External Bridging Research Articles

중소벤처기업 창업자의 사회적 자본이 창업성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 초기창업자 행동을 매개로

Purpose This study is to analyze the effect of entrepreneur’s social capital, which accumulates through entrepreneur’s external network, trust and shared vision among members of the start-up team on entrepreneurial intention and opportunity recognition at the nascent entrepreneurship stage. Methods For empirical analysis, successful entrepreneurs of smaller ventures were surveyed online A total of 253 samples were obtained and IBM AMOS 20 was used for statistical testing. Results First, external bridging social capital and internal bonding social capital directly influence nascent entrepreneurship, Second, nascent entrepreneur''s behaviors directly influences start-up performance, and it is to say that nascent entrepreneur''s behaviors, which is a process of entrepreneurial intention and opportunity recognition, influences start-up performance. Third, external bridging and internal bonding social capital have a significant impact on start-up performance mediated by nascent entrepreneur''s behaviors. Fourth, analysis of indirect effect of social capital revealed that external bridging social capital not only influences entrepreneurial intention and opportunity recognition but also the start-up performance significantly. Conclusion This study has provided theoretical grounds that support that preliminary or potential entrepreneurs can achieve successful entrepreneurship by recognizing the importance of social capital and overcoming the initial challenges of start-up such as lack of resources and anxiety about failure through strategic allocation of social capital.

A prospective study on the role of limb reconstruction System in infective non-union of femur and tibia

Introduction: Infected non-union of long bones is the state of failure of union and the persistence of infection at the fracture site for a period of 6 to 8 months or more. This condition possesses a challenge for optimal treatment to the orthopaedic surgeon. Limb reconstruction system (LRS) is a single bar device with telescoping facility which allows increased axial movement at the fracture site by permitting conversion from rigid to dynamic fixation resulting in formation of external bridging callus. The regenerated bone restores length and eliminates infection. This procedure does not require much expertise of the treating orthopaedic surgeon and is associated with high patient compliance.Materials and Methods: 20 adult patients with infective non-union of femur and tibia were admitted in Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar between September 2019 to August 2020 after being diagnosed clinically and radiologically as infective non-union. Preoperative radiographs were taken to assess the type of non-union, presence of infection, implants, quality of bone stock and level of non-union. Patients were classified according to the classification by Rosen et al. in the A.O. manual into quiescent, active and draining types. Follow up was done every 4 weeks and Association for the Study and Application of Methods of Ilizarov (ASAMI) score was used to categorize the outcome into excellent, good, fair and poor.Results: It was observed that 90% patients showed excellent to good functional as well as bone healing outcomes.Discussion: Results of mean bony transport, mean implant index and outcomes are comparable to previous studies conducted.Conclusion: LRS application to infective non-union of long bones is a cost-effective procedure which favours both the surgeon and patient as compared to other available treatment modalities.

Extended Kalman Filtering for Estimation of Parasitic Artifacts in Three Electrode Electrochemical Sensors

In this article, we present an analysis of the parasitic artifacts in five working electrodes (WEs) of different metals in circular geometry using three terminal analysis proposed by Fletcher. The electrical parameters of the electrodes have been determined by extended Kalman filtering (EKF) using measured input–output responses. We have been able to extract the stray parasitic elements and establish their variations with relative positions. It has been found that the WEs closer to the counter electrode (CE) responds better with less parasitic effect. The impedance spectra of the network reveal that the measured response currents depends on the impedance of the three-terminal network not merely on the two terminal impedance between WE and CE. The parasitic leaking currents were compensated considerably by a using an external bridging capacitor.

Social networks, psychological empowerment, and work outcomes: mediating role of psychological empowerment dimensions on the relations between social networks, job dedication, and individual creativity

In this study, we linked social networks with work related outcomes. We tested dimensions of psychological empowerment as mediators between internal bonding networks, external bridging networks, job dedication and individual creativity with random coefficient modelling using Mplus 7. With a sample of 317 higher hierarchical level employees and their supervisors, it has been found, competence and self-determination dimensions of empowerment mediate the relationship between internal bonding networks and job dedication and between external bridging networks and job dedication. Meaning, competence and self-determination dimensions of psychological empowerment mediate the relationship between internal bonding networks and individual creativity and between external bridging networks and individual creativity. Contrary to our prediction, impact dimension of psychological empowerment was not significant with internal bonding networks and external bridging networks. Our findings suggest that membership of social networks enhance empowerment perceptions of employees which in turn enhance their dedication towards job and their individual level creativity.

Using big data and network analysis to understand Wikipedia article quality

The research reported in this paper focuses on the question of why Wikipedia articles are different in quality. Since these articles are developed in an open and social environment, our work investigates if the social capital of contributors plays a role in determining the quality of the articles. We focus on three major types of social capital with respect to teams of contributors working on Wikipedia articles: internal bonding, external bridging and functional diversity. Through a social network analysis of these articles based on a dataset extracted from its edit history, our research finds that all three types of social capital have a significant impact on their quality. In addition, we found that internal bonding interacts positively with external bridging resulting in a multiplier effect on article quality. The findings of our research have implications for developing automated techniques for quality assessment of Wikipedia and also provide insights into improving quality of these articles.

External Bridging and Internal Bonding: Unlocking the Generative Resources of Member Time and Attention Spent in Online Communities

Sharing members with other online communities can be problematic for community responsiveness, as less member time and attention become available for the focal community. However, member time and attention spent externally have the potential to generate knowledge that bolsters the focal community’s responsiveness. Little is known about when member time and attention spent externally become such generative resources. Building on and extending the knowledge collaboration theory of online communities, we examine the network conditions that enable the generative effect of member time and attention spent externally on community responsiveness. We propose a contingent model wherein a focal community’s external bridging (the extent of bridging nonredundant communities) and internal bonding (the extent of cohesion among members) jointly moderate the effects of member time and attention spent externally on community responsiveness. We theorize that external bridging provides the opportunity to access novel external knowledge and that internal bonding improves the motivation to share knowledge to assist others. Our results show that member time and attention spent externally have a positive effect on community responsiveness only in the presence of both external bridging and internal bonding. The study has important implications for advancing the boundary conditions regarding generative resources and online knowledge collaboration.

Functional outcome of treatment of paediatric diaphysial femur fractures operated using titanium elastic nailing

Objectives: to review the experience of clinical recovery in treatment of pediatric shaft femur fracture with titanium elastic nailing. Observation: common type of fracture were transverse (41.5%) and spiral (39%) fracture. And at 12 weeks only 2 (4.9%) patients had the significant tenderness, 4 (9.8%) of patients had limb length discrepancy of 1 to 2 cms, and 41 (100%) radiological union was seen in (100%) patients. The final outcome according to Flynn’s criteria shows that excellent outcome seen in 35 (85.3%) of patients, while 4 (9.8%) patients showed satisfactory outcome. Conclusion: Titanium elastic nail seems advantageous over other surgical methods particularly in this age group because it is simple, is a load shearing device, internal splint that doesn’t violate open physis, allows early mobilization and maintains alignment. Micromotion conferred by the elasticity of the fixation promotes faster external bridging callus formation. The periostium is not disturbed and being a closed procedure there is no disturbance of fracture hematoma, thereby less risk of infection.

Adaptive strategies in designing the simultaneous global drug development program

ABSTRACTMany methods have been proposed to account for the potential impact of ethnic/regional factors when extrapolating results from multiregional clinical trials (MRCTs) to targeted ethnic (TE) patients, i.e., “bridging.” Most of them either focused on TE patients in the MRCT (i.e., internal bridging) or a separate local clinical trial (LCT) (i.e., external bridging). Huang et al. (2012) integrated both bridging concepts in their method for the Simultaneous Global Drug Development Program (SGDDP) which designs both the MRCT and the LCT prospectively and combines patients in both trials by ethnic origin, i.e., TE vs. non-TE (NTE). The weighted Z test was used to combine information from TE and NTE patients to test with statistical rigor whether a new treatment is effective in the TE population. Practically, the MRCT is often completed before the LCT. Thus to increase the power for the SGDDP and/or obtain more informative data in TE patients, we may use the final results from the MRCT to re-evaluate initial assumptions (e.g., effect sizes, variances, weight), and modify the LCT accordingly. We discuss various adaptive strategies for the LCT such as sample size reassessment, population enrichment, endpoint change, and dose adjustment. As an example, we extend a popular adaptive design method to re-estimate the sample size for the LCT, and illustrate it for a normally distributed endpoint.

Entrepreneurial Orientation, Social Networks, and Creative Performance: Middle Managers as Corporate Entrepreneurs

Though previous research has highlighted how important it is for middle managers to contribute to corporate entrepreneurship, little work has been done to explore how they produce creative performance by examining the direct, curvilinear and moderating effects of their entrepreneurial orientation and social networks. A total of 337 middle managers conducting marketing, R&D and project management in Taiwan are studied. The results suggest that middle managers' disposition towards proactiveness and innovativeness is positively related to their creative performance, and their internal bonding networks and upper management networks are found to strengthen the effects of entrepreneurial orientation on creative performance. However, middle managers' external bridging networks are found to have an inverted U‐shaped curvilinear relationship with their creative performance, and to weaken the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on creative performance. These findings echo the interactionist perspective of creativity, implying that middle managers should manage their social networks more carefully, as social interaction with network actors may either facilitate or inhibit their creativity at work.

Internal Bonding, External Bridging and Functional Diversity: Impact of Social Capital on the Quality of Wikipedia Articles

This research focuses on the question of why Wikipedia articles are different in quality. Since Wikipedia articles are developed in an open and social environment, our work investigates if social capital of Wikipedia contributors plays a role in determining the quality of Wikipedia articles. In this study, we focus on three major factors of social capital with respect to teams of contributors working on different Wikipedia articles: internal bonding, external bridging and functional diversity. An empirical analysis of Wikipedia articles using quantitative techniques suggests that all these three major factors have a significant impact on the quality of Wikipedia articles. These results have implications for developing automated techniques for quality assessment of Wikipedia and also provide insights into improving quality of these articles.

팀 구성원의 심리적 다양성과 구성원 간 지식네트워크 특성이 팀 성과에 미치는 효과: 학습 분위기의 조절효과를 중심으로

This study investigated the factors that facilitate knowledge creation of team with the aspect of knowledge management. We considered two characteristics which are team members' psychological characteristics (achievement needs and conflict emotion) and knowledge network characteristics among team members (internal cohesion and external bridging) and verified the relationship between these characteristics and team performance. Furthermore, we examined whether these characteristics have a different effect on team performance according to the mastery climate. This study performed a survey targeting team members in knowledge based firms and 376 final surveys to be used as a sample in this study. The result showed that team members' psychological characteristics and knowledge network characteristics among Team members have an influence on team performance significantly. In addition, the master climate moderated the relationship between team members' psychological characteristics and team performance.

The multiple pathways of high performing groups: the interaction of social networks and group processes

AbstractThis study examines how both strong and weak relationship groups (groups with numerous, intense internal friendship ties and few, less intense internal friendship ties respectively) achieve high performance when utilizing strategies that capitalize on the strengths and minimizing the weaknesses associated with their internal social structure. We examine the interactions of groups' internal friendship networks with their external network structures (external ties) and internal intragroup conflict (constructive controversy). The results of a study using survey, archival and interview data on 35 groups of MBA students indicated that internal friendship networks interacted with constructive controversy and external networks to determine when groups would achieve superior performance. High performing strong relationship groups engaged in greater constructive controversy than low performing strong relationship groups, while constructive controversy appeared to have minimal effect on the performance of weak relationship groups. High performing weak relationship groups had fewer external bridging ties to other groups when compared to low performing weak relationship groups, while external bridging ties appeared to have minimal effect on the performance of strong relationship groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Porphyrin network solids: examples of supramolecular isomerism, noncentrosymmetric architectures and competing solvation

Self-assembly of functionalized tetraarylporphyrins into 2-D and 3-D supramolecular arrays may exhibit structural isomerism when carried out in different experimental conditions. This study shows that the open 2-D hydrogen bonding quadrangular grid networks of free-base tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) form an interweaved crystalline architecture, in addition to the non-interweaved offset-stacked porous arrangement observed before. In the two structures the individual arrays are similarly stabilized by multiple cyclic-dimeric (COOH)2 hydrogen bonding synthons, differing slightly in the grid shape. The Mn-metalled TCPP building blocks afford in a lipophilic environment 2-D coordination polymers by direct Mn⋯−OOC/HOOC association between the tetra-acid metalloporphyrin units, without incorporation of any external bridging auxiliaries. This polymerization is further enforced by interporphyrin O–H⋯O hydrogen bonding within and between the 2-D arrays, yielding a solvent-free 3-D architecture. The latter is related to an isomeric crystalline organization of similar layered Mn–TCPP coordination polymers obtained earlier from hydrophilic crystallization mixtures, wherein intercalated solvent separates the layered polymeric arrays. The non-acidic Mn(Cl)–TOHPP compound yields a chiral 3-D assembly sustained by multiple inter-porphyrin hydrogen bonding. Its formation is promoted by the non-centrosymmetric (axially polarized) shape of this porphyrin unit, as well as by the directional hydrogen bonding interactions, and it involves coordination of an additional axial ligand to the manganese ion. Effects of competing solvation, which interfere with the supramolecular aggregation of the TCPP scaffolds into network arrays, are demonstrated also by structures obtained from solvent mixtures containing dimethylsulfoxide.

Globalization, Plague and the Local Community: Healthcare Capacity, Politics, and the Microbe War

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is the first major international epidemic of the twenty-first century. In a few short months it spread to every continent, infected 8,096 people, and claimed the lives of 774. It hit older persons particularly hard; it killed 50 percent of the infected of that age category. The rate of plague's spread from one country to another has greatly increased as the globalization of the world's economy has produced rapid daily transportation of people, products, plants, animals, and, of course, microbes. Each day cities are at risk for the invasion of deadly infectious diseases. While international expert agencies such as the World Health Organization stand by to help fight outbreaks, ultimately, plagues are fought in the local community. I discuss two theses: (1) To successfully contain and fight a major epidemic the capacity of the community's health care system must be enhanced by its functional linkages to external expert and bridging organizations and systems of organizations; and (2) that the extent to which a community's health care system can draw on external expert and bridging organizations and systems is a function of the degree to which the political state in which the community is embedded facilitates for fails to facilitate) those linkages. My focus is on Hong Kong and the cities of the People's Republic of China; they were at the epicenter of the SARS outbreak, and it was from them that the contagion spread to other countries. Findings show that plagues are not only matters of biology and health, but also matters of politics, power, and international relations.

Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in an ERP Project Team: The Importance of Bridging AND Bonding

A project team, set up to design and implement a large-scope IT system, is essentially tasked with integrating distributed knowledge. This suggests that the social capital of members will be organizationally important. However, we suggest that in understanding the relationship between social capital and knowledge integration within a project team, it is necessary to distinguish between two forms of social capital - external bridging social capital and internal bonding social capital. We argue that for the effective mobilization of 'weak' social capital bridges for collective purposes, there is first a need to create 'strong' social capital bonds within the project team so that it becomes a cohesive social unit that will be able to effectively integrate knowledge that is acquired through members' bridging activity.

Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in an ERP Project Team: The Importance of Bridging AND Bonding

AbstractA project team, set up to design and implement a large‐scope IT system, is essentially tasked with integrating distributed knowledge. This suggests that the social capital of members will be organizationally important. However, we suggest that in understanding the relationship between social capital and knowledge integration within a project team, it is necessary to distinguish between two forms of social capital – external bridging social capital and internal bonding social capital. We argue that for the effective mobilization of ‘weak’ social capital bridges for collective purposes, there is first a need to create ‘strong’ social capital bonds within the project team so that it becomes a cohesive social unit that will be able to effectively integrate knowledge that is acquired through members' bridging activity.

A ‘horseshoe’ oxothiomolybdenum (V) anion with chelating and bridging oxalate ligands, [Mo6VS6O6(OH)4(C2O4)3]4−

Reaction of the [Mo2VS2O2]2+ oxothiocation with a stochiometric amount of C2O42− in water, at pH around 5, affords the novel anion [Mo6S6O6(OH)4(C2O4)3]4−. The structure has been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and consists in a six-membered incomplete wheel encapsulating a template oxalate anion and showing two external bridging oxalate ligands. In the solid state, two potassium ions bound to the terminal oxygen atoms of the [Mo6S6O6(OH)4(C2O4)3]4− anion direct the formation of a 1D chain. The four members of this family of products obtained by condensation of the oxothiocation with oxalate ligands are thus now perfectly characterized and can be easily distinguished by infrared spectroscopy.

Behavior Analysis of Internal Feedback Bridging Faults in CMOS Circuits

In this paper we analyze fault behaviors of internal feedback bridging faults. To investigate their behaviors, we use a simple circuit model consisting of 2-input NAND gate and NOT gate. From analysis results, we find that behaviors of internal feedback bridging faults are more complex than those of external feedback bridging faults. We expose that they cause IDDQ-only failure, internal latch and internal oscillation as well as latch and oscillation behavior. These phenomena are caused by the following facts: formation of an electrically conducting feedback loop and connection of the feedback loop with the circuit output depend on input values of the circuit, and the feedback loop is often alive only within the circuit. We also discuss methods for detecting this kind of fault.

I/sub DDQ/ testing of bridging faults in logic resources of reconfigurable field programmable gate arrays

This paper presents an I/sub DDQ/-based test strategy for detecting bridging faults in the logic resources of reprogrammable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The proposed approach utilizes the programmability of the configurable logic blocks (CLBs) to achieve 100 percent coverage of I/sub DDQ/ testable bridging faults. We use a hierarchical approach for generating tests and configurations. At the chip level, the CLBs are viewed as a homogeneous two-dimensional array. Two configuration strategies are suggested to simultaneously test each CLB. Within each CLB, we test for external bridging faults between the combinational and sequential logic modules (e.g., flip-flops, multiplexers, lookup tables), Finally, we test for internal bridging faults within each module based on their implementation. Since reconfiguration programming time dominates total test time, even with slow I/sub DDQ/ vectors, we use a bottom-up test generation approach to minimize the number of programming phases first and, then, to minimize the number of test vectors. The Xilinx XC4000 family of SRAM-based FPGAs is used as an example application of the proposed approach. One hundred percent coverage for I/sub DDQ/-testable bridging faults is achieved in five programming phases and 16 I/sub DDQ/ vectors. Since the lookup tables in the CLB can be configured as RAM, the RAM modes are also tested. This requires a further phase, using 48 test vectors and 38 I/sub DDQ/ measurements.

Remodeling of rabbit cortical bone autograft after intraoperative in-vitro irradiation

INTRODUCTION: As one of the choices for limb salvage in the treatment of malignant bone tumors, a widely-resected bone mass may be irradiated in vitro during the operation and reinstituted as an autograft. Clinical trials in some institutions have proved that a single in-vitro X-irradiation of 50 to 300 Gy, together with the effect of remaining devascularization, affords sufficient local control of the tumor. A problem remains, however, as to how the reinstituted grafts will be remodeled. The present study was designed to quantitate the rate of cortical bone remodeling and to compare the rates between irradiated and nonirradiated autografts. MATERIALS AND kiETHODS: Forty adult rabbits were used. In each animal, a 15 mm-long diaphyseal segment was resected off the right tibia. The animals were devided into four groups of ten according to the doses given to their separated tibia1 segments; 0, 50, 100 and 200 Gy, respectively. The segments were placed in plastic dishes and X-irradiated with a full build-up in a sterile and moistured condition. Whether irradiated or not, all the segments were kept in the dishes for a total of 30 minutes. Then, they were reinstituted and fixed with a loose intramedullary rod so as to allow both the medullary and periosteal-side regeneration. Two animals from each group were killed at 6 and 12 weeks, and the remaining animals at 26 weeks postoperatively. After taking the soft X-rays, both decalcified and undecalcified transverse specimens of the mid-segment and of the same portion of the contralateral tibia were prepared. With the use of a microdigitizer, the area of the remaining irradiated segment and its proportion to the corresponding contralateral cortical area were obtained. By tetracycline fluorescence, the number of the growing osteons was counted. RESULTS: Soft X-rays at 6 weeks showed fusion of the segments by external bridging callus in all groups. Those at 26 weeks revealed advanced remodeling of the segments, but no apparent difference between the groups. The rate of remodeling at 26 weeks as obtained by area analysis and osteon count was only slightly, but not significantly, higher in the non-irradiated group than the irradiated groups, and there was no difference among the irradiated groups. DISCUSSION: In radiation-sterilized allografts and autoclaved autografts, excessive radiation or heat not only destroys the collagen architecture but also denatures bone morphogenetic protein and TGFs which play essential roles in bone remodeling. These disadvatages have limited their clinical use especially in weight bearing portions. On the other hand, irradiated autografts with several hundred Gy are assumed to have intact collagen architecture and undamaged bone growth factors. Our results in rabbits revealed that irradiated autografts are remodeled almost as readily as the ordinary autografts. Although some apparent disadvantages of the irradiated autografts exist, we believe that this charasteristic together with the unweakened initial strength is a valuable advantage in the skeletal reconstruction.