External Consultants Research Articles

Reaccreditation and Pathways Recognition Experiences of Small Local and Tribal Health Departments

Context: This paper describes experiences and views of leadership teams from 4 small local health departments (LHDs) seeking Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) reaccreditation or Pathways Recognition using PHAB Standards & Measures Version 2022. The Pathways program launched in 2022 provides additional supports for improvement of public health practice. Objective: Given the need to accelerate accreditation among small health departments, the purpose of this study is to share small health departments’ strategies for overcoming accreditation challenges and actionable advice for use by other health departments. Design: In this descriptive qualitative study, the study team conducted 22 individual interviews with 4 small LHDs from January to March 2024. Setting: Participating small health departments were located in the Midwestern and Western United States with staff sizes ranging from 3 to 47. Participants: Interview participants included small health department leadership teams, a local board of health member, and a contracted external accreditation consultant. Main Outcome Measures: We used a semi-structured interview guide to elicit participant experiences and views on accreditation processes, benefits, facilitators, strategies for overcoming challenges, and advice for other small health departments. Results: Participants suggested that accreditation benefits far outweighed the challenges. Perceived benefits included improved organizational procedures, equitable delivery of needed effective programs and services, and enhanced public perception. Key strategies to overcome staff capacity challenges were establishing a team approach and orienting and mentoring new staff in the “why” and “how” of accreditation. Advice included learning what is involved, taking the time to lay a foundation beforehand, and not waiting for a perfect time as accreditation is about improvement, not perfection. Conclusions: Small health departments can achieve and maintain PHAB accreditation by strategically implementing strategies to overcome staff capacity and other challenges. The Pathways Recognition program is a supportive option for small health departments wanting to improve public health practice.

The Effectiveness of the Inclusion of Governance as a Part of the Binding Articles of Association

This study investigates the efficacy of introducing governance as binding articles in the Articles of Association (AOA) of family businesses in Saudi Arabia, given the legislative reforms provided by the new Saudi Companies Law of 2022. The research points out that advantages will be brought by such enhanced transparency, accountability, and professional management practices, bringing family businesses up to international standards. Despite challenges such as resistance from family members, implementation complexity, and balancing traditional values with modern governance, the reforms provide substantial advantages. The case study of Saudi stock market companies illustrates the positive impact of phased governance reforms. Recommendations for successful implementation include engaging family members, leveraging external advisors, developing clear governance articles, providing training, and continuous monitoring. In all, these reforms serve as a giant stride toward ensuring that there is a strong, transparent, and sustainable business environment. This guarantees the long-term success and competitiveness of family businesses in Saudi Arabia.

Environmental analysis in UK modern methods of construction (MMC) housing: insights from early-stage architectural design process

PurposeModern Methods of Construction (MMC) have been promoted as a solution to address housing shortages and meet sustainability goals in the UK. However, the practical functioning of MMC, particularly in relation to early-stage environmental analyses, remains underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by providing empirical insights into how architects engage in environmental analysis in early-stage MMC housing designs.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative pilot study is based on a detailed case study of a UK architectural firm specializing in modular housing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight architects with varying MMC experience. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data allowed for the exploration of key themes influencing early-stage environmental analysis, offering a narrative account of architects’ experiences in MMC practices.FindingsThe study reveals that environmental analysis in MMC is shaped by social, organisational and project-based factors. Three key themes emerged: uncertainty in environmental assumptions, dependencies on external consultants and the dominance of Passivhaus principles in design decisions. These factors challenge the integration of environmental considerations during the early design stages of MMC projects.Research limitations/implicationsAs this is a single case study, the findings might not be generalizable. Future research should expand on multiple firms and project settings to validate and broaden these findings.Originality/valueThis study provides an in-depth understanding of the challenges architects face when integrating environmental analysis into MMC. This reveals the relational and interdependent nature of environmental analysis in MMC projects, where decisions are shaped by multiple social, organisational and project-specific factors. By emphasizing these interdependencies, this study provides original insights into how environmental considerations can be integrated more effectively into the early design stages of MMC projects.

Back to the nest: the practices employed for succession of heirs in family businesses in Brazil

PurposeThe present study aims to identify the practices employed to bring heirs into family businesses as successors.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted an exploratory, qualitative investigation using a case study approach. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with external consultants and with incumbent leaders, next-generation heirs working in the firm (and likely to become successors) and employees from three family firms from different industries and under ownership and control of different generations of their respective families (first, second and third and fourth generations). In addition to surveying their general perceptions of the succession processes in their firms, each informant was asked to rate the degree of importance of 12 succession practices identified in the literature and the extent to which they exist in their respective firms.FindingsOur results showed that heirs typically enter the family business after a development process outside of the family business, which we have termed as coming back to the nest. This process was enacted through practices that we allocated to the following categories: continued development of heirs, developing relationships in the succession process, separation of roles and attitude of the successor heirs. Overall, 8 of the 12 practices derived from the theoretical framework were endorsed as important by representatives of the family businesses and 9 were endorsed by the consultants, 7 of which coincided in both groups. However, only 5 of the practices were identified as present in the firms’ succession processes by the representatives of the family businesses, while the consultants did not identify any of the 12 practices as present.Originality/valueWe present additional important practices, the adoption of which would be beneficial for family business succession, such as adapting external learning to the family business, acquiring leadership skills and experience and developing emotional intelligence. Our study advances the prior literature since we do not merely discuss succession planning but analyze in an applied manner how succession actually takes place in family businesses.

Exploring the role of consulting in local government digital transformation

IMPACT To improve the way external consultants can support public sector reforms, a better understanding of their relationship with their public sector clients is required. In this context, understanding the different ways consultants and their public sector clients engage in digital transformation projects and the effect of this relationship on project success is crucial. Against the backdrop of scarce financial resources and high accountability requirements, particularly at the local level, the authors’ findings will help senior officials in local governments understand how government departments should be managing their relationships with external consultants to achieve better results. The research results presented in this article will also help external consultants to better understand the working mechanisms at the municipal level in order to be able to offer better services.

The Co-Design of a Locally Led Health Professional Education Curriculum in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

(1) Background: There is a need to scale and transform health professional education (HPE) globally to not only improve the quantity but also the quality of health workers. This paper describes the approach undertaken by a Health University in Lao PDR. (2) Approach: The HPE curriculum was designed in an iterative process with key stakeholders from both the institution and government, with external expert advice. (3) Outcomes: The curriculum was successfully developed consisting of nine core modules and one elective module, reflecting both elements seen globally in HPE curricula as well as reflecting local needs. The content and teaching methods were validated and reviewed through piloting with local education leaders. (4) Conclusions: Despite the need to scale HPE globally, there are few examples of how this can be achieved in countries in which large gaps exist in HPE capacity. This paper provides one such example, through recognizing that sustained external partnerships will still be needed for successful future implementation.

The Importance of Pathogenesis: A Molecular Investigation on A Solitary Choriocarcinoma Lung Lesion with No Primary Lesion

Abstract Introduction/Objective We present an exceedingly rare case of metastatic choriocarcinoma to the lung with no primary lesion. Notably, this is the only case where STR molecular studies have been conducted. Methods/Case Report A 43-year-old G1P1001 female with no past medical history presents with severe shortness of breath, left-sided back, and chest pain for severe shortness of breath, left sided back and chest pain. Patients pregnancy test was positive with a B-hCG of 17944 u/L. Transvaginal ultrasound was negative for IUP. CTAP showed no masses in the uterine cavity or ovaries. D-dimer was elevated at 623 ng/ml. However, CTA chest was negative for pulmonary emboli but revealed a RLL mass measuring 2.6 x 2.5 cm x 2.9 cm with lobulated areas suspicious for vascular structures and connection to the right pulmonary vein. Patient was treated with a complete right lower lobectomy. An endometrial biopsy was performed and was negative for malignancy with no significant findings. Grossly, the mass was well-circumscribe, hemorrhagic, and necrotic, measuring 3.5 cm. Microscopically, the malignant cells had highly pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei. There were also multiple multinucleated cells and mitotic figures present. Some of the cells had nested architecture leading to us to suspect a pleomorphic lung adenocarcinoma with choriocarcinomatous differentiation. We performed IHC staining that demonstrated strong positivity of AE1/AE3, CK7, hCG and a high Ki-67 index. The neoplastic cells also had focal p63 and p40 positivity. Furthermore, TTF1 and SALL4 were both negative. This staining pattern as well as patient’s clinical history of no gynecological lesion, lead us to favor lung adenocarcinoma with choriocarcinomatous differentiation. However, due to the abundance of syncytiotrophoblastic and trophoblastic cells, metastatic choriocarcinoma could not be ruled out. Therefore, the case was sent out for external consultation and Short Tandem Repeat (STR) molecular testing. Surprisingly, the STR testing results showed some STR of paternal origin indicating a metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma. The patient’s surgery was highly successful and lead to a down trending of b-hCG from 17944 to 1768 after removal. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Performing STR testing was pivotal in this case as it revealed the presence of DNA of paternal origin, providing crucial evidence that the tumor was of gestational origin, guiding the diagnosis towards metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma.

Strategic Management Model in Achieving Presidential Regulation on Electronic-Based Government System in Medan City Government

This research aims to determine the quality of public services through the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE), as well as to know and analyze the Implementation of Strategies for Achieving PERPRES No. 95 of 2018 concerning SPBE in the Medan City Government. This research is important to obtain a Strategic Management Model in Achieving PERPRES No.95 of 2018 concerning SPBE in the Medan City Government. The research paradigm used is Constructivist Paradigm, with Qualitative Research Method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, discussions with several informants from the Medan City Office, DPRD, UPT Kecamatan, and community leaders. In addition, data was also collected through literature study, document study, and secondary data. The results showed the following: First, there is coordination between agencies in the development of application services. The coordination is conducted by the Diskominfo of Medan City Government. A number of Departments used external consultants in the development of SPBE. Diskominfo made new rules to address ICT service issues. The services use external programmers and experts and if an error occurs, the City Government is not responsible for the service. Secondly, Medan City Government conducted a Memorandum of Understanding with Tangerang City to collaborate and share resources through the innovation of E-Files application for correspondence needs. The use of shared correspondence applications by the Government in Tangerang City was adjusted based on the specific needs of each city. The platform used is the same, but with different application names, E-Files in Tangerang and Sarana in Medan. Third, there are 3 SPBE service providers in Medan City Government, including: Telkom (PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia) for Kelurahan/Kecamatan, GDS (Global Digital Solusi) for Diskominfo and other OPDs, and TNC (Telemedia Network Cakrawala) for Medan City Office. Fourth, Medan City Government uses a Strategic Management Model that combines the Environmental Model with the Collaboration Model in developing the Achievement of PERPRES No.95/2018 on SPBE in Medan City Government. The Environmental Model/Flow emphasizes vertical and horizontal coordination between work units in Medan City Government. The Collaboration Model develops a strategy of collaborative cooperation with other local governments or state-owned/private enterprises.

Heterogeneous inflation expectations: A call for customized monetary policy communication?

The extent to which firms differentiate their inflation expectations between one-year and two-year horizons is an important indicator of changes in inflation expectations. Within a monetary policy framework aimed at reducing the inflation rate toward the target band, firms that obtain information from the central bank are more likely to distinguish between these horizons and expect inflation to converge toward the target. Generally, decision-makers do not differentiate between horizons, but when they do, they are more likely to anticipate convergence. Conversely, external advisors often differentiate between horizons and are more likely to expect divergence. The heterogeneity in how inflation expectations are formed—depending on who within the firm sets these expectations, the information they use, and their use of aggregate inflation expectations data—suggests a need for customized monetary policy communication.

Advancing the software development process through the development of technology-enabled dynamic capabilities in a project-based firm: insights from action design research

PurposeThis study aims to extend the dynamic capabilities (DCs) perspective to the project management context. The authors present supporting evidence for analyzing the creation process of DCs during the redesign of the software development process, and they examine the impact of those capabilities on organizational performance and transformation.Design/methodology/approachAn action design research approach, combined with simulation and qualitative analysis, is adopted to examine the emergence of technology-enabled DCs supported by their microfoundations and the modernization of the software development process in the target firm.FindingsAnalyzing the successful internal transformation of a software development company that was facing a slow and inconsistent product development process reveals the effectiveness of extending the DC perspective to a project-based setting. The implementation of a new project methodology and the introduction of an innovative document-handling system facilitated the renewal of the company's software development process. This led to improvements in lead time and total costs, resulting in enhanced project performance as well as customer and employee satisfaction.Practical implicationsThis study draws managerial attention to the microlevel activities of technology-enabled DC formation, such as precise calculations, external expert consultations and tool deployment.Originality/valueBy applying the sensing–seizing–transforming framework with concomitant microfoundations in a longitudinal way, this article explains the role that technology plays as the basis for DCs and analyzes the cost–benefit balance of DC development in project-based organizations.

From Policy Advisors to Transfer Agents: Understanding the Role of Policy Advisors in the Circulation of Good Governance Principles in the Global South

By the moment policy advisory system (PAS) gains field as a scientific object in public policy; different studies on the subject explore its importance in political systems. They reveal that PAS provides a significant support to public policy decision for central and local governments, thereby highlighting its impact in decision and policy-making process within these systems. While agreeing with this evidence, the present paper focuses on the role of Policy Advice Actors (PAA) in the diffusion and transfer of good governance principles at the international level. The aim of this paper is therefore to contribute to the debate on the multiple facets of policy advisory system in Africa by analyzing the dynamics of policy advisors in policy decision. It eventually tries to link PAS to policy diffusion and highlights how the PAS is being used by these actors to crystallize their knowledge and ideas into different political systems. The present paper is a qualitative analysis based on empirical evidence and the existing literature on the issue in Africa and particularly in Cameroon. Henceforth, it is argued that policy transfer especially diffusion is an important mechanism of PAS in the global south, of course as external policy advice is concerned, international organizations that constitute the main actors of this system are engaged into providing global solution for southern countries rather than policy innovation. Despite this evidence these actors may somehow be confronted to different degrees of complexity into the local context.

Utilization of Healthcare Services in Patients with Chronic Diseases under 18 Years Old: Differences and Contributing Factors.

Pediatric patients with chronic conditions frequently have unmet care needs, make extensive use of healthcare services, and often encounter fragmented, non-centered care. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the utilization of primary care (PC) and hospital care (HC) services by these patients according to sex, age, and complexity and to identify associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a basic health area of Madrid, including patients under 18 years. Among these patients, 15.7% had ≥1 chronic disease, 54.1% were male, the average age was 9.5 years, 3.5% had complexity, and 11.3% had multimorbidity. The mean number of contacts/year with the healthcare system was 9.1, including 8.3 contacts/year with PC (4.9 with pediatricians and 1.9 with nurses) and 0.8 contacts/year with HC (0.8 in external consultations and 0.01 hospitalizations). The factors associated with PC utilization were complexity; female sex; European origin; and diseases like asthma, epilepsy, stroke, recurrent urinary infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety, while older age was negatively associated. Thyroid disorders were significantly associated with HC utilization. These findings could help guide the design of optimized pediatric patient-centered care approaches to coordinate care across healthcare services and reduce high healthcare utilization, therefore improving the healthcare outcomes and quality of life for these patients.

Why small business owners get demotivated? Modeling “unwillingness to grow” using ISM approach

Purpose Even after establishing their business successfully, many business owners get demotivated, and it leads to unwillingness to grow. This study aims to propose a comprehensive model that represents interrelationships among various personal factors affecting “unwillingness to grow.” Design/methodology/approach The personal factors for unwillingness to grow were identified by extant literature, and expert interviews were conducted to establish the contextual relationships among these factors. The interrelationships among the filtered variables have been done using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis was done to determine the importance of each factor in influencing “unwillingness to grow.” Findings In total, 30 personal attributes were identified from previous literature, out of which 15 were selected for the final study. The result identifies 7 variables having a strong impact on “unwillingness to grow.” These attributes are “absence of strong network,” “lack of vision,” “lack of proactiveness,” “reluctance to involve external consultants,” “absence of/small founding team,” “lack of ambition” and “improper attitude.” Originality/value The research attempts to create a bricolage of all the important personal factors affecting “unwillingness to grow.” Previous researches have used few attributes, but with the help of ISM, a graphical modeling technique, it became possible to draw interrelationship between 15 attributes. Further, with the help of MICMAC, the importance of each attribute was determined.

Employing child-focused evaluation methods across West and Central Africa – A UNICEF Experience

Background: This article explores the strategies that the UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office (WCARO) has implemented in order to fulfil children’s rights through evaluations.Objectives: It intends to support evaluation managers and practitioners by discussing challenges and proposed corrective actions encountered when adapting adult-centric evaluation processes into child-friendly ones, both in development and humanitarian settings.Method: The UNICEF WCARO leveraged on insights shared by evaluation practitioners, academics, and children’s organisation representatives during the 2019 Symposium on Child-Centred Evaluations held in Senegal. Three years later, it led to a series of reflective sessions between UNICEF evaluation managers and external consultants to capture lessons learned and insights to improve evaluation practice.Results: The UNICEF WCARO’s evaluation practice has shifted from a rather marginal integration of child-focused methods in its evaluations to a more substantial mainstreaming of such methods. This article highlights how important it is to engage children during all key phases, while keeping ethical considerations into account.Conclusion: Implementing child-focused evaluations enhances the inclusivity of evaluation processes under the prism of 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, this article underscores the significance of integrating children’s perspectives to strengthen equity-based approaches in contemporary evaluation and enhance the validity of evaluation results.Contribution: This article contributes practical insights and tips on adapting data collection tools for children, fostering active participation, and navigating ethical considerations. UNICEF WCARO’s experience serves as a valuable reference for organisations seeking to amplify the voices of the most vulnerable in their evaluation processes.

Contexts and Priorities: Reflections on Developing a Master of Public Health Program in India

While the recent COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated attention to the public health challenges of our times, many of these concerns are certainly not new. There are multiple public health concerns including the rising burden of non-communicable diseases, health risks due to environmental degradation and climate change, and re-emergence of several communicable diseases. Responses to these challenges, including educational responses, have often been reductionist and hence found to be inadequate. There has been an increasing global recognition of the need for transformative education to address the complex health challenges of the 21st century. In this article, we discuss one such effort in designing a public health education program in India that echoes the sentiment of transformative learning that is contextual, competency-driven, transdisciplinary, reflective, and collaborative. We discuss how these aspects of learning were reflected and considered through a series of internal deliberations within the university and external consultations with different stakeholders. This process involved examining existing gaps in public health education, articulating the core competencies, developing the curriculum, and envisaging students’ contribution to public health practice in India.

The Factor Influencing the Adoption of Fintech in Investment Among Malaysians: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Perspectives

Technology has proven to be one of the stronger management and administration platforms for solving all of the conventional problems, including digital financial service management. Besides, it has proven to be the more potent distribution channel, not only for the movement of goods and services but also for digital investment. Nowadays, technology delved deep into the unicorns from the consumer’s Internet segment, which encompasses all business to customers’ Internet and Financial Technology companies. Both have emerged in banking, insurance/takaful, investment, asset management, and foreign exchange, among others, to track their activities in providing financial services. However, investment services also need to be given attention, especially when it comes to human intervention with the use of FinTech. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of adoption factors for FinTech on investment. The objective will examine FinTech's potential in reducing costs, enhancing human resource efficiency, increasing customer satisfaction, and increasing investment returns. This study is based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework. This study helps participants in the future of the financial services industry leverage their organizational goals towards a hub of financial and non-financial digital ecosystems as technology advances. The comprehensive development of FinTech is essential to the investment management capabilities of all parties, such as value aggregators, advisors, and competitive access facilitators, in the increasingly challenging field of digital technologies. The combination of effective and systematic investment services could be combined with internal capabilities in FinTech across the investment landscape for external innovations, service providers, and advice facilitators.

Constructing a Risk Management Framework to Protect the Organization

Risk management is a critical activity for every organisation. It is important to consider risk in all operations and balancing risk with reward is an essential component of strategy for most companies, in the context of their environment and the current volatile conditions. This paper discusses the formulation of a risk management framework in order to address this important area, in a comprehensive, structured, planned method. A process for the construction of such a framework is proposed, based on practice. The requirement to scan the organisation’s horizon, discerning the ‘Risk Universe’, possibly using external consultants, is noted. A map of risk coverage should be formulated to ensure adequate protection and remove excessive risk provision. Risk champions can be recruited to disseminate good practice, creating a culture of risk awareness. The organisation’s appetite for risk must be ascertained and a positive contribution made, in respect of environmental issues. A review of the literature was performed and the key themes extracted. A semi-structured interview with a director of an international company was enacted. The main themes were selected, via an inductive approach. The research results were analysed and then utilised to form a proposed procedure for constructing a risk management framework.

SME Familiness and the Use of External Consultants: Role of CPA as Advisor

SME Familiness and the Use of External Consultants: Role of CPA as Advisor

A Systematic Review of Teleophthalmology Services Post-COVID-19 Pandemic in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States of America, and Canada.

Background: This systematic review of teleophthalmology services in Australia, the United States of America (USA), Canada, and the United Kingdom (UK) during the COVID-19 pandemic is aimed to evaluate changes in teleophthalmology, comparing them to New Zealand (NZ). Methods: A literature search of electronic databases Scopus, Proquest, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Google was conducted using search terms: telemedicine, ophthalmology, teleophthalmology/teleophthalmology, and COVID/COVID-19/coronavirus/covid-pandemic. Studies describing teleophthalmology services created in response to COVID-19 restrictions from March 1, 2020, to January 31, 2024, were analyzed. Results: Of the articles, 37 describing 29 discrete teleophthalmology services were included. There were 15 services in the USA, seven in the UK, two in Canada, two in Australia, and three in NZ. The models of care in the USA were well described, and teleophthalmology was used for general, external, anterior segment, neuro-ophthalmology, and oculoplastic consults, as well as for grading of fundus images in the emergency department setting. In the UK, teleophthalmology was used for general eye care, oculoplastics, and pediatric ophthalmology. In Australia, teleophthalmology was used for postglaucoma surgery monitoring of Intraocular Pressure. In NZ, teleophthalmology was used for general eye consults and triaging, but no formal models were described. Conclusion: COVID-19 offered a unique opportunity for re-examination and expansion of teleophthalmology services globally. Video-based and home-screening teleophthalmology services are feasible but have limitations. Investing in multidisciplinary and community-based technology partnerships can create more equitable teleophthalmology care models (to complement and, when necessary, replace traditional in-person consults), within existing frameworks, making eye care more accessible and efficient.

Harnessing Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT) for Building Resilient Communities: A Case Study of the NV Minority Health and Equity Coalition

Developing sustainable research and health equity partnerships is crucial for creating long-term solutions that address systemic disparities and improve community well-being. Coalition building, a fundamental strategy in this process, unites diverse stakeholders to collaborate on shared goals, amplifying collective impact. The importance of such an approach led to the development of the Nevada Minority Health and Equity Coalition (NMHEC). This study aims to achieve two primary objectives: first, to identify and integrate networked resources into the community coalition action theory (CCAT) framework to advance an understanding of community resilience; second, to share NMHEC strategies that incorporate community participation within each CCAT construct. The article outlines a generalizable process for establishing a robust health equity coalition through a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach framed by CCAT and Community Resilience Theory (CR) principles. Documenting the narrative, facilitators, and barriers through an analysis of archival documents — including coalition recruitment materials, meeting minutes, and partnership and event evaluations — the study maps activities and resources to CCAT constructs. Findings highlight six foundational areas of NMHEC operations: 1) aligning fiscal agency with the coalition’s mission and vision; 2) implementing tiered membership to ensure participation equity; 3) co-developing operational norms to shape culture and interactions; 4) building capacity based on member feedback to assess available skills and resources; 5) sharing resources such as grant awards and staff time with coalition partners; and 6) seeking external advice from national experts to learn from other partnerships. This application of CCAT, CR, and CBPR illustrates effective strategies for fostering, maintaining, and sustaining partnerships to address health inequities.