External Criticism Research Articles

From “Bridge” to “Starlink”: An Update on Kang Phee Seng’s Model of Theology and Science Dialogue Toward a Chinese Theology of Science on Creativity

ABSTRACT The world has been astonished by China’s rapid advancement in areas such as quantum science, nanocatalysis, and space exploration, to name a few. However, such an advancement faces external criticism of intellectual property theft and internal pessimism for lack of scientific innovation and creativity. This essay studies Hong Kong-based Chinese theologian Phee Seng Kang, one of the pioneers to bridge science and theology by initiating the highest level of East–West dialogue. This paper offers a sympathetic and critical assessment of Kang's model of theology and science dialogue and argues that a “starlink” model is more appropriate than his “bridge” model.

Understanding China’s infrastructure activities in Africa through artistic practice and exhibition

The infrastructure-led development model initiated by China under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has faced domestic and international challenges. By focusing on a national travelling art exhibition featuring Chinese railway construction in Africa in 2023, this paper examines the role that curatorial and exhibition practices can play in (re)shaping public geopolitical understandings of China-Africa relations. Exhibiting over 200 artworks collected from both China and Africa, this art programme not only forms a nuanced, personal and storied narrative of China’s overseas development work in Africa but also tactically responds to current internal and external criticism of the Chinese government’s global ambitions channelled through the BRI. This work extends the ongoing interest geographers have at the intersection of the visual arts and critical geopolitics.

Light, camera, action! Accounting profession and the accountant

The paper analyzes how accountants are portrayed in feature films and series on streaming platforms, including “The Accountant,” “Brooklyn,” “Summer Love,” and “Ozark.” The method is qualitative and is based on Langer (2004), who proposes five stages: (i) identification of the research object and theme; (ii) selection of the film; (iii) external critique of the film; (iv) internal critique of the film; and (v) comparison and content analysis. The results indicate that the stereotype of the accountant prevails, both negatively - as a weak, submissive, and uncreative professional - and positively, portrayed as honest, creative, and idealistic. Furthermore, accountants are often associated with corporate scandals, fraud, and money laundering.

The Unfolding Model of Voluntary Turnover: An Analysis and Evaluation.

Background and Purpose: Hospital nurse turnover is a global concern. This author aims to analyze and evaluate the unfolding model of voluntary turnover (UMVT) theory, initially theorized by Lee and Mitchell in 1991, to determine its current usage related to nursing turnover. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the search phrases "unfolding theory of turnover" and "unfolding model of voluntary turnover" to identify empirical evidence. Full-text, English-only journals that primarily utilized the UMVT theory on nurses or other service industries were selected for inclusion. Of the 57 articles identified, 11 were deemed appropriate for analysis. The six steps outlined by Walker and Avant (2019) were used for theory analysis, while Bedow's (2017) points of internal and external criticisms were used to evaluate the theory. Results: The UMVT theory has been tested on a variety of populations, including nurses. This has resulted in new insights into profession-specific turnover and understanding one's decision-making process related to turnover. Despite its decreased usage in the past decade, this theory still underscores benefits for hospital administrators to better understand nursing turnover. Although this theory is not currently ideal for explaining turnover in all populations, such as new graduate nurses or more irrational decision-makers, continued testing of the theory may provide new knowledge regarding voluntary turnover in nursing and highlight areas for refinement. Implications for Practice: The UMVT theory has demonstrated an ability to understand turnover in a variety of professions but remains underresearched internationally. Therefore, new opportunities to test this theory globally are present.

ETSI As a case study of organizational resilience in standard setting: strategies that ensure thriving despite organizational challenges

This paper brings forth an empirical study of organizational resilience strategies in standard setting. The selection of ETSI (The European Telecommunications Standards Institute) as a case study for this purpose was motivated by ETSI's legal status as an ESO (European Standardization Organization), global impact, and the history of external criticism directed at the organization. Based on theoretical considerations and author's previous empirical research, it was expected that the organizational resilience strategies used by ETSI differ with regards to two dimensions: anticipation of the disturbance (proactive and reactive strategies); and the locus of the strategic effort (internal or external to the organization). A combination of deductive and inductive content analysis was applied to 12 semi-structured interviews with individuals who participate in standard setting activities within ETSI. The conducted analysis confirmed the expected 2 × 2 type of taxonomy determined by anticipation and locus of strategic effort. The identified 29 categories were thus categorized into four clusters of resilience strategies: proactive external (5), proactive internal (9), reactive external (5) and reactive internal (10) strategies. The discussion reflects on the historical organizational challenges, the resilience strategies reported in response to them, and how they might have contributed to continued thriving of ETSI despite organizational challenges.

The Function of Inland Shipping on Economic Supporting Activities of the South Kalimantan Community 1980-2000

The main problem examined in this research is how the function of inland shipping is to support the economic activities of the people of South Kalimantan in 1950-1970 The results of the research show that the river network has become the economic lifeblood of the population where most of their economic activities are carried out through and on rivers due to shipping activities. Rivers cannot be separated from their role as trade routes. River shipping has an important role in transporting trade goods. Agricultural products and forest products are one of the main commodities transported via river shipping. As a means of traffic, rivers play a role in opening up the isolation of inland areas that cannot be passed by land. The method used in this research uses the historical method through the Heuristic stage (data collection), internal and external criticism of the data obtained, interpretation and historiography of historical writing based on the data that has been obtained according to the researcher's objectives. The novelty of this research is that previous research only revealed the phenomenon of river shipping broadly, then this research focuses on the economic sector. It can be concluded that with the times and the rapid development of technology, the transportation sector has developed. The widespread development of land transportation facilities by creating land roads and bridges to connect between regions can shorten distances and travel times. However, it even has an impact on the economic sector through water transportation routes.

To receive and to give something back – director’s perspectives on public – private collaborations in Norwegian art museums

ABSTRACT The rapid growth of private museums, contemporary art, and the emergence of private collectors has changed public museums’ room for action and placed heightened pressure on museum directors worldwide. In recent years, Norway has witnessed a surge in extensive collaboration between publicly funded museums and private collectors. Based on qualitative interviews with eleven museum directors, this paper examines how they navigate and address criticism, challenges, and demands when collaborating with private actors, with a particular emphasis on private art collectors. Additionally, the study aims to uncover the opportunities that emerge from such collaborations. Findings reveal that public – private collaborations are seen as an inevitable solution for the future, driven by factors such as limited purchasing budgets, rising costs, and concerns about diminishing public support due to reliance on oil revenues. Despite facing challenges such as external criticism and collector demands, directors maintain an optimistic outlook regarding more public – private collaborations and advocate the opportunities they bring.

Religious Freedom “with Chinese Characteristics”

Abstract China’s approach to religious freedom is unique. Heavy State regulation and the involvement of the Chinese Communist Party often invite external critique of Chinese religious freedom based on legal commitments outside of China. However, China’s rich legal tradition and textual commitments to religious freedom suggest there is more to learn. Analyzing religious freedom in legal texts and in practice from Chairman Mao Zedong to President Xi Jinping, this article offers a dialectic account of religious freedom with Chinese characteristics. Chinese text and practice regarding religious freedom suggest three enduring constitutional commitments: non-discrimination in religious belief, normalization of religious practices, and resistance to foreign religious influence. Each of these textual commitments correspond to the values found in Daoism, Legalism, and Confucianism—the pillars of traditional Chinese culture. With this understanding of China’s religious freedom approach, the article then offers three implications for strengthening China’s commitment to its own theory of religious freedom by (1) separating State and Party policy on religious registration, (2) removing cult designations from criminal law, and (3) accommodating non-traditional religious organizations to help address social issues.

Revitalisasi Bangunan Cagar Budaya Gedung Juang Tambun sebagai Museum Digital Kabupaten Bekasi, 2019-2021

This research was written to provide information and education about changes in the function of the Juang Tambun Building as a Digital Museum and the use of abandoned or neglected cultural heritage buildings. This research uses the Historical Method. In this method there are four heuristic stages, internal criticism and external criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research, the revitalization of the Juang Tambun Building as the Bekasi Regency Digital Museum, has had a positive impact on the surrounding community. The Juang Tambun Building is officially managed directly by the Bekasi Regency Culture, Youth, and Sports Department. In 2019, the Juang Tambun Building before being revitalized was only a cultural heritage building with no attractions to visit. In 2021, the Juang Tambun Building will officially become a digital museum that provides information about the history of the Bekasi Regency. The revitalization of the Juang Tambun Building has an influence on the economic aspects, educational aspects, and tourism aspects of the people of Bekasi Regency.

Supersession and compensation for historical injustice

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between Jeremy Waldron’s supersession thesis and compensation. Recently, Waldron has argued that claims for material compensation for the original injustice cannot be superseded. He limits supersession to issues of restitution. Waldron’s supersession thesis is frequently cited by opponents of claims based on historical injustice, so his view of compensation warrants close examination. In our article, we explain the details of Waldron’s ‘simple model’ of compensation, offer an internal critique of it, and try to sympathetically reconstruct it. We contend that a crucial claim about this model does not work; his model would result in many more backward-looking compensatory claims than he realizes. Waldron’s allowing for material compensation claims from historical injustice is in tension with, or incompatible with, his long-expressed view that the spirit of the supersession thesis is that justice should be forward-looking and look to present-day costs. We have argued elsewhere that the abstract possibility that restitution claims may be superseded due to changing circumstances (what we call the ‘supersession thesis proper’) is separable from the question of whether justice has a forward-looking or backward-looking orientation. We argue here that Waldron’s model of compensation can best be made sense of through our distinction of ‘full supersession’ and ‘partial supersession.’ This allows us to show that Waldron’s model relies on a more strongly backward-looking orientation than he seems to endorse in his earlier works on restitution and his most recent article discussing compensation. We conclude by offering external criticisms of Waldron’s model of compensation.

The Qadian Ahmadiyah in Riau: History, Existence, and Development in the 20th Century

The focus of this paper reconstructs how the history and who was the carrier of the Qadian Ahmadiyah sect in the early days of its entry into Riau Province and examines its distribution areas. As well as explaining the development of the existence of the Qadian Ahmadiyah Jema'at in Riau Province, which faced pressure from the government and society. The research method used is the historical method through four stages, namely first, heuristics, which is the stage of collecting data in the form of documents or books, articles, journals, and interviews. Second, source criticism, namely testing data by conducting internal and external criticism of data from various sources. Third, interpretation, which is the interpretation of data so that it becomes a meaningful fact. The last stage is historiography or historical writing. The results showed that the entry of the Qadian Ahmadiyah teachings into Riau Province was influenced by Ahmadis from West Sumatra because Riau Province is an overseas area from West Sumatra. As a result, Ahmadiyah teachings spread in this region through close relationships between these migrants. Second, the entry of Qadian Ahmadiyah teachings in Riau Province was also influenced by Qadian Ahmadis from Yogyakarta who transmigrated and settled in Kota Bangun Village, Kampar, Riau.

Socio-Religious Values in The Manyanggar Banua Ceremony in The Barikin Sungai Tengah Hulu Selatan Community Kalimantan, Indonesia

The research aims to analyze the social and religious values of the Menyanggar Banua Ceremony in Barikin Community in Hulu Sungai Tengah, South Kalimantan, which is also knwn as Babungan Tahun and Annual Wayang. The Menyanggar Banua ritual aims to purify the village by removing all negative elements that disturb the welfare of the community. This research uses historical methods, which include heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The initial stage of this research includes heuristics, collecting historical sources, primary and secondary data. The next stages include External Criticism and Internal Criticism. The results of this research show that the Menyanggar Ceremony in the Barikin Community in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan Province has religious meaning, especially in the beliefs and sacredness associated with the masks used in the ceremony, such as the Sangkala Mask or Batarakala which is believed by Zuriah Datu Taruna. The Manyanggar Banua ceremony in the village of Barikin Hulu Sungai Tengah contains important social values ​​such as Gaturahmi, Mutual Cooperation, Cooperation and Gotong Royong. These values ​​are essential for the proper conduct of ceremonies and provide valuable lessons for social life.

Источниковедческий потенциал военной публицистики Н.С. Гумилева и С.М. Городецкого: между литературой и историческим документом

The article examines N.S. Gumilev’s and S.M. Gorodetsky’s military essays, published during the First World War in the newspapers “Birzhevye Vedomosti” and “Russkoe Slovo”, respectively. It is noted that these texts are autobiographical and relate to artistic journalism, a borderline field of writing that has common features with both literature and journalism. It is proposed a methodology for determining the documentary nature of these texts and their source potential, including a set of operations that can be divided into external criticism (establishing historical conditions for the writing and publication of texts, including the nature of the relationship between the writer and the periodical, as well as promptness of publishing materials in the newspaper and the relevance of the information reported in them) and internal criticism (consideration the immanent characteristics of the text as a whole, its connections with works and biography of the author, as well as the literary tradition). The application of this methodology based on the material of military essays by two poets revealed the dominance of the artistic component in Gumilev’s publications and the journalistic component in Gorodetsky’s texts. Based on this, it is concluded about the nature of the documentality of the considered texts and the specifics of the methodology of their analysis, which differs from the traditional literary approach.

Dark complexion in the nineteenth century baseball of remediano and cienfueguero

“Dark complexion in the nineteenth-century baseball of Remedio and Cienfuegos" is not a specific scientific article focused on raciality from history. Its content offers, from the analysis, description and interpretation of primary sources, the participation of blacks and mestizos in the baseball life of the declared Cuban historical regions during the 19th century. The aforementioned allows declaring that the content of the present research production is unpublished. In general terms, the methodology used is based on the resources offered by the Dialectical Materialist conception of History, without discarding certain essential elements that need to be handled from a synchronic perspective, without the expository discourse responding to a type of comparative analysis strictly speaking, but to a specific historical reconstruction. Among the methods used are theoretical, historical-logical and analysis-synthesis methods. As for empirical methods, bibliographic-documentary methods were used. Likewise, the procedures of external criticism and internal criticism were used to work with the different newspaper and documentary sources. This work allowed establishing the relationships between the facts and phenomena inherent to the sociocultural influence of baseball as a sports practice in Remedios and Cienfuegos in the blacks and mestizos during the stated period.

Humor and Foreign Policy Narration: The Persuasive Power and Limitations of Russia’s Foreign Policy Pranks

Abstract This article explores the persuasive power and limitations of humor in narrating foreign policy issues to publics. I focus on audience reception of humor produced by state and state-affiliated actors to advance foreign policy narratives, deflect external criticism, and ridicule opponents. This article examines Russia’s foreign policy pranks, widely assumed to be a tool of influence and persuasion, and their reception by their primary, domestic audience. Using focus groups to discuss pranks on the theme of mutual interference between Russia and the United States, this study relates participants’ reactions to wider foreign policy narratives and questions links between reception and political views. I argue that while humor drives the popularity of the pranks, their power to convince remains ambiguous. Their persuasive power is mostly limited to reinforcing existing views and already popular narratives, while both pro-government and oppositional publics expressed strong suspicions of their fake or propagandistic nature. Even when doubting the pranks’ politics, however, participants were entertained by their humor—suggesting that humorous narration of foreign policy presents means for increased outreach first and persuasion second. Any adverse reactions were mostly directed at the pranksters rather than government officials—highlighting how humor can be a politically expedient way of narrating contentious foreign policy issues to publics through proxies.

Development Transporation River On The Past Banjar Society

The main problem examined in this research is the development of river transportation during the Banjarese era, the research results show that rivers are part of people's lives the city Banjarmasin, but currently the use of rivers as water transportation infrastructure appears be decreasing. Community activities in Banjarmasin City tend to shift to using land transportation. Apart from that, the lack of attention and participation by government, private sector and society in the field of river transportation has resulted river transportation being unable to compete with land transportation. As a city that has many rivers, almost all aspects of people's lives in Banjarmasin depend on rivers, both for daily activities and for economic activities. Not only that, there are even many community beliefs and traditions related to rivers. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that river culture part of the life of the people of Banjarmasin. The existence of many rivers in the middle of city also encourages people to develop each area. And of is the : methode used this Is research uses historical methode throughted the Heuristic stage (data collection), internal and external criticism of the data obtained, interpretation and historiography of historical writing based on the data that has been obtained according to the researcher's objectives. The novelty of this research is that previous research did not specifically discuss the development of river transportation in the past in Banjarese society, most of which only revealed the history and phenomena, this made the researcher try to make this article specific.

Pre-Wedding Education for Middle School Students as an Effort to Overcome Early-Age Marriage

Introduction: The rise of deviant teenage behavior arouses emotions to learn from events. The wrong path chosen results in subsequent suffering. immediately realizing mistakes and learning from mistakes is necessary for future life improvement. Method: The historical method consists of four stages, namely heuristics, external criticism and internal criticism, interpretation, and historiography of a person's life beyond a very long period of events from the research subject so that it can be analyzed in the context of behavioral data that needs attention. Discussion: If you find teenagers who are lazy about school and often go out with the opposite sex when asking to get married, they should just marry them so they don't get into adultery and illicit relationships. Conclution: If teenagers who are starting to get to know the opposite sex don't want to go to school and have difficulty being motivated to go to school, it's better to just get married.

A critical examination of the entanglement: How political dynamics shape legal Decision-making and reform processes in Pakistan

In this scholarly exploration, we delve into the intricate interplay between political dynamics and legal decision-making within the context of Pakistan. Our analysis draws inspiration from Chantal Mouffe’s agonistic theory of democracy, which posits that inherent conflicts (antagonisms) are an essential dimension of the political landscape. These conflicts, while requiring tempering for the functioning of a pluralist democracy, remain unalienable and ever-present. Within the juridical domain, judges occupy a unique position. Cloaked in legal form, their pronouncements extend beyond mere legal interpretations. Instead, they adjudicate individual instances of ongoing collective conflicts—pitting workers against employers, consumers against traders, tenants against landlords, and moral progressives against traditionalists. These decisions, seemingly juridical, are inherently political. Judges wield a “relative sovereignty,” navigating institutional imperatives while being influenced by ideological currents. However, legal determinacy remains relative. Judges, through rigorous interpretive work, can diverge from prima facie interpretations. The collective conflicts, once juridified, crystallize into temporary hegemonic fixations. Our critical legal scholarship endeavors to destabilize these hegemonies in pursuit of justice. This task necessitates not only external critique but also internal scrutiny. We propose evaluating judicial decisions by considering all plausible alternatives, weighing conflicting interests and ideologies. In summary, our examination underscores the dual nature of judicial decisions—simultaneously juridical and political. By embracing this complexity, we contribute to a nuanced understanding of legal reform processes in Pakistan, advocating for justice beyond mere legal formalism.

Trade Commodities and Economic Development in the Riau Islands (17th-19th Century)

The opening of the State of Riau (now Tanjungpinang Riau Islands) was part of the defense strategy when the old Johor Kingdom, which was still based on the Peninsula, lost the war with Jambi in 1672.The opening of the State of Riau on Bintan Island was a very important historical point in relation to the stages of history’s journey. for a long time in the following years. From a fort area that slowly turned into a trading port. This research uses historical methods, namely through 4 (four) stages, namely collecting sources (heuristics), internal and external criticism, interpretation and ending with historiography. This research concludes that Riau State also produces a number of commodities, mainly gambier, forest products in the form of wood, processed marine products, copra and sago. All of this is the main attraction factor for people coming to Riau. One of the commodities, namely gambier, produced by Riau, is the main income for the Riau economy.

Икона украинских нацистов: к вопросу об исторической оценке «героев» под Покровами Богородицы и их современных почитателей

The study is based on a source analysis (external criticism) of a modern icon of Ukrainian nationalists, on which, under the Protection of the Virgin Mary, among other historical figures, Greek Catholic metropolitans Andrei Sheptytsky and Joseph Slipyi are depicted, as well as the leaders of the OUN-UPA (organizations recognized as extremist in Russia and banned) Stepan Bandera and Roman Shukhevych. A historical assessment of the activities and the presence of these figures who collaborated with the German Nazis on the icon is given. The main emphasis is on the interaction of the depicted «heroes» with the NSDAP, SS, SD and Gestapo, found guilty of crimes against humanity by the International Military Tribunal. In addition to the image itself, which became the reason for writing this article, the source for the study is the forensic investigative documentation of the Soviet state security agencies, during and after the end of the Great Patriotic War, interrogating captured employees of the German special services, Ukrainian nationalists and witnesses to their war crimes. The presence of specific common features in the biographies depicted on the icon of Nazi criminals has been established. The author emphasizes that people who publicly glorify Ukrainian nationalists through an icon are subject to Article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which requires states parties to the Convention to prosecute them.