungeng settlement, known as Puangnge Lapulungeng. This phase progressed with the arrival of La Paukke, a noble and the offspring of Datu Cina, who laid the groundwork for the Cinnotabi Kingdom, eventually evolving into the Wajo Kingdom. Furthermore, Islam's adoption as the official religion in Wajo by the royal elite through the musu’ selleng, instigated by the Gowa Kingdom, is a significant event. This acceptance took place on Tuesday, 15 Safar 1019, corresponding to Sunday, 9 May 1610, when Arung Matowa Wajo La Sangkuru Patau embraced Islam, adopting the title Sultan Abd. Rahman. Subsequently, the reception of Islam by the Wajo kingdom led to substantial transformations in governance and social structures, notably through the Pangngadereng system, a set of normative and customary rules grounded in elements like ade’, bicara, rapang, wari. With the integration of Islam into the Wajo Kingdom's governance, the Pangngadereng system merged with Sharia principles. The amalgamation of Bugis Wajo cultural values within the Pangadereng concept and their alignment with Islamic teachings encompassing belief, Sharia, and ethics represents a harmonious blend, supporting a balanced lifestyle across personal, societal, and national domains.

Analisis Makna Tradisi Lisan Di Tasikmalaya

This research is motivated by the rich and meaningful oral traditions in the city of Tasikmalaya. The aim of this study is to uncover the implicit and explicit meanings behind popular oral traditions in Tasikmalaya. The method employed in this research is the historical method, consisting of heuristics (searching and collecting sources), criticism (internal and external criticism), interpretation, and historiography. The research objects include the Manuscript Amanat Galunggung, the Sawer Tradition, Ambu Hawuk, and the Ki Rangga Gading fairy tale. Data collection was conducted through literature or library studies. The findings of the research reveal that oral traditions such as the Amanat Galunggung Manuscript, Sawer Panganten, Ambu Hawuk, and the Ki Rangga Gading fairy tale provide a profound understanding of moral values, advice or counsel, teachings of life, and the origins of place names in the context of Sundanese culture. This research is beneficial in providing in-depth insights into Sundanese culture, particularly oral traditions. Additionally, it contributes to the fields of knowledge, moral education, and cultural preservation

Do reputational threats influence the rigidity of US agencies? A dynamic panel data approach

AbstractWhat happens to organizational rigidity when public organizations faced reputational threats over time? Do they take external criticism as incentives to become less rigid and more innovative and flexible through employee involvement and empowerment? Or do reputational threats paradoxically contribute to the very rigidity that is often stereotyped as inherent parts of government? Building on threat‐rigidity theory, we test the temporal relation between reputational threats (both in terms of the direction of reputation and its turbulence) and organizational rigidity. We apply a dynamic panel data approach combining different data sources on 34 US agencies over a period of 13 years. The results show that organizational rigidity increased, both when reputations evolved negatively over time and when reputations evolved more turbulently. No combined effect of negative reputations and reputational turbulence was observed. Both sources of reputational threats independently precluded organizations from creating a climate of employee empowerment, involvement, flexibility, and innovation.

Ethno- Religion Cum Geo-Political Background to the Russo-Ukraine War

The paper examined and further investigated the historical, ethnical and religious links between Russia and Ukraine and the factors that led to the war. The paper relied on secondary sources. Secondary sources included literature such as books and newspapers. The documentary data were subjected to internal and external criticism for authentication and then to textual and contextual analysis The paper found out Ukraine policy direction and friendship with Europe and the United States of America.

Primary care-led weight-management intervention: qualitative insights into patient experiences at one-year follow up

ABSTRACT Introduction The global prevalence of overweight and obesity is continuously increasing. Long-term weight loss results remain disappointing. This study aims to identify factors and strategies for successful long-term weight loss in a primary care-led weight-loss intervention from the perspective of participants. Materials and methods This qualitative interview study is the first follow-up study in a 2-year study series of participants with overweight or obesity. Methods utilized are semi-structured interviews (n = 20) with quantitative self-description. The data were transcribed from audio-taped interviews and analysed thematically. Results This study found that clear, continuously evolving self-monitoring strategies facilitated by strong routines and a long-term focus enhanced successful outcomes. Challenges faced included stress, disappointment and loss of routine along with external criticism and discouragement. Benefits experienced due to weight loss included improved health, self-esteem, communal support and encouragement, which continued to fuel motivation. Receiving continuous support and encouragement from healthcare practitioners was instrumental for long-term success. Conclusion This study highlighted the complex, multifaceted experiences patients encounter in the pursuit of trying to achieve long-term weight loss. Personalized treatment protocols taking into account the diverse requirements and circumstances of individuals have the potential to improve treatment outcomes. Continuous, professional support may enhance long-term outcomes.

The intersection of race and femininity in the classroom.

This vignette told in eight graphic panels illustrates a story about how emotional responses associated with White femininity are used to derail a classroom discussion about racial injustice in a university setting. The panels show how this weaponization of femininity occurs and how it shields those who wield it from external criticism while centering themselves in conversations about race. Women of other races typically cannot access this psychological tactic, thus it constitutes a strategic intersectional use of race, psychology, and privilege to access a power position. In offering suggestions on how to respectfully engage in situations in which racial injustice is a topic of discussion, we unveil how failure of emotional regulation is part of the core psychological framework that leads to these kinds of power dynamics.

Defense Economics in Indonesian “Semesta” War Strategy

The strategy of the Semesta War is part of an Indonesian National Defense System. The purpose of this study is to show that the strategy of the Semesta War was not a total war and was not just a guerrilla war, although guerrilla tactics were part of it. It is also different from the People’s War from Mao’s Strategy. So, what is Semesta War looks like? We can understand this strategy from Indonesian History. A Trikora operation was the largest military strike Indonesia had ever planned and titled, with the aim of a massive attack on the Dutch military forces in the land of West New Guinea. But rather than showing the Semesta War Strategy succeeded, The studies will show the impact of the Semesta War strategy from a Defense Economics perspective. The writing employs historical methods of heuristic criticism consisting of internal and external criticism and the historiography of history in which interpretation, exposition, and presentation from a literature study of the writings of the perpetrators of Trikora history. The results suggest that operation Trikora is one of the implementations of the Indonesia Semesta War Strategy, it was successful to achieve its strategic goal, but, with expensive sacrifice.

Membuka Pintu Hiburan di Era Kolonial: Sejarah Perkembangan Bioskop di Batavia, 1900-1942

This research aims to discuss the history of cinema in Batavia from entertainment before the existence of cinemas, the background of the beginning of cinemas to Chinese involvement in the cinema industry. Of course, in the past, watching in theaters already existed during the Dutch colonial period. Movie theaters have existed in Batavia since 1900. The culture of watching this movie began to enter in the early 20th century where the indigenous people at that time called the moving image "Ideop Picture". The method used in this research is the historical method in which there are heuristics, internal and external criticism, interpretation, and historiography. From the results of this study, it is hoped that it can provide insight to the public about the history of cinema, not only exist to be enjoyed at this time but also can be remembered and remembered how the history of cinema in Batavia opened the gateway to entertainment in Indonesia.

When Men Get No Share

Abstract In matrilineal societies, women had more status, power, and property than men. Most scholars of Islam believed that matrilineal cultures were against the ethos of the religion, which is patrilineal, patrilocal, and patriarchal. But millions of Muslims across the Indian Ocean littoral have been following matriliny for several centuries. It was also one of the most convenient ways to engage in Indian Ocean trade: men could voyage as merchants, sailors, and itinerants, while women stayed on land with the property and controlled households and wider social spheres. This economic and social stability gave women an upper hand in economic and personal choices, and within marriages, they could and did move about freely. The matrilineal system not only connected maritime Muslims but also raised serious questions about the Islamic jurisprudential tradition that evolved in the Middle East through its peculiar practices of ownership of property, kinship, and marital norms. From the late eighteenth century onward, the system has been subjected to significant internal and external criticisms. These especially targeted inheritance-related customs where men got no share in the property. With a special focus on debates over inheritance laws, this article explores the transregional and transtemporal ways in which matrilineal Muslims defended the system within Islamic legal epistemologies and maritime social systems.

Herdsmen and Farmers Crisis in Ekiti State, 2014 - 2018: An Interrogation

This study examined the farmer and herder crisis in Ekiti State between 2014 and 2018. The research also traced the history of the Fulani in the State. A retrospect and review of the facts was made, in order that scholars would have an insight on perceptions as well as the strategic challenges that brought to fore the crisis.The study relied on documentary data. The documentary data were sourced from newspapers, journal papers, internet sources and correspondence. The documentary was subjected to internal and external criticism for authentication, and then to textual and contextual analyses. It also complimented the secondary data with few primary data, from unprinted sources.The research identified the influence of climate on the crisis.

Despicable ‘other’ and innocent ‘us’: emotion politics in the time of the pandemic

This study investigates the emotional management strategies employed by the Chinese maintream media Huanqiu Shibao (HQSB), through the use of nationalistic rhetoric during the Covid-19 pandemic. By conducting a discourse analysis of the coverage of Covid-19 on HQSB’s WeChat account, this research reveals two primary emotional management strategies: defensive nationalism and aggressive nationalism. Defensive nationalism utilizes fear and positive emotions to uphold and defend Chinese politics, while aggressive nationalism employs disgust to counter external criticisms and delegitimize the US democratic system and international leadership. By examining how HQSB emotionally differentiates the world, the study unveils that tactics Chinese mainstream media use to construct national identity, drawing a divisive line between a despised ‘them’ and an innocent ‘us’. The Covid-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to reflect on the emotionalisation of Chinese digital propaganda and the evolution of state-led nationalism during a public health crisis. The research concludes that the use of emotion in HQSB’s Covid-19 coverage aligns with China’s broader strategy of nation-building and global influence promotion. It underscores the need for greater awareness of the emotional mobilization used in political communication, particularly during times of crisis.

Madrasah Aliyah Swasta Tarbiyah Islamiyah Batang Kabung Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang 1988-2022

This study discusses the private Madrasah Aliyah Tarbiyah Islamiyah Batang Kabung, Koto Tangah District, Padang City in 1988-2022. The purpose of this study is to find out the background of the establishment and the dynamics of the development of MAS TI Batang Kabung in the Leadership period in 1988-2022. This study uses historical research methods which consist of four stages, namely Heuritic, Verification consisting of two (internal criticism and external criticism), Interpretation, and Histotiography. The results of this study indicate that the background to the establishment of MAS TI Batang Kabung was the desire of Sheikh Imam Maulana and the management of MTI Batang Kabung to develop the existing education system at MTI Batang Kabung for the Aliyah level which previously had an educational system at the Tsanawiyah level. MAS TI Batang Kabung is a continuation of MTs TI Batang Kabung. MAS TI Batang Kabung has been established since 1988 and was inaugurated in 1991. MAS TI Batang Kabung has experienced dynamic development per period of leadership where until 2022 there have been four leadership changes. The first period is the leadership of Prof. Dr. H. Duski Samad (1988-1993), the second is the leadership period of Bucimar Sani, BA (1994-2009), the third is the leadership period of Jamaris Amir, Tk Sutan (2009-2014), the fourth is the leadership period of Harun Bakhri, M.Pd (2014 - Now). The dynamics of these developments include the development of facilities and infrastructure, which was initially for only one class room until now there are 6 classes and the addition of other rooms such as computer laboratories, library rooms, science laboratory rooms, and other facilities and infrastructure. The development of santri, which was originally 15 people and in 2022 will reach 168 people. For curriculum development, MAS TI Batang Kabung previously used the Halaqah system and the Ministry of Religion curriculum for the State Examination and from 1994 to 2022, 3 types of curriculum have been used.
 Keywords: Development, Madrasah, Islamic Education Institutions

Eksistensi Yayasan Amal Saleh Tahun 1985-2022 : Inisiator Aktivis YAS

This study discusses the background of the emergence of yayasan amal saleh, in management of yayasan amal saleh: the initiators of the YAS activist and the social impact of the foundation's establishment. The purpose of this study is to explain the emergence of yayasan amal saleh, explain the management of a yayasan amal saleh and analyze the social impact of the establishment of a yayasan amal saleh in the city of Padang in 1985-2022. This study uses historical methods, namely: Heuristics or data collection in the form of interviews with founders, administrators, alumni and activists as well as secondary data sources. After that, testing and evaluating the data collected through internal and external criticism, after that interpretation and the final stage is writing history. The results of the research show that the idea of ​​the foundation from Mr. Mochtar Naim was the beginning of the foundation. The Amal Saleh Foundation was founded by Mr. Mochtar Naim, Asrul Lukman, Yusda, Hendri, Yasir Eri and Zulhedi. The emergence of a foundation began with a group of teenagers who had the same vision and mission and had a social and humanitarian spirit. The establishment of the foundation has an impact on society, be it in the religious, social, humanitarian and educational fields. The existence of a pious charity foundation is very much influenced by the community, YAS activists and alumni, where activities in the foundation are managed by YAS activists and assisted by alumni.

Perkembangan Institusi Islam di Sarawak Sebelum Pembentukan Malaysia

From the rule of the Sultanate of Brunei to the colonialism of James Brooke in Sarawak shown the political and geographical landscape completely change. Historically James Brooke starts to intervene in Sarawak affairs. He starts conquered from Tanjung Datu to Batang Samarahan turned into a huge territory due to the requisition of James Brooke to hand over some areas under Brunei from Simanggang to the border region of Brunei. Brooke’s positioning until the Second World War caused the entire administration invaded by western colonialism in Sarawak. Based on original agreement between Brunei and Brooke Families, the later was to control the administration and economic development and must not interfere with the customs of the Malays and Islam, but in the end, colonialism is almost absolute. This includes Islamic law in the era of James Brooke which introduced Native Mohammedan Probate and Divorce Court. Thus, this article objectives to describe the development from the aspect of Islamic institutions and the sociology of the Islamic community in Sarawak. This article applies the historical method of Kuntowijoyo namely heuristics (collection of historical material), internal and external criticism, historical interpretation, and historiography. This article shows that the pressure of the British government after Sarawak was handed over by Vyner Brooke to the British did not tarnish the Islamic institutions that were established in Brooke’s time and after. However, the socio-Islamic society is influenced by western culture.

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF AL-QUR'AN COLLECTION IN NORTH SUMATERA AL-QUR™AN HISTORY MUSEUM AS HISTORICAL STUDY

This research study examines the results of the preservation and conservation of the Koran collection at the Al-Quran History Museum in North Sumatra as a study of historical studies. The North Sumatra Al-Qur'an History Museum is a museum founded by Dr. Phil Ichwan Azhari, M.S which was inaugurated by Governor Edy Rahmayadi in 2019. The Al-Qur'an Museum was established with the aim of increasing public knowledge that North Sumatra had Islamic history and civilization in the past. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method with the researcher then functioning as a key tool. Data collection uses literature studies, observations, document analysis and interviews. The results of the study show that the collection of Al-Qur'an in the Museum of Al-Qur'an History of North Sumatra which has been preserved and conserved can be used as material for studying historical studies that can be utilized by historians, history teachers, or history enthusiasts and others, especially through historical methods namely heuristics, external criticism and internal criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The hope is that by utilizing the Al-Qur'an collection at the Museum of Al-Qur'an History in North Sumatra, it will further enrich the treasures of works of Islamic history.

Weathering the Storm: The European Union’s Strategic Ambiguity on Twitter during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study examines how the European Union (EU) employed strategic ambiguity as a discursive resource to manage its reputational crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. For that purpose, this research analyses tweets in English published by six central authorities of the EU in three different phases of the COVID-19 crisis (pre-crisis, acute crisis, and post-crisis). The findings reveal that during the early stages of the pandemic, characterised by higher uncertainty, European authorities often resorted 232Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 12 | Spring 2023DOI 10.30966/2018.RIGA.12.10to ambiguous tweets through vague metaphors, opaque information, and disjointed messages. By the end of the first COVID-19 wave these authorities progressively constructed a solid narrative that rationalised the pandemic as a challenge reaffirming the EU’s principles and capacities. This study suggests that when the EU faced more external criticism and inner discord among member states, its authorities resorted to ambiguity to strategically mitigate its reputational damage while navigating through conflicting interests in a high-pressure scenario.

Perjalanan Seni dan Budaya: Jejak Karya-Karya Raden Saleh dalam Perspektif Historis

Raden Saleh, a prominent Indonesian artist, has regained attention in recent times with the release of the film "Mencuri Raden Saleh" (Stealing Raden Saleh). One of the film scenes depicts a painting portraying the capture of Prince Diponegoro, which is said to represent resistance against the Dutch colonial rule and nationalism. This raises the need to delve into Raden Saleh's life, the emergence of the painting depicting the capture of Prince Diponegoro, and to understand the historical context and Raden Saleh's position within it. It is essential to provide a clear historical framework to avoid any misconceptions about Raden Saleh and his role. This research utilizes the Historical Method, beginning with the identification of the topic. The heuristic phase involves gathering primary sources such as newspapers, articles, magazines, and online archives like Delpher.nl and the Library University Leiden KITLV. Secondary sources such as books and journals are also employed. The collected sources undergo verification through external criticism to ensure their authenticity and internal criticism to establish the credibility of historical facts. Subsequently, the verified findings are interpreted through analysis and synthesis to construct a historical narrative. Finally, historiography is employed to reconstruct the gathered historical facts.

“Fake News” and Journalistic Authority in Newspaper Editorials

ABSTRACT The article investigates how newspaper editorials address the “fake news” phenomenon concerning (1) the damages that mis- and disinformation pose to society and journalism; (2) the roles news organizations claim for themselves; (3) the communication agents mentioned; and (4) how media companies defend the field. We use content analysis to study 375 editorials published between 2017 and 2020 in three Brazilian quality-papers. Brazil is a relevant case since its media system and political institutions differ from those in the United States and Western Europe, leading us to understand metajournalistic discourses not necessarily seen in more stable environments. The results indicate that key political events (e.g., social security reform and presidential elections) became occasions for media organizations to publish more editorials discussing “fake news.” Harming democracy was the main problem caused by mis- and disinformation. The newspapers regularly identified themselves as victims of attacks from political authorities. The editorial texts reinforced journalism's expertise in crafting and providing credible information, but, at the same time, such newspapers avoided responding to external criticisms. More interestingly, the outlets used terms associated with mis- and disinformation to attack rival groups. Lastly, our codebook provides an original contribution to the field as it considers a wide range of variables, encouraging comparative studies.

The Aligarh Movement's Contributions to the Development of Modern Education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This research paper explores the detail background and establishment of Ali Garh Movement by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in Indo Pak Sub Continent. This is historical study which aimed to explore the role of Aligarh movement which was a revolutionary movement because it lead to a new generation comprising of Muslim intellectual who paved the way for Muslim’s uplift. Various documents were used to analyze critically keeping in view the criteria of internal and external criticism as an important step in historical research. The selected documents were thus thoroughly and critically analyzed accordingly. This paper also reveals the Indian Muslim reluctance to the western education and culture and the efforts made by Sir Syed towards uplifting their educational conditions which has far reaching implications upon every aspect of the Muslims community of the Sub Continent. The paper also investigate the contributions of Aligarh Movement in the development of modern education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the British rule. It also explain that almost all the socio educational movements in the province were more or less inspired from Aligarh Movement.

On the lack of explicit internal criticism of contemporary personalists. An outline of the problem

Contemporary personalism was born out of a certain anthropological disagree­ment with certain concepts that arose on the basis of naturalism and scientism in the nine­teenth and twentieth centuries. However, as practice shows, personalism has not achieved spectacular “success” in the world of philosophy in the form of neither clear external criticism from opponents (be it from the Frankfurt School or representatives of postmod­ernists), nor internal criticism within the framework of discussions within personalism itself. And yet it is difficult to deny the representatives of this trend a clear contribution to the development of such concepts and terms as: value, person (as a corporeal and spiritual being with social orientation), common good, commitment. The aim of this article is to try to answer the question why criticism within personalism could result in a certain exposure of views “outside” the world of philosophy.