External Conflicts Research Articles

Social life in Shoubak in the First Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods 585-784h/1189-1382

The research deals with the issue of social life in Shoubak in the first Ayyubid and Mamluk eras (585-784 AH / 1189-1382), where the researcher addresses the components of society in the country of Shoubak and the method that was adopted in their lives and social relations. This research included an introduction and four axes divided into chapters, followed by a conclusion and a list of primary and secondary sources and references. The first axis dealt with the strata of society in Shobak, with the definition of the nature of life of each stratum and an indication of their social level and the extent of luxury that characterized each layer. The second axis, it included the religious sects in Shoubak, including Muslims, Christians and Jews, with an explanation of the proportion of each sect and its place of residence, and an explanation of the nature of the relationship between these sects. In the third axis, the researcher dealt with the customs and traditions of the community in Shobak, such as food, circumcision, burial, clothing, and others. The researcher devoted the fourth axis to talk about women in Shoubak and their importance and to explain the role of women in internal or external conflicts in the Ayyubid and first Mamluk eras. The most prominent titles that women obtained in Shoubak were mentioned with the significance of each title.

Conflict, Security, and Development.

There is no disagreement on the propositions; that development is a vital priority for all countries and societies; that a secure internal and external environment is needed for this purpose as an enabling environment, and; that where external and internal conflicts and potential conflicts exist, despite the alleged and controversial spin off from defense spending and its associated R+D, they act as a break on development and mitigation strategies are required. For Pakistan the parameters of the situation are bound by disputes with a larger India on one side, on the other side an ongoing conflict in Afghanistan between the Extra Regional Forces of the USA/ISAF/NATO and Afghan factions with its physical and ideological spill over accentuating internal conflicts with terrorist and extremist forces. All these situations and potential conflicts present mitigation challenges if we hope to give development the attention it deserves. How have we been faring, what is our scorecard, how can we do better? These are the fundamental questions posed by the subject of this Panel. On the first external front it is clear that the history of bilateral relations between Pakistan and India since the independence in 1947 has been beset by mistrust and characterised as a most difficult relationship. This has led to significant defense expenditure by both countries. It is clear that if relations can be improved or at least better managed in this age where globally confrontation is being increasingly replaced by cooperation, the “peace dividend” would be in the interest of both countries and improve the lot of their peoples a significant portion that live in conditions of poverty or on the margins of poverty. In this context since the peace process begun in 2004 through the composite dialogue process constituted an important element for managing this relationship and towards efforts for its improvement.

The Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Community-Based Tourism in Indonesia

This study aims to assess and elaborate on the problems and potential for accelerating the development of community-based tourism (CBT) in Banyuwangi, East Java Province. The faster human requirements are stimulating many innovations to boost revenue, particularly in improving the tourism sector by including the community in its development. Qualitative studies are specifically utilized to explain phenomena that occur when studying tourism industry issues, opportunities, and networks. In-depth interviews were conducted with 106 sources. The ecological indicators yield positive outcomes with AVE criteria of 0.674, natural resources of 0.473, human resources of 0.532, collaboration of 0.488, and benefits of 0.656. means that the chances in the Banyuwangi tourist sector still have a significant opportunity to improve and expand in the future, despite internal and external conflicts and promotional issues. They still provide opportunities to compete with other regional attractions. This fluctuation is supported by field confirmation, which indicates that while most sectors are operating normally, some destinations are experiencing difficulties. Governance, management, bureaucratic structure, collaboration, and promotion issues remain minor. The correlation of each variable and indicator employed in this study has its own interest, with 58 percent indicating prospects for tourism development.

Stress and conflict from tacit culture forges professional identity in newly graduated independent physicians.

To transition successfully into independent practice, newly graduated independent physicians (new "attendings") undergo a process of professional identity formation (PIF) as a clinician within a new community of practice (CoP). PIF is crafted by socialization within a CoP including transfer of tacit knowledge. While certain tacit knowledge is critical for professional identity, we understand little how it shapes PIF. We set out to describe the tacit knowledge acquired by new attendings within a CoP and how it contributes to PIF. Informed by constructivist grounded theory, we interviewed 23 new attendings about the tacit knowledge they acquired in early practice. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively. We identified themes using constant comparative analysis and generated a theory that underwent member checking and feedback. Implicit standards from group culture imparted high expectations on new attendings and led to internal stress. New attendings also encountered a tacit code of conduct as behavioral elements of group culture. These elements created external conflict between new attendings and group members such as departmental colleagues, consulting physicians, and other health professionals. Depending on the support they received, new attendings responded to the stress and conflict in three ways: they doubted, adjusted, or avoided. These strategies molded their professional identity, and moved them towards or away from the CoP as they navigated their transition and PIF. We describe a novel theory of how tacit group culture shaped new attending physicians' professional identity in a new community of practice. Internal stress and external conflict occurred due to high expectations and tacit culture elements. New attendings' doubt, adjust, or avoid responses, shaped by support they received, in turn crafted their professional identity. Education leaders should prepare graduating trainees to navigate aspects of transition to independent practice successfully.

Kurds in the Geography of the Safavid State (1501-1722)

Abstract With the establishment of the Safavid Shi'ite state (1501-1722) in Iran in the early sixteenth century, important geography and the rich regions of Kurdistan came under attack from the destructive army of Qizilbash. However, due to the rise and fall of the Safavid powers and the continued occupation of their forces over the Kurdistan Region, it is still difficult to determine the real geographical range of the Kurds in this era, because the set of influential factors such as their strengths and weaknesses of rulers and princes, the volatile nature of their internal and external conflicts, and the longing of foreign powers to occupy their wealthy territories over the instability of these borders, played a significant role. In the aftermath of this study, in order to identify the Kurdish geography and the real boundaries of the Kurdish-inhabited areas in the Safavid era, we take refuge in the historical sources of that era before identifying the borders of Kurdish emirates. There were also some remote areas such as Khorasan, Gilan, and Mazandaran, where groups of the original Kurdish tribes of Kurdistan were abducted by the Safavid kings for political and military purposes in their ancient areas and were relocated and relocated to other places. Many of them still live there. Keywords: Safavid state, Kurdish nation, Kurdish geography, Kurdish emirates, Kurdish settlements.

The Wrong Side

This poem is an interpretive poetic transcription describing the experience of a young immigrant child. Being on the “wrong side” becomes a symbolic representation of an internal and external conflict between different ways to know. Schools are not always a safe place for children whose lives have been uprooted unless teachers become advocates and allies.

Communality in farmer managed irrigation systems: Insights from Spain, Ecuador, Cambodia and Mozambique

CONTEXTWorldwide farmer managed irrigation systems have provided crops for food, feed and the market for centuries. From high mountain environments to river valleys and deltas, in all continents people have organized to construct, use, maintain, transform and sustain irrigated agro-ecosystems. In this context it is important to better understand how these systems are sustained. OBJECTIVEThe objective of this contribution is to explore and theorize through which strategies and mechanisms irrigators are able to sustain these systems in a constantly changing socio-environmental context. METHODSThe study is based on ethnographic qualitative research in four areas where farmer managed irrigation systems are sustained by irrigators (Valencia region, Spain; Ecuadorian highlands; Cambodian Mekong delta; and Tsangano district, Mozambique). Research consisted of interviews and observations in these areas and was supported by a literature review of what has been published about these systems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSResults show that farmer managed irrigation systems are dynamic systems that constantly transform but that are sustained in these changes through what we term ‘communality’. We introduce this term to point out three interrelated elements that stand at the basis of farmer managed irrigation systems sustenance, namely: commons, community and polity. Analysis of the four case studies points out that these three elements are mobilized differently by farmers depending on their socio-environmental context. We show that the mobilization of these different elements amidst internal and external challenges and conflicts, forms the basis for the longevity and sustainability of collectively managed irrigation systems. SIGNIFICANCEIn the literature on farmer managed irrigation systems collective action has been portrayed as the main pillar that sustains these systems. This contribution challenges this notion by showing that irrigation systems are sustained by a combination of individual actions, collective practices, normative frameworks and organizational forms; a sense of community; and the development of political agency (polity). Recognizing that these elements come together as site specific hybrids opens new avenues of inquiry to better understand the sustainability of farmer managed irrigation systems.

Analisis Psikologi Sastra Novel Selamat Tinggal karya Tere Liye

Literary psychology as a science that studies the human soul and personality associated with literary works because in literary works can be found various behaviors, dispositions and conflicts experienced by humans. With the above facts, the authors are interested in conducting aresearch entitled "Analysis of the Literary Psychology of Tere Liye's Novel Goodbye". Problems in the research: (1) What is the character's character in the study of literary psychology in Tere Liye's novel Selamat Datang? (2) What is the theme in Tere Liye's novel Selamat Malam? (3) How is the conflict of characters in the study of literary psychology in Tere Liye's novel Selamat Stay?. The theory used in literary psychology research refers to the theory of Mana Sikana (1986) and other supporting theories, namely, Burhan Nurgiyantoro (2013), Hamidy (2012). The approach used is a qualitative approach with the type of library research, and uses a descriptive method. Data collection techniques through hermeneutic techniques. The results of the study concluded that: (1) The character's character has 14 data, namely Sintong Stay: firm, patient, wise, diligent. Jess: Honestly. Inang (Mrs. Sintong): humorous, angry, Bulik Ningrum: compassionate. Paklik Maman: clever, cunning. Slamet: scared. Ucok: fine. Mawar Bright Bintang: bad and Mr. Dean is good. (2) 4 data themes, namely the central theme: bad deeds will be miserable and several complementary themes (3) character conflicts have 12 data, namely 2 internal conflicts that occurred in Sintong Stay and 10 external conflicts.

THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC OPINION ON THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEMS OF WAR AND PEACE OF MODERN CONDITIONS

In this article, the influence and reasons of public opinion on the origin of various and external conflicts were considered

"On the Bridge between Life and Death" … A Biography of Aisha Abdurrahman (The Beach Girl),Circles of Silence, and the Clamor of Questions

The present study represents a critical and analytical approach to a feminist biography of a well-known writer in our modern Arab culture, Aisha Abdurrahman (The Beach Girl). The title of this biography is "On the Bridge between Life and Death," which she wrote soon after the death of her inspiring professor and husband, the Sheikh and the renovated scholar (Amin Al-Khuli). The study attempts to look at this biography as one of the contents of the Arabic feminist narrative reflected (shaped) by practicing autobiographical writing, which motivated the researcher to formulate fundamental interpretations of the contents of this speech via addressing the psychological projections of the internal and external conflict created by the social and intellectual relations of The Beach Girl, as well as through the awareness paths produced by this biography. Additionally, the researcher adopts the Dialectical Approach of silence and the clamor of questions that the researcher explors by a profound reading of the author’s character that accompanies her throughout her journey, on the bridge between life and death. Keywords: Biography, Literary criticism, Feminist discourse, Narration, Conflict.

The Postcolonial Subsumption of Lacan's o/Other Embedded in The American Granddaughter

With the advent of the 21st century, the world witnessed the US invasion of Iraq by which a new facet of colonialism protruded. A form of relationship between the US colonizer and the Iraqi colonized is overlooked. This study examines a theoretical concept central to postcolonial theory, Lacan's o/Otherness which relates to a colonized Iraqi subject formation as portrayed in The American Granddaughter by Inaam Kachachi. This study aims to emphasize the aftermath effects of US colonization and to put together how the postcolonial Iraqi author is thinking about the problems of the colonized Iraqis. The reader will be introduced to the narrative that establishes the Iraqi postcolonial subjectivity. Concentrating on the internal and external conflicts of the protagonist garners a deeper understanding of the o/Otherness in the Iraqi case through analyzing the development of the protagonist's growth and change.

A comparative view of India and Pakistan’s defence capabilities: Historical evolution and future trends

War has been here since time immemorial and has been influenced and modified by various civilizations; as necessitated by internal and external conflicts and challenges. Every country views war under the lens of factors such as its geography, threats from neighbouring countries, internal circumstances and economic standing. This article discusses and highlights the quest for modern conventional warfare advancement generally, and particularly in the context of two South Asian nuclear armed nations – India and Pakistan, two arch-rivals. Both nations have been trying since their independence to gain an edge over the other in terms of defence, and so have invested more than they should in the defence sector for various reasons. The article presents the relevance of conventional warfare in the Indo–Pak context and sheds light on the strategic context of South Asia which hosts two nuclear-armed rivals. It discusses the historical and near-contemporary use of conventional warfare by both nations in the pursuit of their political objectives. It draws attention to the growing Indian military modernization in its conventional arsenal, especially by the induction of the Russian-built T-90S tank and S-400 missile system, French-built Rafale fighter jet and aircraft carrier. It also discusses low-observable instruments such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The article focuses on the tactical, operational, as well as strategic implications of such advanced hardware on the Armed Forces of Pakistan. The world cannot afford a nuclear war and that too between heavily populated immediate rivals. Owing to this, both are investing more and more in modern conventional warfare by developing and advancing their defence systems, weapons, strategies and other related warfare – which the world must not ignore. This article enunciates how India getting its hands on the Russian T-90S, S-400 Missile System, Rafale Aircraft and INS Vikramadtiya has pushed Pakistan into a state of immense concern over its security and its quest for meeting this looming threat. This article also discusses the historical travelogue of advancements and investment made in the purchasing of the modern conventional warfare equipment both by India and Pakistan.

Cyclical jihadist governance: the Islamic State governance cycle in Iraq and Syria

ABSTRACT The rise and decline of the Islamic State’s (IS) caliphate between 2014 and 2018 have garnered significant policy and academic attention. Explanations for the group’s territorial demise have focussed on its internal group dynamics and external conflict processes. Although both explanations are valid, I adopt a historical approach to show that IS’s caliphate was just one cycle in a two-decade history of governance activity. IS has undertaken three governance cycles composed of phases of insurgency, gaining territory, establishing institutions, and losing territory. After each governance cycle, IS engaged in a process of critical self-reflection and adapted its governance strategy significantly. This resulted in a progressive history in which, with each cycle, IS governed greater amounts of territory, through more complex institutions, for a longer period of time. This article is based on fieldwork interviews conducted with both IS members and civilians who lived under IS control in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey, as well as archival research on IS historical and contemporary governing documents.

PARTI KEADILAN RAKYAT (PKR) DALAM PILIHAN RAYA UMUM DAN PEMILIHAN PKR 2022: IMPAK DAN MASA HADAPAN DALAM GEOPOLITIK MALAYSIA

Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) is a multi-racial political party in Malaysia that fights for social justice for all communities but supports the Malaysian Constitution. This party was formed in conjunction with the dismissal of Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim in the Government and UMNO to demand justice for him and the persecuted people. The party has undergone a rebranding from Parti KeADILan Nasional (PKN/KeADILan) to Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) as a result of a merger with part of the leadership of Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM). From the 1999 General Election to 2018, the party participated in elections and experienced ups and downs in its performance. The party also held internal leadership elections which saw the participation of a large number of members in the party's elections. In the end, both elections have an impact on Malaysia's geopolitics from time to time. Therefore, it is the purpose of writing this article to analyze the performance of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) in the general election and the PKR 2022 election that has an impact and the future on Malaysian geopolitics. Based on primary sources, namely the results of the general election in Malaysia and secondary sources, namely journal articles, academic books, seminar papers and research reports, the findings show that PKR’s performance in the 1999-2018 GE is volatile based on current issues and voters’ confidence in the leadership. PKR. The results of the PKR 2022 internal election show that PKR members choose leaders who are experienced, competent and strong in administration as the government as well as leaders who are idealistic, far-sighted, visionary and independent in acting in politics. As a result, Malaysia's geopolitics is still stable with anything that happens in PKR but with the image as a multi-racial party and constantly facing internal and external conflicts then this will influence voters, especially Malay voters to support the party towards the next GE. Although there are various challenges and obstacles that this multi-racial political party has to go through, the future of this party is still bright if the strategy of attracting voters is in line with the current situation.

Pengaruh Fraud Hexagon Terhadap Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Pada Perusahaan LQ 45 Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2016-2020

Financial statement fraud is a misrepresentation and intentional concealment of facts on account values in the financial statements which results in irrelevant financial information. Fraudulent financial statements can lead to internal and external conflicts within a company that can harm decision makers. This study aims to determine the effect of the fraud hexagon which consists of pressure (external pressure), capability (change of director's), opportunity (nature of industry), rationalization (auditor's opinion), arrogance (frequent number of CEO's picture), and collusion (government projects) simultaneously or partially against fraudulent financial statements on LQ 45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. This study uses purposive sampling technique in determining the sample in order to obtain 24 companies in the LQ 45 index listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses a descriptive type of research with logistic regression analysis techniques using SPSS 25 software. The results of this study indicate that pressure, capability, opportunity, rationalization, arrogance, and collusion have a simultaneous effect on financial statement fraud. The partial test results show that rationalization, arrogance have a positive effect and pressure, capability, opportunity, collusion have no effect on financial statement fraud on LQ 45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period.

Towards environmental sustainability: Do financial risk and external conflicts matter?

The progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) needs constant updating and deepening to improve the design of pro-environmental policies. In this context, recent studies report various drivers of ecological footprint (EF) for better climate control; however, the impacts of financial risk (FNR) and external conflicts (EXF) on EF are not thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this research uncovers the role of financial risk and external conflicts in EF using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) based model. To this end, some advanced time series methods including the Augmented ARDL (AARDL) and Spectral causality tests are applied for the period from 1984 to 2017 in the context of India. The empirical estimates revealed cointegration among variables of the study. The findings uncovered that reducing financial risk mitigates EF levels and stimulates environmental quality. However, limiting external conflicts does not improve the quality of the environment because the EF levels expand due to a reduction in conflicts. The empirical evidence validated the EKC accounting for both financial risks and external conflicts. Population density is found to alleviate environmental deterioration. Moreover, external conflicts and financial risks Granger cause EF. Lastly, policies are directed to limit the financial risk for reducing the EF.

The Analysis of Estella’s Characterization as The Main Character in “Cruella 2021” Movie

This research deals with characterization analysis. The objective of the research are (1) to know how Estella or Cruella’s characterization is described in “Cruella 2021” movie; (2) to know Estella or Cruella’s conflicts in “Cruella 2021” movie; 3) to know Estella or Cruella’s characterization can we emulate in “Cruella 2021” movie. The researcher used a qualitative approach based on a document study. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. The researcher took data from the script of the film “Cruella” as primary data. The researcher takes subtitles, several articles, and other secondary data sources related to the “Cruella” film. The researcher used the documentation technique to get the data in this research. The theory in this research combines structural approach and objective theory. The characterization analysis of this research is based on the characterization theory according to Jacob and Saini. The results and conclusion of this research are as follows; (1) Cruella’s characterization based on what the characters say, Cruella’s characterization are a good daughter, a good friend, a little psycho, a trouble maker, a grudge and brave. Based on what the characters do: grumpy, break promise, talented, trouble maker, grudge and a good friend. Based on what the others think/ say: talented, rude and evil ; (2) Cruella’s conflict; internal conflicts, Cruella blamed herself for her mother's death, so she was very sad, Cruella is furious knowing the real killer of her mother's death and that's what makes her want to take her revenge. External conflict, the conflict of Cruella with Baroness, the conflict between Cruella with her friends, Jasper and Horace (3) Cruella’s good characterization that can we emulate is a good daughter, a good friend, brave and talented.

المسؤولية الجنائية الدولية والوطنية لموظفي الشركات العسكرية والأمنية الخاصة

The world is witnessing many armed conflicts, which played a prominent role in tearing the countries that were exposed to those conflicts, and therefore these conflicts prompted governments that are experiencing internal or external conflicts and turmoil to seek the assistance of private military and security companies in order to maintain their rule, and the services provided by these companies are Several, including training, providing advice and intelligence information, as well as securing convoys and transporting supplies, but their progress increased to the point of participating with the security forces in the fighting. This research is of great importance in the international and national criminal responsibility of employees of private military and security companies, to clarify individual criminal responsibility in the light of the provisions of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. Since private security companies are so far governed by clear and binding international rules, it is necessary to make possible efforts to prevent serious violations of the rules of international humanitarian law and human rights rules by employees of those companies at the internal and international levels.

PSYCHOANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN RAINBOW ROWELL’S FANGIRL

The main objectives of this research are to find: 1) what are the personality of the main character in Freud's Psychoanalysis? and 2) what kind of conflicts are experienced by the main character. This study used descriptive qualitative method. This thesis discusses psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud: id, ego and superego. This thesis also discusses the conflicts experienced by the main character: internal conflicts (related to the psychology of the main character) and external conflicts (related to other characters, society, nature or things outside of her).

Analysis of external conflict of the main character in the pound comic on webtoon

This study is to find out the types of external conflict faced by the main character in the pound comic on webtoon, and to handle the conflict with five style management strategies faced by the main character in the pound comic on webtoon. The data sources of this study were taken from webtoon. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were analyzed based on the theory proposed by Kenney (1966), about types of conflict and the supporting theory proposed by Thomas and Kilmann (1970), about conflict management strategy. The result of this study showed the source of external conflict happened in the comic, there are man against man and man against society. The conflict also identified the strategy used by the main character in the pound comic on webtoon to handle the external conflict such as, competing, collaborating, compromising, accommodating, and avoiding.