Exterior Features Research Articles

ECONOMICALLY USEFUL SIGNS OF DAIRY BREEDS CATTLE IN HERDS OF KIROVOGRAD REGION

ECONOMICALLY USEFUL SIGNS OF DAIRY BREEDS CATTLE IN HERDS OF KIROVOGRAD REGION

Ранний отбор производителей форели с учетом корреляции гонад и экстерьерных признаков

Ранний отбор производителей форели с учетом корреляции гонад и экстерьерных признаков

Evaluation of slaughter cattle grades and standards of cull cows

Recently, due to the widespread implementation of intensive milk production technologies, the requirements for the type of animal physique have increased, because the theory and practice of breeding have proved that the economic and long-term use of cows is not possible without taking into account their exterior features and type of the constitution. The influence of the traits of the animals’ physique on the duration of their economic use was studied, and the main slaughter grades and standards minimum percentage of cows determined beaf cow culling were determined. We selected the criteria mainly caused the cattle removing from the herd: growth scale of score 4, sacral inclination – score 6, limb posture from rear and side views - score 5. The percentage of cattle culling with body condition score score ranged from 7 to 9 was determined.

A SUGGESTION TO EVALUATION OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE: BALIKESIR EXAMPLE

Cities that reflect the characteristics of the era they have existed in have identities they possess that are created through social values and environmental data. One of the important factors in the formation of the identities of cities is buildings bearing historical heritage. The preservation and revitalization of these buildings bearing traces of the past is important for ensuring cultural continuity. Aim: These evaluation studies, which are essential in the context of conservation plans, are inevitable phases to determine the principles of the plans. Method: This study is aimed to propose a method for the architectural evaluation phase, which is essential before conservation decisions. The proposed method is based on a gradation system. Center district Balıkesir/Turkey is determined as the area to test this gradation method. Result: It is proposed that this method explains the systematic way for evaluating architectural features belonging to historic sites whose conservation plans are to be prepared. In the study, traditional buildings are evaluated from the point of their exterior and interior architectural characteristics and classified as different value groups: A, B, C and D. This grouping will be advantageous to conservation decisions. Different technical teams may be organized to be responsible for these various value groups. Conclusion: a systematic approach for the determination of specialized teams and required equipment will be achieved. Thus, an accurate determination of required time and cost estimates will be realized.

Efficiency of using SNP markers in the MSTN gene in the selection of the Pushkin breed chickens

In the poultry industry, indicators reflecting the growth rate of young stock and the exterior characteristics of chickens are important benchmarks for breeding. Traditional selection based on phenotypic evaluation is characterized by low efficiency with a low character inheritance ratio and is difficult to apply in small groups of animals and birds bred in bioresource collections. The use of molecular genetic markers associated with economically important traits makes it possible to carry out early selection of birds. This entails an increase in the profitability of the poultry industry. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have served as convenient markers for selection purposes. For five generations (P1–P5), an experimental selection of hens of the Pushkin breed was carried out for live weight. It was based on selection for single nucleotide polymorphism rs313744840 in the MSTN gene. As a result, a significant increase in the frequency of allele A in this gene, from 0.11 to 0.50, took place. The association of SNP markers with meat qualities in the experimental group led to changes in the exterior profile of an adult bird at 330 days of age. The individuals with the AA and AG genotypes had the greatest live weight and longest body. As a result of selection, the bird on average became larger due to an increase in the number of heterozygous individuals with long bodies and large chest girths. The depth of the chest and the width of the pelvis increased due to an increase in the frequency of allele A in the experimental population. A tendency towards an increase in these indicators with the substitution of G with A in the genotype was found. Saturation of the population with desirable alleles led to an increase in the average live weight of the chickens. Analysis of the exterior parameters of adult birds showed that this growth is achieved by increasing the depth and volume of the bird body, and not by increasing the length of the limbs. Thus, marker selection carried out for five generations in the experimental population of Pushkin breed chickens to increase body weight has reliably (p < 0.001) changed the exterior profile of adult birds.

Ultra-layered sheet Cu[sbnd]Co nanoparticles for optimized application in catalytic reduction of organic dye

In the present study, hydrothermal method (120 °C temperature, 24 h) for synthesis of ultra-layered sheet Cu-Co nanoparticles with various compositions (Cu/(Cu + Co) = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9) to degrade methyl orange (MO, C14H14N3SO3) organic dye via a catalytic sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction is carried out. The Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) is employed for assessment and optimization of process conditions as catalyst composition (X1: 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 molar ratio), catalyst amount (X2: 0.0006, 0.0008, 0.0010 g) and reductant amount (X3: 0.003, 0.004, 0.005 g NaBH4). The interior and exterior features of all the nanoparticles are investigated by several physico-chemical techniques (HR-TEM/SAED, XPS, ICP-OES, XRD, N2 sorption, SEM, Zeta-sizer) that revealed oxide structure of mesoporous ultra-layered sheet nanoparticles. Meanwhile possible reduction products of MO are proposed based on LCMS-QTOF and UV–vis analysis results. The maximum reduction efficiency (97%) is achieved at the following conditions: MO (100 mg/L), in strong acidic (pH: 2.75) environment, Cu0.72Co0.28 catalyst (0.001 g), in presence of NaBH4 (0.0040 g) within <1 min. We are purposed that benefiting from excellent properties of ultra-layered sheet CuCo nanoparticles can be applied in strong acidic wastewater in industrial applications.

Origin and exterior features analysis of geese breeds genealogical groups in Russian gene pool herd

The geese breeds not used in industrial poultry farming have become not numerous and exist mainly as closed populations. Therefore, the study and evaluation process of their inherent characteristics is closely related to the problem of breed conservation. Herewith the main objective is not the best genotypes selection, but the reproduction of the existing ones without their inherent qualities loss. The research objective is the analyses of the relationship between the preserved goose breeds and the study of the manifestation regularity of breed marking features in related bird groups. Materials and methods.The research was carried out on the basis of Federal State Budgetary Research Institution (FSBRI) “Verkhnevolzhsky Federal Agricultural Research Center (FARC)” (town of Suzdal). Nowadays the collection of geese in Suzdal is the richest both in Russia and abroad. It amounts 21 breeds of domestic and foreign selection. The research results identified 3 related goose groups and 7 independent breeds. Conclusion. All geese from the preserved gene pool have typical exterior features for each breed. Certain breed markers were stated to be the characteristic for the breeds of different pedigrees. These studies should be used for further breeding work in selecting producers in order to preserve and improve the geese gene pool.

Особливості екстерʼєру голштинських корів різних генотипів

This study presents the results of the relationship of various polymorphic variants of the GH and PIT-1 gene with the exterior in highly productive Holstein cows. Experimental animals were divided into groups depending on the combination of different allele forms of GH and PIT-1 genes. PCR method was used to determine the polymorphism of marker genes. Isolation of genomic DNA was performed using resin «Chelex-100». The reaction was carried out in a thermal cycler «Tertsyk» made by «DNA technology». The research was carried out in the Private Joint Stock Company «Agro-Soiuz» Dnipropetrovsk region. The total set sample was 48 half-sibling cows, which were the daughters of the Holstein bull Kashemir 131671771. All animals were even-aged analogues. DNA samples isolated from the peripheral blood of the experimental animals were examined. Restrictase AluI was used for the GH gene restriction. After restriction, 171 bp and 52 bp long fragments were detected in representatives of the LL genotype, and a non-restriction fragment with a length of 223 bp was found in carriers of the VV genotype. Restriction of the amplified fragment of RIT-1 gene was performed using restriction endonuclease HinfI. Fragments 660 bp, 425 bp, and 270 bp long, after processing the PCR products with HinfI restriction endonuclease, corresponded to the A allele; fragments 660 bp, 385 bp, and 270 bp long indicated the B allele. Restriction products were separated by electrophoretic method in 2% agarose gel in Tris Borate EDTA. Measurements and exterior indices studies were performed during the 2nd-3d months of the second lactation. It was found that cows of the LL / AB genotype complex compared with their peers of LV/BB and LL/BB genotypes were higher at the withers and sacrum by 3.1 and 2.9 cm, respectively (2.1 and 1.9%; at P &gt; 0, 99). It was determined that the skin in the middle of the last rib of the LL / AB genotype cows compared to peers of LV/BB genotype was thinner by 0.5 mm (9.6%) at P &gt; 0.95. Other measurements of the exterior in the investigated groups of animals differed little. Peers of LL/BB genotype took an intermediate position in these traits. The strength of the complex genotype influence on the features of the exterior was in the range from 2.7 to 12.6%. Holstein cows of the LL/AB genotype had a significant difference in the mass index by 3.3% at P &gt; 0.95, as well as a slightly larger body volume by 28 134.9 cm3 (3.4%), a lower body density index by 0.037 g/cm3 (4.7%) compared with peers of the LV/BB genotype. It is proposed to select animals with the following LL/AB and LL/BB alleles in the complex genotype in order to obtain cows with a better exterior features.

Exterior Features and Productive Qualities of Young Beef Cattle of Various Genotypes

The article describes the issues of comparative assessment of economic and biological features and productive qualities of beef cattle bred in Western Kazakhstan. The authors present norms and rations for feeding young animals of different genotypes. The results of studying the exterior features, body weight and average daily gain of Kazakh Whiteheaded breed and foreign Hereford and Aberdeen Angus breeds are presented. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of body weight and average daily gain of young animals of different breeds grown in the semi-desert zone of Western Kazakhstan. It has been found that during the growing period from 8 to 15 months, the average daily gain of body weight of the Hereford breed was 658.1 g for bull calves and 587.1 g for heifers, of the Aberdeen Angus breed – 603.8 g and 500.9 g respectively and of the Kazakh Whiteheaded breed – 758.8 g and 561.1 g respectively.

Жива маса та екстер'єрні особливості телиць симентальської комбінованої (молочно-м'ясної) породи залежно від походження за батьком

Жива маса та екстер'єрні особливості телиць симентальської комбінованої (молочно-м'ясної) породи залежно від походження за батьком

Features Exterior of Cattle of Breed Limousian in the Period of Their Acclimation in the Conditions of the Northern Trans-Ural

The paper presents a characteristic of the exterior features of the specialized limousin meat breed bred in the conditions of the Tyumen region. Studies were conducted on first-calf cows of different generations of animals. At the same time, the introduced animals belong to the zero generation, their descendants to the 1st generation, and the grandchildren belong to the 2nd genetic-ecological generation. In the process of research, it was that the acclimatization process left its mark on the manifestation of the main breeding and productive qualities of the studied livestock generations. One of the manifestations of which was a certain grinding of cows of the first generation. The obtained results of the exterior assessment of cows of different generations showed that the best exterior development was observed in cows of the second and zero generation. So, in cows of the first and second generations there was a decrease in measurements of the chest, estimated by the chest index by 1.1–3.1 % (P&gt; 0.999), with an increase in the proportions characterizing the development of meat qualities of animals by 6.2–6.6 % (P&gt; 0.999). Adaptation to new conditions confirms the development of such indices as the typical physique and severity of type, which, when changing generations, had an increase dynamic.

Exterior special characteristics of cows and their descendants of different generations at high-producing herds

The results of studies of the exterior characteristics of first-calf cows and their descendants of different generations are presented. The studies were conducted at high-producing herds (average yields per a cow about 10000 kg) LLC “Veleten” of the Glukhiv district of Sumy region and PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” of the Kamyansko-Dniprovskyy district of Zaporizhzhya region created out of the absorption crossing of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed females with Holstein breeders, first-calf cows and their descendants of the first, second, and at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” – also of third generations. The sample of animals includes 62.5–100% share of Holstein inheritance. There was some differentiation between the cows of the controlled herds according to the investigated body measurements: the first-calf cows of PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” were highly dominated the herdmates of LLC “Veleten” by height at the withers by 3.2, chest depth by 1.4, chest girth by the shoulder by 1.2 and oblique body length – by 1.7 cm, but were inferior to them in chest width by 0.8 (P &lt; 0.05), width of oysters – by 0.4 and girth of wrist – by 0.3 cm (P &lt; 0.001). The cows of both farms, by all studied exterior characteristics, outweighed their descendants of different generations, which is explained by the lower age of first calving for daughters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren than the cows from which they came. However, such a slight, although in most cases, probable differentiation between the exterior features of the cows and their descendants of the above generations appears to be the result of a better level of animal production of each successive generation, as indicated by their milk yields for the first lactation. However, according to all the investigated measurements (exception – width of oysters of cows of all generations and girth of wrist in the descendants of the second and third generations) animals of both controlled herds outperformed the target parameters of exterior characteristics for the first-calf cows of the desired type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The analysis of body structure indices shows that the first-calf cows under control and their descendants of different generations were characterized by the type of body structure characteristic of dairy cattle. Between the body measurements of animals and their descendants of different generations, different strengths and directions of communication are established. The correlation coefficients between the exterior characteristics of cows and their daughters in LLC “Veleten”, depending on the size, were in the range -0.05 – +0.15, in cows and their granddaughters, within -0.15 – +0.06, and the regression coefficients are within -0.05 – +0.19 and -0.15 – +0.05, respectively. In PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” the relative variability of body measurements in cows and their descendants of the first, second and third generations was -0.07 – +0.23, respectively; -0.19 – +0.14 and -0.33 – +0.26, and regression coefficients ranged from -0.04 to +0.14; from -0.17 to +0.07 and from -0.47 to +0.16. It should be noted that in both farms the correlation coefficients between the exterior features of animals of different generations were by no means probable, and the regression coefficients were only reliable between the chest depth behind the shoulders of cows and their daughters in LLC “Velyten” and between heights in the cows' hedge and their great-grandchildren at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy”.

Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Expressing Bacterial Phytase

Transgenic plants containing genes of bacterial phytases represent one of the promising ways to solve the problem of phosphorus deficiency in the nutrition of plants and monogastric animals. Histidine acid phytase PaPhyC from Pantoea agglomerans has a high activity and represents a promising basis for the biotechnology of plants. In this study, the analysis of morphological characteristics, phytase activity, and phosphorus content in tissues of the earlier obtained, genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants producing extracellular phytase (PaPhyC) has been carried out. According to the obtained results, modified plants are able to grow on a medium supplemented with phytate as the sole source of phosphorus. Exterior characteristics (rosette diameter and area) of phytase-expressing plants grown on media containing phytate or inorganic phosphorus do not differ, which confirms that the plants use phytate as the phosphorus source. In the case of plant cultivation on a phytate-containing medium, a high phytase activity is observed in the cell walls of modified plants. The content of inorganic phosphorus in tissues of modified plants does not change in the case of their cultivation on the medium containing phytate as the sole source of phosphorus.

Constitution of swine in ontogenesis and phylogenesis

Aim. Determination of the peculiarities of the formation of constitutional types in ontogenesis in animals of the modern large white breed of pigs in comparison with the wild european boar (Sus scrofa ferus) is a form of the breeding process, that has both theoretical and practical significance. Methods. The objects of the study are embryos, fetuses, newborns and adult animals of large white breed of pigs and wild boar in different periods of ontogenesis using zootechnical, morphological and mathematical-statistic methods of research. Results. Individual development of animals can be conventionally divided into two main periods: morphogenetic (or embryonic prenatal) and postmorphogenetic (or post-embryonic, postnatal). The morphogenetic period is the most crucial period in the ontogenesis of animals, the period of the highest activity of genes, which provides a fundamental placement and development of the basic functional systems of the body. Therefore, for the consideration of signs of embryonic development becomes one of the criteria of artificial selection of individuals for their natural hereditarily determined type of exteriors, constitutions, and metabolism. It particularly reflects the leading role of embryogenesis in the formation of the body structure and productive qualities of animals. Conclusions. For the species practice of selection, breeding and domestication consisted of changes in quantitative and qualitative relationships in growth and development, which, combined with subsequent targeted selection, contributed to the formation of modern breeds of pigs. The constitutional type analysis of the animals formation in ontogenesis has the most selective significance, which is primarily manifested in the exterior features. Domestication of the Sus scrofa consisted of consequently the exterior is expediently evaluated at different stages of ontogenesis, starting with the embryonic period and, especially, from birth.&#x0D; Keywords: phylogeny, domestics, ontogenesis, constitution, selection, species, breed.

A photogrammetry-based experimental modal analysis method by tracking visible laser spots

A photogrammetry-based experimental modal analysis (EMA) method is developed, where a single-point laser shines a laser beam to a surface of a test object and an exterior feature is added to the test object in the form of a high-contrast laser spot. A three-dimensional kinematic model is developed to derive the kinematic relation between the laser spot and its associated image target on an image plane of a camera. A point-tracking technique is proposed to determine two-dimensional pixel coordinates of the optical intensity centroid of the image target on a digital image. The derived kinematic relation and EMA method were experimentally investigated. In the experimental investigation, displacements of multiple points at a cantilever beam were measured by a digital camera. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of the cantilever beam were estimated using the EMA method, and they compared well with those from a finite element model of the cantilever beam.

Research on Train Exterior Design Oriented to Natural and Humanistic Environment-friendliness

Various types of rail transit trains have been integrated into the daily life of people. On the basis of meeting the technical indicators of safety, high efficiency and comfort, the exterior design of the trains should also have the natural and humanistic characteristics and theme of the environment in which it operates. This paper focuses on four aspects of the rail transit trains and their natural and humanistic environment: (1) the types, exterior characteristics and operating environment of the rail transit trains; (2) comparative study on the exterior design of the rail transit trains; (3) the identification and design application of natural and humanistic elements in the operating environment of rail transit trains; (4) the train exterior design program oriented towards natural and humanistic environment-friendliness.

Photogrammetry-based structural damage detection by tracking a visible laser line

Research works on photogrammetry have received tremendous attention in the past few decades. One advantage of photogrammetry is that it can measure displacement and deformation of a structure in a fully non-contact, full-field manner. As a non-destructive evaluation method, photogrammetry can be used to detect structural damage by identifying local anomalies in measured deformation of a structure. Numerous methods have been proposed to measure deformations by tracking exterior features of structures, assuming that the features can be consistently identified and tracked on sequences of digital images captured by cameras. Such feature-tracking methods can fail if the features do not exist on captured images. One feasible solution to the potential failure is to artificially add exterior features to structures. However, painting and mounting such features can introduce unwanted permanent surficial modifications, mass loads, and stiffness changes to structures. In this article, a photogrammetry-based structural damage detection method is developed, where a visible laser line is projected to a surface of a structure, serving as an exterior feature to be tracked; the projected laser line is massless and its existence is temporary. A laser-line-tracking technique is proposed to track the projected laser line on captured digital images. Modal parameters of a target line corresponding to the projected laser line can be estimated by conducting experimental modal analysis. By identifying anomalies in curvature mode shapes of the target line and mapping the anomalies to the projected laser line, structural damage can be detected with identified positions and sizes. An experimental investigation of the damage detection method was conducted on a damaged beam. Modal parameters of a target line corresponding to a projected laser line were estimated, which compared well with those from a finite element model of the damaged beam. Experimental damage detection results were validated by numerical ones from the finite element model.

OutDet: an algorithm for extracting the outer surfaces of building information models for integration with geographic information systems

ABSTRACTThe integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS) is a promising but challenging topic to solve problems in construction industry. However, loading and rendering rich BIM geometric data and large-scale GIS spatial information in a unified system is still technologically challenging. Current efforts mainly simplify the geometry in BIM models, or convert BIM geometric data to a lower level of detail (LOD). By noticing that only exterior features of BIM models are visible from outdoor observation points, culling BIM interior facilities can dramatically reduce the computational burden when visualizing BIM models in GIS. This study explores the outline detection problem and presents the OutDet algorithm, which selects representative observation points, transforms & projects the BIM geometric data into the same coordinate system, and detects the visible facilities. Empirical study results show that OutDet can cull a large portion of unnecessary features when rendering BIM models in GIS. The use of outlines of BIM models is not an alternative but rather a supplementary approach for current solutions. Jointly using LOD and outer surface can help improve the efficiency of integrated BIM-GIS visualization.Because OutDet retains BIM geometry and semantics, it can be applied to more BIM-GIS applications..

Взаимосвязь экстерьерных признаков коров первого отела айрширской породы с молочной продуктивностью

Взаимосвязь экстерьерных признаков коров первого отела айрширской породы с молочной продуктивностью

Экстерьерные особенности гусей генофондного стада

Экстерьерные особенности гусей генофондного стада